EE206

Solutions - Assignment 1
1. State whether the following differential equations are linear or nonlinear. Give the
order of each equation.
*(a) (1 x)y 00 4xy 0 + 5y = cos x
linear (in y):
2nd order
*(b) (y 2 1)dx + xdy = 0 non linear in y:
linear in x:
1st order

1st order

*(c) t5 y (4) t3 y 00 + 6y = 0
linear in y:
4th order
(d) (sin )y 00 (cos )y 0 = 2
linear in y:
2nd order


dy 4
d3 y
+y =0
(e) x dx
3
dx
non linear in y:
3rd order
(f) udv + (v + uv ueu )du = 0
linear in v, non linear in u:
(g)

1st order

d2 u
dr2

+ du
+ u = cos(r + u)
dr
non linear:  2nd order

(h) x 1

x 2
3

non linear:

x + x = 0

2nd order

2. Verify that the indicated functions are explicit solutions to the given
differential equations. Assume an appropriate interval I of definition.
(a)

dy
dt

+ 20y = 24; y =

6
5

65 e20t

6 6 20t
e
5 5
dy
6
= (20)e20t = 24e20t
dt
5
Using these in the above equation gives:
y=

6 6
24e20t + 20( e20t ) = 24
5 5
20t
24e
+ 24 24e20t = 24
0=0
*(b) y 00 6y 0 + 13y = 0; y = e3x cos 2x
y = e3x cos 2x
y 0 = 3e3x cos 2x 2e3x sin 2x
y 00 = 9e3x cos 2x 6e3x sin 2x 6e3x sin 2x 4e3x cos 2x
= 5e3x cos 2x 12e3x sin 2x
Using these in the above equation gives:
y 00 6y 0 + 13y = 5e3x cos 2x 12e3x sin 2x 18e3x cos 2x 12e3x sin 2x + 13e3x cos 2x
=0
1

(c) y 00 + y = tan x; y = (cos x) ln(sec x + tan x)

y = (cos x) ln(sec x + tan x)


1
y = (sin x) ln(sec x + tan x) (cos x)
sec x + tan x
= (sin x) ln(sec x + tan x) (cos x)(sec x)
Using sec x = cos1 x
= (sin x) ln(sec x + tan x) 1
00
y = (cos x) ln(sec x + tan x) + (sin x)(sec x)
= y + tan x
0

(sec x tan x + sec2 x)

Using these in the above equation gives:

y 00 + y = y + y + tan x = tan x
3. Verify that this function is an implicit solution to the given differential
equation. Find at least one explicit solution and give the interval I of
definition of this solution .
(a) 2xydx + (x2 y)dy = 0; 2x2 y + y 2 = 1
2x2 y + y 2
dy
dy
2(2x)y 2x2
+ (2y)
dx
dx
dy
4xy 2(x2 y)
dx
dy
2xy + (x2 y)
dx
2
2xydx + (x y)dy
Explicit solution: x =

dX
dt

=0
=0
=0
=0

y 2 1
2y

For a real value of x we require

y I = (1, 0) [1, ).
*(b)

=1

= (X 1)(1 2X); ln

y 2 1
2y

2X1
X1

0, which is true for

=t



2X 1
ln
=t
X 1



X 1
(X 1)(2) (2X 1)(1)
dX = dt
2X 1
(X 1)2
2X 2 2X + 1
dX = dt
(2X 1)(X 1)
1
dX = dt
(2X 1)(X 1)
1
dX = dt
(1 2X)(X 1)
dX
= (X 1)(1 2X)
dt

Explicit solution is given by:



2X 1
ln
=t
X 1
2X 1
= et
X 1
2X 1 = et (X 1)
2X Xet = 1 et
X(2 et ) = 1 et
1 et
X=
2 et
Singularity at et = 2 t = ln 2
So, this solution is valid on an interval I = (, ln 2) (ln 2, )
4. Use the Separation of Variables technique to solve the following first
order differential equations.
dy
+ x(y a) = 0
(a) (1 x2 ) dx

dy
+ x(y a) = 0
dx
dy
= x(a y)
(1 x2 )
dx Z
Z
1
x
dy =
dx
ay
1 x2
du = 2xdx 21 du = xdx
Z
Z
1
1
1
dy =
du
ay
2
u
1
(1) ln(a y) = ln(u) + c
2
1
ln(a y) = ln(u) 2 c
(1 x2 )

Let u = 1 x2

ln

ln(a y) = ln(1 x2 ) 2 c
!
ay
= c
1
(1 x2 ) 2
ay
c
1 = e
2
(1 x ) 2
1

y = a ec (1 x2 ) 2
dy
(b) x sin2 y dx
= (x + 1)2

dy
= (x + 1)2
dx
x2 + 2x + 1
dy
sin2 y
=
dx 
x

1
2
sin ydy = x + 2 +
dx
x

x sin2 y

Using the substitution sin2 =



1cos 2
:
2



1
dy = x + 2 +
dx
x

Z
Z 
1
1
dx
(1 cos 2y)dy =
x+2+
2
x
1
sin 2y
x2
(y
)=
+ 2x + ln x + c
2
2
2
y sin 2y
x2

=
+ 2x + ln x + c
2
4
2
(c)

dy
dx

= 3x2 ey ;

1 cos 2y
2

y(0) = 1
dy
= 3x2 ey
dx
ey dy = 3x2 dx
Z
Z
y
e dy = 3 x2 dx

x3
+ c = x3 + c
3
y(x) = ln(x3 + c)
Imposing initial conditions: y(0) = 1
y(0) = ln(c) = 1 c = e
y(x) = ln(x3 + e)
ey = 3

*(d)

dy
dx

= 2x tan y;

y(0) =

dy
= 2x tan y
dx
1
dy = 2xdx
tan y
cos y
dy = 2xdx
sin y
Let u = sin y;
du = cos ydy
1
du = 2xdx
Z u
Z
1
du = 2 xdx
u
x2
ln(u) = 2 + c = x2 + c
2
ln(sin y) = x2 + c
sin y = ex

2 +c

y(x) = sin1 (ex

Imposing initial conditions: y(0) =

2 +c

y(0) = sin1 (ec ) =

2

y(x) = sin1 (ex )

4

ec = sin( ) = 1
2

dy
+ xy = 0;
(e) (1 + x2 ) dx

y(0) = 2

dy
+ xy = 0
dx
dy
xy
=
dx
1 + x2
x
1
dy =
dx
y
1 + x2
du = 2xdx xdx = 21 du
1
1
dy = du
y
2u
Z
Z
1
1
1
dy =
du
y
2
u
1
ln(y) = ln(u) + c
2
1
2
ln(yu ) = c
(1 + x2 )

Let u = 1 + x2 ;

ln(y(1 + x2 ) 2 ) = c
1

y(1 + x2 ) 2 = ec
y(x) =

ec
1

(1 + x2 ) 2

Imposing initial conditions: y(0) = 2

y(0) = ec = 2
2
y(x) =
1
(1 + x2 ) 2