EE-455 Electrical PowerSystem Protection - F2013

PRACTICAL WORK BOOK
For Academic Session 2013
Electrical Power System Protection (EE-455)

For
BE (EE)
Name:
Roll Number:
Class:
Batch:
Department :
Department of Electrical Engineering

N.E.D. University of Engineering & Technology, Karachi
SAFETYRULES
1.Pleasedon ttouchanyliveparts.
2.Neveruseanelectricaltoolinadampplace.
3.Don tcarryunnecessarybelongingsduringperformanceof
practicals(likewaterbottle,bagsetc).
4.Beforeconnectinganyleads/wires,makesurepowerisswitchedoff.
5.Incaseofanemergency,pushthenearbyredcoloremergencyswitchofthepanel
orimmediatelycallforhelp.
6.Incaseofelectricfire,neverputwateronitasitwillfurtherworsenthe
condition;usetheclassCfireextinguisher.
Fire is a chemical reaction involving rapid oxidation

(combustion)offuel.Threebasicconditionswhenmet,
firetakesplace.Thesearefuel,oxygen&heat,absence
ofanyoneofthecomponentwillextinguishthefire.
Figure:FireTriangle
A(think
ashes): Ifthereisasmallelectricalfire,besuretouse
paper,woodetc
onlyaClassCormultipurpose(ABC)fire
extinguisher,otherwiseyoumightmakethe
B(think
barrels): problemworsen.
flammableliquids
C(think
Thelettersandsymbolsareexplainedinleft
circuits): figure.Easytorememberwordsarealsoshown.
electricalfires
Don tplaywithelectricity,Treatelectricitywithrespect,itdeserve
ElectricalPowerSystemProtection
Contents
NEDUniversityofEngineeringandTechnology
DepartmentofElectrical
CONTENTS
Lab.
No.
Orientation
01
02(a)
02(b)
03(a)
03(b)
04
05
06(a)
06(b)
Dated
ListofExperiments
0
7
(
a
)
Page
Remarks
No.
To study the
qualitiesofapower
system s protection
scheme
and
protectiondevices.
Apply a relay for
phase sequence,
phase failure and
voltage asymmetry
to a threephase
circuit.
i)Apply a max/min
voltage relay in a
threephase
network.
ii)Applyamax/min
frequencyrelaytoa
power production
plant.
Apply a maximum
current (over
current & short
circuit) relay to a
threephaseline.
Touseatimerwith
different time
functions to extend
the protection
relaysoperation.
Touseanauxiliary
relay as interface
for
remote
optical/acoustic
signaling of the
p
r
o
t
e
c
t
i
o
n
r
e
l
a
y
s
o
p
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
.
T
o
d
e
t
e
r
minethetransformationratioofacurrenttransformer(CT)
withdifferentprimarycurrentsandloadinfluenceonthe 1
secondary.Carryouttheperformancetests.
To determine the transformation ratio of a voltage 6
transformer(VT)withdifferentprimaryvoltagesandload
influenceonthesecondary.Maketheperformancetests.
Connectionofthevoltagetransformerswithopendeltaof 9
threephaselines.
Connectiondiagramoftheopendeltavoltagetransformers
15
paired to a maximum voltage and overcurrent relay for
opening the circuit in case of fault to ground and
overload/shortcircuit.
20
PrincipleofDifferentialProtection.
2
2
2
4
26
28
31
3
3
Contents
tion.
07(b)
08
Presentation
T
o
ca
rr
y
ou
t
th
e
pe
rf
or
m
an
ce
te
st
an
d
au
to
m
ati
c
re
la
y
op
er
ati
on
wi
th
Di
ff
er
en
tia
l
Pr
ot
ec
Connect and study

the behavior of a
maximum current
directionalrelayfor
maximum current.
Check
the
intervention time
withinversecurrent
flow.
Fuses&
Circuit
Breakers:
Types,
Curves,
Operation&
their
Selections
35
38
41
Orientation
Orientation
OBJECTIVE
Tostudythequalitiesofapowersystem sprotectionschemeandprotectiondevices.
THEORY
The function of a protection scheme is to ensure the maximum continuity of
supply.Thisisdonebydeterminingthelocationoffaultanddisconnectingthe
minimum amount of equipment necessary to clear it. Any protection scheme
shouldhavethefollowingqualities;
1)Selectivity:
Itistheabilityofprotectivesystemtoselectcorrectlythatpartofthesystemin
troubleanddisconnectthefaultypartwithoutdisturbingtherestofthesystem.
2)Speed:
The protective system should disconnect the faulty section as fast as possible
because electrical apparatus may damaged if they are made to carry the fault
currentsforalongtime.Afailureonthesystemleadstoagreatreductionin
system svoltageiffaultysectionisnotdisconnectedquickly;thenthelowvoltage
createdbyfaultmayshutdownconsumer smotorsandgeneratorsorthesystem
becomesunstable.
3)Sensitive:
It is the ability of the system to operate with low value of actuating quantity
(quantitywhichcausesrelaycoiltooperate)
4)Reliable:
Itistheabilityofthepowersystemtooperatesunderthepredeterminedconditions
withoutreliabilitytheprotectionwouldberenderedlargelyineffectiveandeven
couldbecomealiability.
5)Simple:
Protection scheme should be simple so that it can be easily maintained. The
simplertheprotectionschemeisthegreaterwillbeitsreliability.
1
Orientation
6)Economical:
The most important choice of a particular protection scheme is the economy
aspect. Some times it is economically unjustified to us an ideal scheme of
protection and a compromise method has to be adopted. However when the
apparatus to be protected is of utmost importance (e.g; Generator and main
transmissionlineetc)economicconsiderationareoftensubordinatedtoreliability.
PROTECTIVEDEVICES:
Inpowersystemitisdesireabletoprotectthepowersystemfromharmduring
faultconditionsforthispurposesomemeansmustbeprovidedtoswitchon/off
generator,transmissionlinesandotherequipmentunderbothnormalandabnormal
conditions.Thisisachievedbyanapparatuscalled SwitchGear .
SwitchGear:
Theapparatususedforswitching,controllingandprotectingelectricalcircuitsand
equipmentsisknownasswitchgear.
Switch gear covers a wide range of equipments concerned with switching and
interruptingcurrentsunderbothnormalandabnormalconditionsincludes;
Switches
Fuses
Circuitbreaker
Relays
Abriefaccountofthesesdevicesisdiscussedhere;
Switches:
Isadeviceusetoopenandcloseanelectricalcircuitinaconvenientway.Itcanbe
usedunderfullloadornoloadconditions.
Theswitchesmaybeclassifiedinto;
1)
Airbreakswitch:
Itisanairswitchandisdesignedtoopenacircuitunderload.Inordertoquench
thearcthatoccursonopeningsuchaswitch;specialarcinghornsareprovided.
Arcinghornsarethepiecesofmetalbetweenwhicharcisformedduringopening
operation.Astheswitchesopenthesehornsarespreadfartherconsequentlyarcis
lengthened,cooledandinterrupted.
2
2)
Orientation
Isolatorordisconnectingswitch:
Itisessentiallyaknifeswitchandisdesignedtoopenthecircuitundernoload.Its
mainpurposeis toisolateoneportionofthecircuitfromtheotherandis not
intendedtoopenwhilecurrentisflowingintheline.Theyarealwaysoperatedin
offloadconditions.
3)
OilSwitches:
Asthenameimpliesthecontactsofsuchswitchesareopenedunderoil(usually
transformeroil).Theeffectofoilistocoolandquenchthearcthattendstoform
whenthecircuitisopened.Theseswitchesareusedforcircuitofhighvoltageand
largecurrentcarryingcapacities.
Fuses:
Afuseisashortpieceofwireorathinstripwhichmeltswhenexcessivecurrent
flowsthroughitforsufficienttime.Undernormaloperatingconditionsthesefuse
elementisatatemperaturebelowitsmeltingpoint.Thereforeitcarriesthenormal
currentwithoutoverheating.Howeverwhenashortcircuitoroverloadoccursthe
currentthroughthefuseelementincreasesbeyonditsratedcapacity.Thisraisesthe
temperatureandfuseelementblowsoutdisconnectingthecircuitprotectedbyit.It
is worthwhile to note that a fuse performs both detection and interruption
functions.
CircuitBreaker:
A circuit breaker is an equipment which can openor close a circuit underall
conditions noload, fullloadandfaultconditions.A circuitbreakeressentially
consistsoffixedandmovingcontacts,calledelectrodes.Undernormaloperating
conditionsthecontactswillremainclosebutwhenfaultoccursonanypartofthe
systemthetripcoilsofthecircuitbreakergetenergizedandthemovingcontacts
arepulledapartbysomemechanismthusopeningthecircuit.
Whenthecontactsofacircuitbreakerareseparatedunderfaultconditionsanarcis
struckbetweenthem.Theproductionofarcgeneratesanenormousamountofheat
whichmaycausedamagetocircuitbreakerorsystem.Therearetwomethodsusefor
arcextinguishingincircuitbreaker;
1)HighResistanceMethod:
Orientation
Inthismethodarcismadetoincreasewithtimesothatcurrentisreducedtoa
valueinsufficienttomaintainthearc.Consequentlycurrentisinterruptedandarcis
extinguished.Theresistanceofarcmaybeincreasedby
i.
Length
enthe
arcii.
Coolin
gthe
ac
iii.Reducingx
sectionofthearciv.
Splittingthearc.
2)LowResistanceOrCurrentZeroMethod:
ThismethodisemployedforarcextinctioninA.Ccircuitsonly.Inthismethod
arcresistanceiskeptlowuntilcurrentiszero.Wherethearcextinguishes
naturallyandispreventedfromrestrikinginspiteoftherisingvoltageacrossthe
contacts.Allmodernhighpowera.ccircuitbreakersemploythismethodforarc
extinction.
OnthebasisofmediumuseforarcextinctionCircuitbreakersareclassifiedas;
Oilcircuitbreakers
Airblastcircuitbreaker
Vaccumcircuitbreaker
Anaircircuitbreakerforlowvoltage
Relays:
Therelaydetectstheabnormalconditioninelectricalcircuitsbyconstantly
measuringtheElectricalquantitieslikevoltage,currentandphaseanglewhichare
differentundernormalandfaultconditions.Throughchangeinoneormoreof
thesequantitiesrelaydetectsthepresenceoffaultandoperatesthetripcircuitof
thebreaker.Thisresultsinopeningofthebreakeranddisconnectionofthefaulty
circuit.MostoftherelaysareElectormechanicaltypeandtheyworkontwomain
operatingprinciples:
i
Electromagn
eticattraction
ii
Electromagn
eticinduction
4
Orientation
Regardlessoftheprincipleinvolvedrelaysaregenerallyclassifiedaccordingtothe
function they are called upon to perform in the protection of electric power
circuits.e.g.;Overcurrentrelay,Overvoltagerelayetc
Someimportanttypesoffunctionalrelaysare;
i.Inductiontypeover
currentrelayii.Induction
typereversepowerrelay
iii.Distancerelay
iv.
Differe
ntial
relayv.
Transla
y
scheme
LabSession01
LABSESSION01
TITTLE:
Studyandapplyarelayforphasesequence,phaselackingandvoltageasymmetry
toathreephasecircuit.
APPARTUS:
Controlboardforgenerationsetmod.GCB1/EV.
Synchronousgeneratormotorsetmod.MSG1/EV.
ModuleSR6Presence,AsymmetryAndSequenceFailureRelay
Variableresistiveloadmod.RL2/EVandvariableinductive
loadmod.IL2/EV.Setofcablesjumpersforelectrical
connections.
THEORY:
Therelayforphasesequenceandthreephasevoltageasymmetrydetectsthatthe
triadofvoltagesisthefixeddirection.Intheoperationofparallelwiththenetwork
and/or with other alternators, the relay does not enable the main switch for
synchronousgeneratorparalleltocloseifthisisnotfitting.
Intheline,itdetectsthevoltageasymmetries,occurring,e.g.,fortoounbalanced
load.Itsactionpreventsdangerousovervoltagestothesynchronousgenerator.To
fulfillthepurpose,theasymmetryvalueandtherelateddelaytimecanbeadjusted.
Thetoleratedasymmetryvaluesandthedelaytimesareprojectdataandmustbe
availableforthetests.
Module s description
3PHINPUTS
Inputterminalsofthelinetobemonitored,range3x400Vac.
6
NONCCOM
LabSession
01
Terminalswithoutputcontactexchangeforsequenceand/wrong
asymmetryalarm.Thestateofthecontactsisreferredtothedevicewith
auxiliarypowersupplypresentandnotinalarm.
Theauxiliarypowersupplyisnotnecessaryasitpowersitselffromthecontrol
line.Ifaphasetophaseconcatenatedvoltage3x230Visavailable,itisnecessary
tointerposesomeVT(voltmeterstransformers)230/400adapters.
Device Technical Characteristics
Relayforphasesequence,phaselacking&voltageasymmetryfor3 network3x400
V
Asymmetryregulationwithrotarypotentiometerfromthe5tothe15%
withinterventionaftertheDELAYtimeandautomaticcancelingwhenthe
unbalancedropsunderthe1%ofthesetpoint.
Interventiontimeadj.withDELAYpotentiometerfrom0.1to10s.
Instantaneousinterventionforphaselackandwrongphasesequence.
Interventionfornetworkfrequencyvariationoverthe5%.
Powersupplyfromthemeasurementcircuit.
Normallyenergizedstateoftherelay(deenergizedattheintervention).
LedONindicatingthepowersupplypresence.
LedRELAYindicatingtheintervention(inalarmitturnsoff).
REGULATION
Supposeandadjustthedevicewiththefollowingprojectdata:
ASYMMETRY=10%;
interventiondelayinasymmetry(DELAY)=5s;
PROCEDURE:
1. Activate the prime mover and adjust the synchronous generator to the
frequencyandnominalvoltagetoprovidetherelaywiththepowersupply
voltage3x400V.Ifthephasesequenceiscorrect,theledONmustbeON
alsotheRELAYled.Onthecontrary,thetwoconductorscomingfromthe
generatormustbeinvertedonthemselves.WhentheRELAYledison,the
relayforphasesequenceandthreephasevoltageasymmetryisproperly
poweredandshowsnoalarm.
2.WiththemultimeterinOhm,checkthestateoftheoutputrelaycontacts.
3.Inverttwophasesofthepowersupplytriadonthemselvesandcheckthe
output relay does not give its consent anymore (interruption of the
continuitydisplayedwiththemultimeter).
4.Resettheordinaryconditionandcutoffaphaseofthetriadofvoltages
undercontrolandchecktheinstantaneousinterventionoftheoutputrelay
(signaledbytheinterruptionofcontinuityinthemultimeterandbythe
switchingoffoftheRELAYled).Tointerruptaphase,disconnect,e.g.,the
U1cableofthesynchronousgeneratorontheleftsidepanel.
5.Completethewiringinvolvingthestepresistiveloadmod.RL2/EV.The
loadmustbeconnectedtotheoutputterminalsofthedigitalinstrument
identifiedbythelettersL1L2L3N.Besurethatallswitchesofthesteps
ofeachphaseareOFF.
6.Setthesynchronousgeneratorunderloadwiththeinsertionofthefirststep
oftheresistivemodule(carryoutanunbalancedload),thevoltagedropof
thephaseloadedinrespectto
7
LabSession01
theothertworepresentsanasymmetryandifitsvalueexceedsthe
thresholdvalueofthe10%therelaysignalsthefault.
7.Therelayinterventionbyasymmetry,afterthefixedtimedelay,issignaled
bytheswitchingoffoftheRELAYled,itscancelingisautomaticwhenthe
parametersreturninsidethelimitsofthemaderegulation.
8.Theabovemadeasymmetrycorrespondstoalowerphaseinrespecttothe
othertwo,nowinsertalsothefirststepofthesecondphaseoftheresistive
module and compensate the voltage of the two loaded phases. The
asymmetrycorrespondstoahigherphaseinrespecttotheothertwo.
9.Repeattheinterventiontestingforasymmetrywithothervoltageanddelayvalues.
Therelayconsentforphasesequence,phaselackingandvoltageasymmetry,via
thecleancontactofitsinnerrelay(NCcontact),canbeincludedinthesafetiesto
enabletheparallelbetweengeneratorsorwiththepublicpowermains.
ConnectionsontheboardGCB1/EV.
Figure4.2.2Operationtestoftherelayforphasesequence,phaselackingandvoltage
asymmetric
8
LabSession02
LABSESSION02(a)i
TITTLE:
Studyandapplyamax/minvoltagerelayinathreephasenetwork.
APPARTUS:
ModuleSR33PhaseMINMAXVOLTAGERELAY
Variableresistiveloadmod.RL2/EV,Variableinductiveloadmod.IL2/EV.
Setofcablesjumpersforelectricalconnections.
THEORY:
The threephase voltage detects the limit of the triad of voltage generated in
ordinaryservicebythesynchronousgeneratorordistributedtothetransmission
line.Usually,therelay,actsonthemainswitchtosetthecontrolledobjectoutof
service(synchronousgeneratororuserconnectedtotheline)whenavoltagerise
ordropcancausemalfunctionsordamages.Tofulfillthepurpose,themax/min
voltagevalueaswellastherelateddelaytimescanbeadjusted.Thetolerated
max/minvoltagevaluesandthedelaytimesmustbeavailableforthetests.
VOLTAGEINPUTS
Inputterminalsoftriadof3voltagewithneutral,range400Vac.
NONCCOM
MAX
Terminalswithcontactsofthehighvoltagealarmoutputrelay.
Thestateofthecontactsisreferredtothedevicewithauxiliary
NONCCOM
powersupplypresentandnotinalarm.
Terminalsforoutputrelaycontactsforlowvoltagealarm.
9
LabSession
02
MIN
Thestateofthecontactsisreferredtothedevicewithauxiliary
powersupplypresentandnotinalarm.
Theauxiliarypowersupplyisnotnecessaryasitselfpowersfromthemeasurement.
Max/minvoltagevoltmetricrelayfor3 400Vlineneutral.
Switchofthenominalvalueofthelinetobechecked380,400,415Vac+10%/
15%.
InterventionthresholdregulationforovervoltageMAXVOLTAGEfrom102to
110%.
InterventiontimeregulationforovervoltageDELAYMAXfrom0.1to10s.
InterventionthresholdregulationforundervoltageMINVOLTAGEfromthe85to98
%.
InterventiontimeregulationforundervoltageDELAYMINfrom0.1to10s.
Automaticcancelingwhenthevoltagereturnsinsidethefixedparameters.
Normallyenergizedstateoftherelays,deenergizedattheintervention.
LedONindicatingthepowersupplypresence.
LedMAXindicatingthemaxvoltageintervention&LedMINindicatingthe
minimum.
REGULATIONS
nominalvoltageofthenetworkUe=400V
maximumvoltagethreshold(MAX
VOLTAGE)=105%maximumvoltage
interventiondelay(DELAYMAX)=5s
minimumvoltagethreshold(MIN
VOLTAGE)=90%Minimumvoltage
interventiondelay(DELAYMIN)=5s.
PROCEDURE:
voltage3x400V(nominalvoltage).Inthisconditionthevoltmetricrelay
isproperlypoweredandshowsnoalarm.
11.ConnectthemultimetersettoOhmalternativelytotheNCcontactsofthe
max/min voltage output relay and check the correspondence of the
contacts.
12.Increasethevoltagesuppliedbythesynchronousgeneratortoabout430V,
recordthetimebetweenthe overvoltage momentandthesameoutputrelay
trippingone(signaledbytheinterruptionofcontinuityinthemultimeter).If
thedelay timeand the maximumvoltageintervention values arenot those
supposed,adjustwiththeproperregulationsinthedevice.
13. Take back the voltage to nominal value (400 V) and check the alarm
cancels(themaximumvoltageoutputrelayscancel).Considerthattherelay
hasanhysteresisofthe3%inrespecttothesetpoint.Thismeanstherelay
cancellingoccursat 410V.
14.Dropthevoltageprovidedbythesynchronousgeneratortoabout350V,
recordthetimebetweenthe undervoltage momentandtherelaytripping
one(signaledbytheinterruptionofcontinuityinthemultimeter).Ifthe
delay time and the minimum voltage intervention values are not those
supposed,adjusttherelatedadjustmentsinthedevice
15.Takebackthevoltagetothenominalvalue(400V)andcheckthe alarm
cancels.Considertherelayhasanhysteresisofthe3%inrespecttotheset
point.Thismeanstherelaycancelingoccursat 370V.
16.Repeattheinterventiontestsformax/minvoltagewithothervoltage
anddelayvalues.10
LabSession02
17.Therelaytrippingformaximumvoltagealarm,attheendofgivendelay,is
signaledbythelightingonofMAXled,therelaycancelswhenthevoltage
returnsunderthefixedvalue.
18.Therelaytrippingforminimumvoltagealarm,attheendofgivendelay,is
signaledbythelightingonoftheMINled,therelaycancelswhenthe
voltagerisesoverthefixedvalue.
19. In alternative to what described above, to demonstrate the minimum
voltagerelaytripping,completethewiringincludingthestepresistiveload
mod.RL2/EV.Theloadmustbeconnectedtotheoutputterminalsofthe
digitalinstrumentsidentifiedbythelettersL1L2L3N.Besurethatall
stepswitchesofeachphaseare(OFF).
20.Setthesynchronousgeneratorunderloadwiththeinsertionofthefirststep
oftheresistivemodule(carryoutabalancedload)ifthevoltagedropvalue
exceedsthethresholdvalueof10%setinthedevice,therelaysignalsthe
fault. The triad of voltages can be displayed cyclically on the analog
voltmeterandincaseinthedigitalone,too.
Themax/minvoltagerelayconsents,viacleancontactsonitsinnerrelays(NC
contacts),canbeincludedinthesafetiestoenableandkeeptheparallelofthe
generatorwiththepublicpowermainsorwithanothergenerator.
Figure4.3.2Operationtestofthemax/minthreephasevoltagerelay
11
LabSession02
LABSESSION02(a)ii
TITTLE:
Studyandapplyamax/minfrequencyrelaytoapowerproductionplant.
APPARTUS:
ModuleSR5MINMAXFREQUENCYRELAY
Setofcablesjumpersforelectricalconnections.
THEORY:
Therelayenablesthemax/minfrequencycontrolofthealternatedpowergenerated
bythesynchronousgeneratorinordinaryservice.Asprotectiondevice,itactson
themainswitchofthesynchronousgenerator.
Itisusedtoprotectthesynchronousgeneratorincaseofoverorunderspeedof
theprimemover.Thefrequencylimitsandthedelaytimesareprojectdataand
mustbeavailableforthetests.
LINEINPUTSInputterminalsfortheNeutrallinevoltageinput,range230Vac.
NONCCOMTerminalsforoutputrelayexchangecontactsforthehigh
frequencyalarm.MAXThestateofthecontactsisreferredtothedevicewith
presentpowersupply
andnotinalarm.
NONCCOM
Terminalsforoutputrelaycontactsforlowfrequencyalarm.
12
LabSession02
MIN
Thestateofthecontactsisreferredtothedevicewithpresentpowersupply
andnotinalarm.
Theauxiliarypowersupplyisnotnecessaryasitisselfpoweredbythe
measurement.Therelaycanbephasetophaseconnectedwithlineshaving
concatenatedvoltage3x230V,too.
Ifonlythephasetophaseconcatenatedvoltageisavailable3x400V,itis
necessarytointerposeaVT(voltmetrictransformer)400/230reducer.
Max/minfrequencyrelay.
Nominalpowersupply:230Vac 15%.
FREQ.switchforlineswithfrequencyof50or60Hz.
Max.Frequencyinterventionthresholdregulationwithrotaryswitchfrom0.5to10
Hz.
Max.FrequencyinterventiontimeregulationDELAYMAXfrom0.1to30s.
Minimumfrequencyinterventionthresholdregulationwithrotaryswitchfrom0.5to
10Hz.
MinimumfrequencyinterventiontimeregulationDELAYMINfrom0.1to30s.
Automaticcancelingwhenthefrequencygoesbackinsidethefixedlimits.
Normallyenergizedstateoftherelays,deenergizedattheintervention.
Ledindicatingthepresenceofpowersupply.
LedMAXindicatingthemaximum
frequencyintervention.LedMINindicating
theminimumfrequencyintervention.
REGULATIONS
nominalfrequencyoftheline(FREQ.)=50Hz
maximumfrequencythreshold(MAX)=2Hz
maximumfrequencyinterventiondelay(DELAYMAX)=5s
minimumfrequencythreshold(MIN)=2Hz
Minimumfrequencyinterventiondelay(DELAYMIN)=5s.
PROCEDURE:
voltageof230V(nominalvoltage).Inthisconditionthefrequencyrelayis
properlypoweredandshowsnoalarm.
22.ConnectthemultimetersettoOhmalternativelytotheNCcontactsofthe
max/min frequency outputs relays and check the correspondence of the
contacts(theycorrespondtothediagramshownonthepanelinordinary
conditions,frequencyinthelimits).
23.Note:thefrequencyvariationswiththeRPMpotentiometermustbe
followedbythevoltageregulationwiththevariatorUexc.
24.Increasethetestfrequencytoabout53Hz,recordthetimebetweenthe
overfrequency andthesameoutputrelaytrippingone(signaledbythe
interruptionofcontinuityinthemultimeter).Iftheinterventiondelayisnot
thatsupposed,adjustusingtherelateddevice.
25.Takebackthefrequencytonominalvalue(50V)andcheckthealarm
cancels(themaximumfrequencyoutputrelaycancels).
13
LabSession02
26.Dropthetestfrequencytoabout47Hz,recordthetimebetweenthe
underfrequency andthesameoutputrelaytrippingone(signaledbythe
interruptionofcontinuityinthemultimeter).Iftheinterventiondelayisnot
theonesupposed,adjusttherelateddevice.
27.Takebackthevoltagetonominalvalue(50V)andcheckthealarmcancels
(theminimumfrequencyoutputrelaycancels).
28.Repeattheinterventiontestsformax/minfrequencywithotherthresholdvalues.
29. The overfrequency or subfrequency is signaled in the device front
panelbytheflashingoftheMAXorMINleds.Theoutputrelaystripping,
at the end of the given delays, is signaled by the switching off of the
respectiveleds.Thecancelingisautomaticwhenthefrequencyreturnsto
thefixedvalue.
Themax/minvoltagerelayfrequency,viacleancontactsonitsinnerrelays(NC
contacts),canbeincludedinthesafetiestoenableandkeeptheparallelofthe
generatorwiththepublicpowermainsorwithanothergenerator.
Figure4.4.2Operationtestofthemax/minfrequencyrelay
14
LabSession02
LABSESSION02(b)
TITTLE:
Studyandapplyamaximumcurrent(overcurrent)relaytoathreephaseline.
APPARTUS:
Synchronousmotorgeneratorsetmod.MSG1/EV.
Variableresistiveloadmod.RL2/EV.
Variableinductiveloadmod.IL2/EV.
Setofcablesjumpersforelectricalconnections
ModuleSR13phaseoverloadandshortcircuit
THEORY:
The threephase ammetric relay in the maximum current protection function
(overload) enables to fix the limit of the current provided by a synchronous
generator(itsnominalpower)orthecurrentapowerlinecanusuallystand.The
currentvaluesandtheinterventiontimedelaycanbeadjusted.
The threephase ammetric relay in the protection function against short circuit
immediatelytripswhenthecontrolledcurrentovercomesthesetvalue.
Usuallytherelayactsonthemainswitchtosetthecontrolledobject(synchronous
generatororline)outofservice.Thecurrentvalue(overload,shortcircuit)aswell
asthedelaytimebyoverload,mustbeadjustedandcheckedduringthetestphase
andnextintheperiodicalteststobesureoftheprotectiondeviceoperation.The
currentvaluesandthedelaytimesareprojectdataandmustbeavailableforthe
tests.
POWERSUPPLYInputterminalsofauxiliarypowersupplyvoltage230Vac
freq5060HzCURRENTINPUTSCurrentinputterminals,range5Aac.By
convention,currentsofthe
15
LabSession02
terminalsontopareconsideredasinputandthoseatthe
bottomasoutput.NONCCOMTerminalsforoutputexchangecontactsfor
overloadandshortcircuitalarm.
Thestateofthecontactsisreferredtothedevicewith
auxiliarypowersupplypresentandnotinalarm.
INHIB.Anelectricalcontinuity,asindicatedbythedottedlines(e.g.witha
switch),blockstheoutputrelay;apossibleovercurrentisnot
signaled.
RESET
Anelectricalcontinuity,asindicatedbythedottedlines(e.g.
withapushbutton),resetstheoutputrelayafteran
overcurrentismemorized.
Maximumcurrentthreephaseamperometricrelay(overloadandshort
circuit)withfixedtimeandthreephaseshortcircuit.
DirectmeasurementorviaCT.
AdjustmentofoverloadthresholdwithSETPOINTOVERLOADpotentiometerfrom1to
5A.
AdjustmentoftheoverloadinterventiontimewithDELAYpotentiometerfrom1to
30s.
ShortcircuitthresholdadjustmentwithSETPOINTSHORTCIRCUIT
potentiometerfrom5to25A,instantintervention.
Auxiliarypowersupply230Vac5060Hz.
ManualresetwithpushbuttononthefrontpanelorwithexternalRESET
contact.(ResetandInhibitwithacommonpoint).
Normallyenergizedstateofrelay,deenergizedattheintervention.
InhibitionatstartingbyclosingINHIBITexternalcontact(Inhibitand
Resethaveacommonpoint).
Redled1:currentindicator>oftheoverloadsetpointorinterventionforoverload
current.
Redled2:interventionindicatorforshortcircuitcurrent.
Greenled3:energizedrelayindicator(normaloperation),itturnsoffincaseofalarm
REGULATIONS
overloadthreshold=1A;
interventiondelay=5s;
Shortcircuitthreshold=5A.
PROCEDURE:
OPERATIONTESTFORCURRENTOVERLOAD
30.ConnectthemultimetersettoOhmtotheNCcontactoftheoutputrelay.
31.Adjustthevoltageofthevariablepowersupplylineandtheloadtogeta
currentofabout0.6A(lowerthanthevaluesetintheoverloadthreshold).
Inthiscondition,theammetricrelaydoesnottrip.
32.Increasethetestcurrenttoabout1.2A,recordthetimebetween overcurrent
andoutputrelaytripping(signaledbytheinterruptionofcontinuityinthe
multimeter).Ifthedelaytimeandtheinterventioncurrentvaluesarenotthose
supposed,adjustusingthedevice.
33.Asademonstration,repeatthetestwithothervalues(projectdata).
34.TheoverloadissignaledinfrontpanelofthedevicewhenrelatedALARM
led lights on. The output relay tripping, at the end of given delay, is
signaled when the green led switches off and the condition keeps in
memoryevenifcurrentreturnsunderfixedvalue.
16
LabSession02
35. To reset the device and cancel the information in memory, you must
manuallyRESETusingthesamepushbutton.
Figure4.5.3Electricalreferencediagram.
OPERATIONTESTFORCURRENTSHORTCIRCUIT
1. Increase the test current over 5 A (use the reference diagram and the
connections indicated in the figures 4.5.3, 4.5.4) and check the
instantaneoustrippingoftheoutputrelay(signaledbytheinterruptionof
continuityinthemultimeter).
2.TheCurrentTransformersindicatedinthediagramareconnectedas step
up transformers(primary5A,secondary25A).Asimilarconfiguration
canbeusedinthetest,ifapowersupplysourceandrelatedloadarenot
availabletoobtainacurrentequalorhigherthantheonenecessarytocause
theshortcircuitintervention.(Asinthiscase)
3.TheshortcircuitissignaledinthedevicefrontpanelbytherelatedALARM
led lighting. The output relay instantaneous tripping is signaled by the
switchingoffofthegreenledandtheconditionkeepsinmemoryevenif
thecurrentgoesbackunderthefixedvalue.
4. To reset the device and the information in memory, it is necessary to
manuallyRESETusingthesamepushbutton.
Figure4.5.3Electricalreferencediagram.
17
LabSession02
Figure4.5.2Operationtestofthethreephaseammetricrelaywithoverload
functionwithfixed
interventiontime.
18
LabSession02
Figure4.5.4Operationtestofthethreephaseammetricrelaywithshortcircuit
functionwith
instantaneoustrippingtime
19
LabSession03
LABSESSION03(a)
TITTLE:
Touseatimerwithdifferenttimefunctionstoextendtheprotectionrelaysoperation.
APPARTUS:
ModuleSR9Multifunctiontimerrelay.
Fixedpowersupplysource24Vac/dc,In 1Aor230Vac.
Multimeterforelectricalcontinuitytests(Ohmmeter).
THEORY:
Thetimerrelaysdelayedinclosing,delayedinopening,intermittence,etc.enableto
extendthefunctionsofaprotectionrelay.e.g.,tosignalthereisanoverload,the
overcurrentrelaywithindependenttime(fixedtime),activatestheacousticsignaling
(warning)andiftheovercurrentdoesnotreturninsidethelimits,afterthedelaysetin
thetimerthereistherelease.
PROCEDURE:
OPERATIVEMODE:Ondelaytimedrelay.
1.Followtheelectricaldiagramoffigure5.10.1or5.10.2.
2.SetthemoduleSR9intothemoduleholderframeif
available.3.Configurethetimerasfollows:
a.SW3=OFFNormalstateoftheoutput
relay;b.SW4=OFFdelayfunctionin
closing;
c.SW6,7=OFFand5,8=ON(timerangefrom1.2to
12s);d.trimmerfortimeregulationathalfrange=
about6s.
4.Connectthetimertothepowersupplyvoltage.
5.Checkthestateofthetimeroutputrelayafterthefixedtime.
OPERATIVEMODE:OFFdelaytimedrelay.
i.SW3=ONInvertedstateoftheoutput
relay;ii.SW4=OFFdelayfunctionin
closing;
iii.SW6,7=OFFand5,8=ON(timerangefrom1.2to
12s);iv.trimmerfortimeregulationathalfrange=
about6s.
4.Connectthetimertothepowersupplyvoltage,theoutputrelayimmediately
activatesandafterthegiventimedeactivates.
5.Checkthestateofthetimeroutputrelayduringthefixedtime.
OPERATIVEMODE:Joggingrelay.
i.SW3=ONNormalstateoftheoutput
relay;ii.SW4=OFFjoggingfunction;
20
LabSession03
iii.SW5,7=OFFand6.8=ON(timerangefrom0.3to3s);
iv.trimmerforregulationofthetimetotheminimum=about
0.3s.4.Connectthetimertothepowersupplyvoltage,theoutputrelayis
jogging.
5.Checkthestateoftheoutputrelayinjoggingoperation.
Figure 5.10.1 Usage diagram of a timer relay in different

configurations. 230-Vac power supply
Figure 5.10.2 Usage diagram of a timer relay in different

configurations. 24-Vac/dc power supply
Notonlyitcanbeusedwithdelaystartingfromthemomentthereispower,but,in
this case, the timer relay can be controlled with an external PROGRAMMING
CONTACT .Herethepowersupplymustbealwayspresent.Checkthisoperating
modethatoccurringwhentheNOcontactconnectedtotheterminalsR 1R2isopened.
21
LabSession03
LABSESSION03(b)
TITTLE:
Useauxiliaryrelayasinterfaceforremoteoptical/acousticsignalingof
protectionrelaysoperation.
APPARTUS:
ModuleSR8Alarmrelayswithtwocontactsforopticalandacousticsignaling.
24Vdcfixedpowersupplysource,In 1A.
Multimeterforelectricalcontinuitytests
(Ohmmeter).
THEORY:
Theauxiliaryrelaysappliedtocontrolacousticand/oropticalsignalingarecalled
alarmrelays.Withoneormoreexchangecontactsitispossibletocontrolbells,sirens,
fixedorflashinglightsignalinglampstorecalltheattentionofthelocalorremote
controlleroftheplant.
Tofulfilltheirpurposethealarmrelaysconnecttotheoutputoftheprotectionrelay
andreproducethestateofthelast(normaloralarmcondition).Ifthealarmrelayhasa
contact,ormoreexchangecontacts,itcanbeusedasinverting(notenergizedrelay=
activealarmorviceversa).
PROCEDURE:
OPERATIVEMODERelayusedtoactivateanalarm(negative
safety).1.Followtheelectricaldiagramoffigure5.9.1.
2.SetthemoduleSR8intothemoduleholderframeifavailable.
3.ConnecttheauxiliaryvoltageandsimulatetheclosingoftheNOcontact
ofthemaximumcurrentrelay.
4.Checktheacousticsignalactivation.
OPERATIVEMODERelayusedtoactivatedifferentalarmsignalers(positive
safety).1.Followtheelectricaldiagramoffigure5.9.2.
3.ConnecttheauxiliaryvoltageandsimulatetheclosingoftheNCcontact
ofthemaximumcurrentrelay.
4.Checktheacousticandopticalsignalactivation.
Withthiscircuit,whencomparedtothelast,wewanttofocustheattentiononthe
conceptof positivesafety andthepossibilitytocontrolalarmsignalers,
belongingtoalternatedcurrentorcontinuouscurrentcircuitsand/orwithdifferent
nominalvoltages.
22
LabSession03
Figure 5.9.1 Usage diagram of an alarm relay connected to a protection

relay with output on NO contact. It is negative safety because if the alarm
relay breaks no signaling activates.
Figure 5.9.2 Usage diagram of an alarm relay connected to a protection relay

with output on NC contact. It is positive safety as the fault on the circuit or the
alarm relay causes the signaling activation. The fault, recalls the user s
attention for maintenance.
23
LabSession04
LABSESSION04
TITTLE:
Determinethetransformationratioofacurrenttransformer(CT)withdifferent
primarycurrentsandloadinfluenceonthesecondary.Carryouttheperformance
tests.
APPARTUS:
ModuleSR11Currentoramperometrictransformers(CT).
Variablethreephasepowersupplysource0430Vac,In=5A.
2ammetersforalternatedcurrentmeasurementwithrange5,10A.
50 tablekindrheostatorequivalentforregulationofcurrentacross
primaryoftheCT.
8 tablekindrheostatorequivalentforregulationofcurrentatthe
secondaryoftheCT.
THEORY:
Theamperometrictransformers(CT)areusedtomatchthealternatedcurrentvalues
totherangesofamperometricrelays.Theyarecharacterizedbyfewercoilsonthe
primaryN1thanthecoilsofthesecondaryN 2.Thetransformationratioisdefinedas
theratiobetweenthecurrentacrossprimaryandthecurrentacrosssecondary.Totake
theeffectivetransformationratio(K)verynearnominaltransformationratio(Kn),the
noloadcurrentmustbenegligibleinrespecttoprimaryreactioncurrent.Inthese
conditionsthereis:
Kn K=I1/I2 N2/N1
Tomakenoloadcurrentnegligible,thecoreinductionmustbekeptverylowand
laminationswithverylowspecificloss.I.e.coresectionmustbekeptmuchlarger
thantheoneusedforanequivalentindustrialtransformer.Theprimaryisinsertedin
seriestothelineinwhichcurrentistobemeasured.Theprimarycouldbeasingle
coil,itisnotnecessarytocutoffthelinetocarryoutmeasurement,as;thesamewire
constitutesasinglecoil.Theexampleofaprimarywithasinglecoilisrepresentedby
amperometricgrips,thesecondarywoundstheconductorrunbythecurrenttobe
measured.Thepercentageratioerrorisdefinedby:
Fi%=(KnK)/K 100or=(Kn I2I1)/I1 100
TheerrorangleisthephaseanglebetweenI 1 andI2,consideringitpositiveifthe
secondisinleadonthefirstandnegativeifviceversa.Thiserrorhasnoeffectonthe
measurements of the single current; instead it affects the active power or power
measurementsforwhichitisnecessarytoreadeventheshiftbetweenthecurrentand
thevoltage.Theperformanceisreferred,byconvention,toapowerfactorequalto0.8
ofdelay.
Withtheperformanceandthesecondarynominalcurrent,itispossibletodeterminethe
maximumimpedancethatcanbeconnectedtothesecondaryoftheCT,whichwillbe:
Z2max=Sn/I2n2[ ]
IncasetheCTisopencircuited,themmfproducedbythecurrentpresentonthe
primary,increasestheinductionandtheflowuntilsaturationwithconsequentincrease
oftheinducede.m.f.,dangerousvoltagescancreateonthesecondary.
PROCEDURE:
5.Followtheelectricaldiagramoffigure.
24
LabSession04
7.Connectthevariablepowersupplysourcetothe10Aterminalswiththeload
rheostatR1 inseries.Connectanammetertomeasurecurrentattransformer
input(currentI1,primary).
8. Connect the output terminals 5 A of transformer to load rheostat R 2 (for
resistance value see table). Attention! Never let the CT operate with
secondarycircuitopen.
9.Connectanammetertomeasurethealternatedcurrentacrossthetransformeroutput
(currentI2,secondary).Itisbetterforthetwoammetersemployedrespectivelyon
theprimaryandthesecondary,tohavethesameaccuracyclassandthistobeat
leastoneorderlowerthantheoneoftheCTs(moreaccurateoftheCTstobe
checked).
10. Connect variable power supply with rheostatR 1,adjust to 80% of transformer
nominal current,adjust rheostatR2 to the maximum allowed impedance in

secondary(seetable).
11.RecordthevalueofthecurrentsI 1andI2inthetable.
12. Apply the formula for the calculation of the percentage error ratio and
completethetable.
Figure: Electrical diagram for the connection of a CT for the performance test.
Table:CheckingtheCTratioerrormod.TA4UNIDATAItaly
Sn=3VAinClass=0.5%,I1n=10A,I
2n=5A,f=50Hz,Kn=2
I1(A)
I2(A)
Keffective
Zmax.()
Performance/class
Sec.in
shor
t
circ
uit
3VA/0.5%
6VA/1%
Zmax.=Sn/I2n2( )Keffective=I1/I2
Ratioerror%=(Kn K)/K 100or=(KnI2 I1)/I1100
Zmax.forSn=3VA=3/25=0.12 Zmax.forSn=6VA=6/25=0.24
Error%
25
LabSession05
LABSESSION05
TITTLE:
Determinethetransformationratioofavoltagetransformer(VT)withdifferent
primaryvoltagesandloadinfluenceonthesecondary.Maketheperformance
tests.
APPARTUS:
ModuleSR12Voltageorvoltmetrictransformers(VT).
Variablethreephasepowersupplysource0430Vac.
2voltmeterstomeasurethealternatedvoltagewith500Vrange.
5k tablekindrheostatorequivalenttoadjustloadcurrentacrossthe
secondaryofVT.
THEORY:
Thevoltagetransformers(VT)areusedtomatchthealternatedvoltagevaluestothe
rangesofvoltmetersorvoltmetricrelays.Theyarecharacterizedbyanumberofcoils
equaltotheprimaryN1 plusthenumberofcoilsofthesecondaryN 2.Totakethe
effectivetransformationratio(K)verynearthenominaltransformationratio(Kn),the
inner voltage drop must be negligible, this occurs only if transformer works in
conditionsnexttonoloadoperation.Insuchconditions:
Kn K=U1/U2 E1/E2=N1/N2
Tomaketheinnervoltagedropnegligibletheresistanceaswellasthedispersion
reactanceofthetwowindingsmustbeverysmall.Thewindingsarecarriedoutusing
verylowcurrentdensities,muchlowerthanthoseusedforindustrialtransformers.
The coupling between the primary and the secondary is cured to minimize the
dispersedflows.Thepercentageerrorratioisdefinedby:
Fi%=(KnK)/K 100or=(Kn U2U1)/U1 100
TheerrorangleisshiftanglebetweenU1andU2,consideringapositivefactifthe
secondisinleadonfirstandnegativeviceversa.Thiserrorhasnoeffectonthe
measurementsofvoltage,itaffects,instead,activepowerorpowermeasurementsfor
whichitisnecessarytoreadshiftbetweencurrentandvoltage.Theperformanceis
referred,by convention, to a power factor equal to 0.8.With performance and
secondary nominal voltage, it is possible to determine maximum admittance (or
minimumimpedance)thatcanbeconnectedto
secondaryofVT,thiswillbe:
2
Y2max=1/Z2min=Sn/U2n [1/ ]
Theprotectionsallowedtoprotecttheprimaryand/orthesecondaryofa
voltmetrictransformerarethoseagainstshortcircuits.Fusesarelargely
used.
PROCEDURE:
13.Followtheelectricaldiagramoffigure.
15.Connecttotheterminals500VL1andL2ofthevariablethreephasepowersupply
source.Connectavoltmetertomeasurethealternatedvoltageatthetransformer
input(voltageU1,primary).ConnectthePEterminaltotheprotectionconductor,
too.
16.Connectthetransformer100VoutputterminalstoanRCloadrheostat(for
the resistor value see table). For safety reasons, connect a point of the
secondaryto
26
LabSession05
ground.Intheexercisenoprotectiondeviceisusedonthesecondaryofthe
VTso:attention! NevermaketheVToperateinshortcircuitorwithaload
higherthanitsnominalpower.
17.Connectavoltmetertomeasurethealternatedvoltageatthetransformeroutput
(voltage U2, secondary). The two voltmeters employed respectively in the
primaryandthesecondary,musthavethesameaccuracyclassandthismustbe
atleastanorderlowerthantheoneoftheVT(moreaccurateoftheVTtobe
checked).
18.ConnectmilliammeterinseriestoloadonsecondarytopreventI 2maxtobe
overcome.
19. Connect variable power supply,adjustto 80% of the transformer nominal
voltage,adjusttherheostatR 2toobtainabout50%ofthenominalcurrentin
thesecondary(seetable).
20.RecordthevaluesofthevoltagesU1andU2inthetable.
21.Applyformulaforcalculationof%ratioerror(reportedinthetable)andfillthetable.
Figure: Electrical connection diagram of a VT for the performance test

Table:CheckingtheerrorofVTratiomod.TV10UNIDATAItaly
Sn=10VA,Class=0.5,U1n=500V,U2n=100V,f=50Hz,Kn=5%
U1(V)
U2(V)
Keffective
Zmin.()
Performance/class
Noload
50
100
secondary
150
200
10VA/0,5%
50
100
150
200
20VA/1%
50
100
150
200
Error%
Zminimum=U2n2/Sn()I2max.=Sn/U2(A)Keffective=U1/U2
Ratioerror%=(Kn K)/K 100or=(KnU2 U1)/U1100
ZminimumforSn=10VA=1002/10=1000 ;ZminimumforSn=20VA=1002/20=500
27
LabSession06
LABSESSION06(a)
TITTLE:
Connectionofthevoltagetransformerswithopendeltaofthreephaselines
APPARTUS:
ModuleSR12Threevoltagetransformers(VT).
Threephasevariablepowersupplysource0430Vac.
2Voltmeterstomeasurethealternatedvoltagewith500Vrange.
Threephaseinsulationtransformertosetupalineinsulatedfromground
(ITline)mod.P14Aorequivalent.
THEORY:
Voltagetransformersareusedinthreephaselinestomatchthevaluesoftheline
voltagetothevoltmetersranges.ThenumberofVTstobeemployeddependsonthe
methodusedbythemeasurementinstrumentsand/orbytheprotectionrelays.
No.ofturns:
CrossSection:
Inputterminalsofthevoltmetrictransformer
Outputterminalsofthevoltmetrictransformer
Performance(Sn):
N1=2990coils;N2=599coils
S1=0.18mm2;SectionS2=0.40mm2
U1=500V.
U2=100V.
10VAincl.0.516VAincl.1.
PE:TerminalforconnectiontothegroundconductoroftheVTcasestoensure
protectionagainstindirectcontacts.
TheVTsarecharacterizedbyaprimary,connectedtothelinetobemeasuredandbya
secondary,insulatedfromtheprimary,thatforsafetyreasonsisconnectedtoground
(thesecondaryisinlowvoltage,usuallyequalto100V).Theconnectiontoground
makesapointofthesecondaryofallVTscommon.
28
LabSession06
Figure 1: Connection diagram of three voltage transformers in a three-phase

line. The secondaries are connected to ground for protection against indirect
contacts
Figure 2: Connection diagram of the open delta voltage transformers in

the three phase lines.
ThecorrectpresenceofthethreevoltagesU1,U2,U3intheopenvertexisequalto
thezerovoltage.Incaseoffaulttogroundofaphase(firstfaulttogroundintheline
IT),oneofthreevectorsUismissingorreducesandavoltageappearsasatheresult.
vector is missing or
reduces, by effect of
Figure 4: In the
secondaries
connected with
Figure 3: In the secondaries connected with open delta,
open delta, when
when the voltage U
the voltage U
29
LabSession06
D
e
p
a
rt
m
e
n
t
o
f
vectors are present, the result is zero.
PROCEDURE:
1.Followtheelectrical
diagramoffigure2.
2. Connect the primary
windings of the VT
between the phases
of the IT line to be
checked and a star
center that will be
connectedtoground.
3.TosetuptheITline,if
a power transmission
line simulator is not
available (e.g. mod.
SEL1/EV) connect
three 0.5 F ground
capacities to the
secondary of the
threephase
transformer and the
primary to the fixed
threephase power
supply line 3 x
400Vac.
4. Delta connect the
secondaries of the
VT letting a vertex
open. Across such
vertex, connect the
voltmeter.Attention!
DoneverlettheVTs
operate in short
circuitorwithaload
higher than their
nominal power, the
VTscoulddamage.
5. Connect the main
voltage and check
that the voltmeter
connected to the
secondary indicates
zero or very near
zero.
6. Carry
outa
direc
t
conn
ectio
n or
with
a
resis
tanc
e/im
peda
nce
of a
line
cond
ucto
r to
grou
nd.
7.
Che
ck
that
the
volt
mete
r
indic
ates
volta
ge,
such
volta
ge
will
be
inve
rsely
prop
ortio
nal
to
the
valu
e of
the
resis
tanc
e/fa
ult
imp
edan
ce
(the
mor
ethe
fault
is
dire
ct,
the
mor
e
will
be
the
volt
age
dete
cted
on
the
volt
mete
r).
Obv
iousl
y
cons
ider
the
ratio
betw
een
the
prim
ary
E
le
ct
ri
c
al
the fault, the result

is different from
zero
and secondary of the
VT.
30
LabSession06
LABSESSION06(b)
TITTLE:
Connectiondiagramoftheopendeltavoltagetransformerspairedtoa
maximumvoltageandovercurrentrelayforopeningthecircuitincase
offaulttogroundandoverload/shortcircuit
APPARTUS:
ModuleSR12Threevoltagetransformers(VT).
Threephasevariablepowersupplysource0430Vac.
2Voltmeterstomeasurethealternatedvoltagewith500Vrange.
Threephaseinsulationtransformertosetupaline
insulatedfromground(ITline)mod.P14Aorequivalent.
THEORY:
Voltagetransformersareusedinthreephaselinestomatchthe
valuesofthelinevoltagetothevoltmetersranges.Thenumberof
VTs to be employed depends on the method used by the
measurementinstrumentsand/orbytheprotectionrelays.
Refertothemodule sdescriptionSR12forthetechnicalcharacteristicsofthe
usedVTs.
PROCEDURE:
1.Followtheelectricaldiagramoffigure1.
2.Connectthethreephaseloadrheostat.
3.ConnecttheprimarywindingsoftheVTbetweenthe
phasesoftheITlinetobecheckedandastarcenter
thatwillbeconnectedtoground.
4.TosetuptheITline,ifapowertransmissionlinesimulatorisnot
available (e.g. mod. SEL1/EV) connect three 0.5 Fground
capacitiestothesecondaryofthethreephasetransformerand
the primary to the fixed threephase power supply line 3 x
400Vac.
5.DeltaconnectthesecondariesoftheVTlettingavertexopen.
Attention!DoneverlettheVTsoperateinshortcircuitor
withaloadhigherthantheirnominalpower,theVTscould
damage.
6.ConnecttheMaximumcurrentthreephaseammetricrelay
(overloadandshortcircuit).7.ConnecttheMinimumand
Maximumsinglephasevoltagerelay
8.ConnecttheMultiplecommandauxiliaryrelay,excitationof24Vdc.
*(1)Ifthelinecurrentisovertherangeoftheusedamperometric
relay(maximumcurrentrelay),
someCTs(currenttransformers)mustbeinterposedbetweenthe
lineandtherelayinputs(make
theindirectinsertionoftheprotectionrelay).
31
Figure 1: Connection diagram of the open delta voltage

transformers paired to a maximum voltage and overcurrent relay for opening the circuit in case of fault to
ground and overload/short-circuit
EXERCISE:
LabSession06
32
LABSESSION07(a)
TITLE:
PrincipleofDifferentialProtection
THEORY:
Differential protection, as its name implies, compares the
current entering and leaving a protected zone and operates
whenthedifferentialcurrentbetweenthesecurrentsexceedsa
predetermined level. This type ofprotection scheme, usually
also called circulating current or current balance scheme is
showninfig.
The CTs are connected in series and the secondary current

circulatesbetweenthem.Therelayisconnectedacrossthemid
point where the voltage is theoretically nil. Therefore no
currentpassesthroughtherelay,hencenooperationforfaults
outsidetheprotectedzone(Thezonebetweenthetwocurrent
transformersisdesignatedastheprotectedzone).
Underinternalfaultconditions(i.e.faultsbetweentheCTs)the
relayoperates,sinceboththesecondarycurrentsaddupand
passthroughtherelayasseeninfig.above.
LabSession07
Ifloadisverylessthenwecandirectlypasstheloadcurrent
through the current adder, but for heavy load current CT is
requiredtobeemployed.
DesignConsiderations
Anumberoffactorshavetobetakenintoaccountindesigning
aDifferentialprotectionscheme.Theseinclude:
ThematchingofCTratios
Currentimbalanceproducedbytapchanging
Dealingwithzerosequencecurrents
Phaseshiftthroughthetransformer
Magnetizinginrushcurrent
Eachoftheseisconsideredfurtherbelow.
TheMatchingofCTRatios
33
The CTs used for the Protection Scheme will normally be

selected from a range of current transformers with standard
ratiossuchas1600/1,1000/5,200/1etc.Thiscouldmeanthat
thecurrentsfedintotherelayfromthetwosidesofthepower
transformermaynotbalanceperfectly.Anyimbalancemustbe
compensatedforandmethodsusedincludetheapplicationof
biasedrelays.Theeffectofthebiasistoprogressivelyincrease
theamountofspillcurrentrequiredforrelayoperation.
DealingwithZeroSequenceCurrents
Earthfaultsdownstreamofthetransformermaygiveriseto
zero sequence current, depending upon winding connections
andearthingarrangements.Sincezerosequencecurrentdoes
notpassthroughatransformer,itwillbeseenononesideonly
producingspillcurrentandpossiblerelayoperationforanout
ofzone fault. To prevent such occurrence, zero sequence
currentmustbeeliminatedfromthedifferentialscheme.Thisis
achievedbyusingdeltaconnectionsonthesecondarysideof
any CTs thatare associatedwithmaintransformerwindings
connectedinstar.
WhereCTsecondariesareconnectedinstarononesideofa
transformeranddeltaontheother,allowancemustbemadefor
thefactthatthesecondarycurrentsoutsidethedeltawillonly
LabSession07
be1/ 3ofthestarequivalent.
PhaseShiftthroughtheTransformer
ThecurrentsintheCTsmayexperienceaphaseshiftasthey
passthroughthetransformerdependinguponthetransformer
vectorgroup.CTsecondaryconnectionsmustcompensateto
avoidimbalanceandapossiblemaloperation.
MagnetizingInrushCurrent
Whenatransformerisfirstenergized,magnetizinginrushhas
theeffectofproducingahighmagnitudecurrentforashort
periodoftime.ThiswillbeseenbythesupplysideCTsonly
andcouldbeinterpretedasaninternalfault.Precautionsmust
thereforebetakentopreventaprotectionoperation.Solutions
includebuildingatimedelayfeatureintotherelayandtheuse
of harmonic restraint driven, typically, by the high level of
secondharmonicassociatedwithinrushcurrent.
34
LabSession07
LABSESSION07(b)
TITLE:
Tocarryouttheperformancetestandautomaticrelayoperationwith
DifferentialProtection.
APPARTUS:
ModuleSR13Currentaddertransformer.
Variablethreephasepowersupplysource0430Vac,In=5A.
2ammeterstomeasurethealternatedvoltagewithrangeof510A.
50 tablekindrheostatorequivalenttoadjust
currentonprimaryofaddertransformer.
ModuleSR2Fixedtimemaximum
singlephasecurrentrelay.ModuleSR7
Auxiliaryrelaywithstartstop
functions.
THEORY:
Inthedifferentialprotection,thesumofcurrentisrequiredtopass
throughthecurrentrelay,innormalworkingthesumofthecurrent
will bezero but in case ofa fault or unbalancing the differential
currentwillflowthroughtheMaximumcurrentrelay.
Inthegivensituation,loadisverylesssowearedirectlypassingthe
loadcurrentthroughthecurrentadder,butforheavyloadcurrentCT
neededtobeemployed.
Remember:NeverlettheCTopen
PROCEDURE:
9.Followtheelectricaldiagramoffigure1:
10.SetthemodulesSR13,SR2andSR7intothemodule
holderframeifavailable.11.Connectthethreeprimariesof
theaddertransformertothelineconsistinginthe
variablepowersupply0430VandtheRCloadrheostat.
12.ConnectthesecondaryoftheCTtothefixedtimemaximum
currentrelay.Attention!DoneverlettheCToperatewiththe
secondarycircuitopen,theCTcoulddamage.
13.Configurethemaximumcurrentrelayasfollows:
1SW1on,SW2off=range1A;
2SW3off=normallyenergizedoutputrelay;
3SW4on=delayatstartupequalto1s;
4SW5off=Inhibitinputenable;
5SW6on=maximumcurrentfunction;
6currentthreshold(LEVEL)=20%(30%of1A=0.3A);
7interventiondelay(DELAY)=0.1s;
8interventionhysteresis(HYS)=zero.
14.Configuretheauxiliaryrelayforstart,stopfunctions
(switchtoSTARTSTOPposition).
15.Connecttheauxiliarypowersupplytothemaximumcurrent
relayandtotheauxiliaryrelay,thenpressthestart
pushbutton(lineactivation).
16.Adjustthevariablepowersupply0430VandtheRCload
rheostat to obtain a line current (1 2 A). No fault is
detectedbythecircuitasthedifferentialcurrentistozero.
17.Createanunbalancedloadandrepeatthetestasinthelast
point.Obviouslyeveninthiscasethevalueofthedifferential
currentiszero.
35
18.Createapartialortotalalternativepathofaphasecurrent,
(conditionoccurringincaseoffaulttoground)asindicatedin
the electrical diagram by the dotted electrical circuit and
check that the CT determines the current difference .
Currentthatifsuperiortothethresholdsetonthemaximum
current relay controls the opening of the auxiliary relay
(circuitopeningwithfaulttoground).
19.Tochangetheinterventionthresholdvalueofthemaximum
currentrelayandtoincreasetheinterventiontimedelayis
likemakingthecurrentandtheinterventiontimeregulation
ofthedifferential
Figure-1:Usage diagram of an adder transformer to create
LabSession07
a differential current protection relay with a

fixed time maximum current relay.
Note:inthedemonstration,the unbalance resistance

(RS)ofthezerosequence,isconnectedto
theneutraltopreventtheinterventionofthedifferential
protectionalwayspresentinthevariable
powersupply0430Vacandeventuallyintheuser spowersupplyline.
36
Figure2: Usage diagram of an adder transformer to create

a differential current protection relay with a fixed time
maximum current relay to operate an automatic separation
of the line above the fixed threshold value.
LabSession07
37
LABSESSION08
TITTLE:
Connectandstudythebehaviorofamaximumcurrent
directionalrelayformaximumcurrent.Checkthe
interventiontimewithinversecurrentflow.
APPARTUS:
ModuleSR10Maximumcurrentdirectionalrelay.
Threephasevariablepowersupplysource0430Vac,In=5A.
Voltmetertomeasurethealternatedvoltagewith500Vrange.
Ammetertomeasurethealternatedcurrentwith5Arange.
Tablekindthreephaserheostat3x500W,3x50
orequivalentforcurrentadjustment.
Multimeterforelectricalcontinuitytests(Ohmmeter).
Digitalchronometerwithresolutiontothetenthof
second(normalclockwithchronometer).
THEORY:
Thedirectionalrelaysareaverylargefamilyofequipmentsharing
thecapacitytocontrolthepowerdirection.Theconceptofdirection
comesfromtheangularrelationsbetweenphasevoltagesand
currentswhere,byconvention,positiveisconsideredthedirectionof
avectorresultingfromthecompositionofareferencevectorwith
anothersetwithin 90fromthefirst;negativetheoneresulting
fromthecompositionwithasuperiorangle.
Tofulfilltheirpurpose,thedirectionalrelayscarryoutthe
measurementcomparingtwovariablesinmoduleandphase:
voltageandcurrent.Theadjustmentoftheinterventioncurrent
threshold,thedelaytimeandthecharacteristicangle (+/30)
enablestousetherelayindifferent
applications.
Thesetvaluesmustbeverifiedduringthetestphaseandnextin
theperiodicalcheckstobesureoftheprotectiondeviceoperation.
Thecurrentvalueswithrelatedcharacteristicangleandthedelay
timesaredesigndataandmustbeavailableforthetests.
POWERSUPPLY:Inputterminalsoftheauxiliarypower
supplyvoltage230Vac,frequency5060Hz
VOLTAGEINPUTS:Inputterminalsofthereferencevoltage
todeterminethecurrentdirection,range400Vac.
CURRENTINPUTS:Currentinputterminals,range5Aac.By
convention,thecurrentattheterminalonthetopisconsideredas
inputandtheoneatthebottomasoutput.
LabSession08
NONCCOM:Terminalsforoutputrelaycontactsexchangefor
alarm.Thestateofthecontactsisreferredtothedevicewith
auxiliarypowersupplypresentandnotinalarm.RESETAn
electricalcontinuity,asindicatedbythedottedlines(e.g.witha
pushbutton),resetstheoutputrelayafteranalarmismemorized.
PETerminalforconnectiontothegroundconductoroftherelay
metalenvelopetoensuretheprotectionagainstindirectcontacts.
38
Figure 5.7.1 Connection diagram for testing a

measurement relay of the active components of the current
power return (maximum current directional relay).
PROCEDURE:
36.Followtheelectricaldiagramoffigure5.7.1.
Measuretheactivecomponentofthe
currentpowerreturn.37.Setthemodule
SR10intothemoduleholderframeif
available.
38.Connecttheterminals(POWERSUPPLY)tothe230
Vacauxiliarypowersupplyline,butdonotconnectthe
voltage.ConnecttheterminalPEtotheprotection
conductor,too.
LabSession08
39.Connecttheterminals(VOLTAGEINPUT)respectivelyto
L1andL2ofthevariablethreephasepowersupplysource.
Connectavoltmetertomeasuretherelayinputalternated
voltage(linevoltage).
40.Fromthesamethreephasepowersupplysourcementioned
above,bypassthethreephaseloadconsistingintheRC
rheostat,thecurrentI1(alsocalledR1)mustreachthe
terminals(CURRENTINPUT).Connectanammeterto
measuretherelayinputalternatedcurrent(loadcurrent).In
practice,itissufficienttoinserttheloadonlyonthe
conductorL1Neutral.
41.Tocarryouttheseconnections,VTandCTarenot
necessaryifthevaluestobemeasuredarelowerthanthe
nominalvaluesofthedirectionalcurrentrelay(direct
insertionofthedevice).
42.Supposeandadjustthedevicewiththefollowingdesigndata:
dipswitchangle =30;
delayedinterventiondipswitch=ON;39
LabSession08
inversecurrentthreshold(Is)=0,7A(dipswitcha2+4ON);
interventiontime(Ts)=5s(dipswitcht0.1+0.8+4).
43.Asset,itisadirectionalrelaythat,withthecurrent
direction(In=5A)totheinput(inputinthehigher
terminal)doesnotenteralarmstate.
44.Connecttheauxiliaryvoltageandwiththe0430Vvariableline
adjusttheloadcurrenttoabout1A,checktheledislightedON
(NORMAL)ontherelayfrontpanel.
45.Checkthecorrespondenceoftheoutputrelaycontacts
(powereddevicenotinalarmstate).
46.InverttheCTinputcurrentdirection(simulatetheinverse
current)andcheckthatwithacurrentalittleovertheset
thresholdinIs(0.7A),afterthetimeTs(5s),theoutput
relaychangesstateandtheTRIPledturnson.Besides,check
thattheMEMORYledlightsonandthatitkeepslighted,
evendroppingthecurrentundertheIs.
47.Therelayresetismanual,itcanbedoneonlyafterthecurrent
goesbackunderthethreshold,withthepushbuttononthe
frontpanelorwiththeinsertionofajumperintotheRESET
terminals.
40
Presentation
OBJECTIVE
Fuses&CircuitBreakers:Types,Curves,Operation&theirSelections
THEORY
Presentation
41
Presentation
42
Presentation
4
3
Presentation
4
4

EE-455 Electrical PowerSystem Protection - F2013

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PRACTICAL WORK BOOK

For Academic Session 2013

Electrical Power System Protection (EE-455)

Department of Electrical Engineering

Fire is a chemical reaction involving rapid oxidation

Connect and study

Figure 5.10.1 Usage diagram of a timer relay in different

Figure 5.10.2 Usage diagram of a timer relay in different

Figure 5.9.1 Usage diagram of an alarm relay connected to a protection

Figure 5.9.2 Usage diagram of an alarm relay connected to a protection relay

nominal current,adjust rheostatR2 to the maximum allowed impedance in

Figure: Electrical connection diagram of a VT for the performance test

Figure 1: Connection diagram of three voltage transformers in a three-phase

Figure 2: Connection diagram of the open delta voltage transformers in

vectors are present, the result is zero.

the fault, the result

Figure 1: Connection diagram of the open delta voltage

The CTs are connected in series and the secondary current

The CTs used for the Protection Scheme will normally be

Figure-1:Usage diagram of an adder transformer to create

a differential current protection relay with a

Note:inthedemonstration,the unbalance resistance

Figure2: Usage diagram of an adder transformer to create

Figure 5.7.1 Connection diagram for testing a

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