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Differential equation
Wuletaw Desalew
10/16/2007
Contents
Page
Acknowledgments................................................................................................................................... 3
Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 4
Objective of study ................................................................................................................................... 5
Chapter one: Non homogenous system of differential equation ......................................................... 6
Basic Definitions .................................................................................................................................. 6
Method of solutions for characteristics equation .............................................................................. 6
Methods of finding a particular solution ............................................................................................ 7
Variation of parameters .................................................................................................................. 7
Method of undetermined coefficient ............................................................................................. 9
Chapter two: Application of non homogeneous differential equation ................................................ 11
Oscillations ........................................................................................................................................ 11
Electric circuits .................................................................................................................................. 13
Acknowledgments
First and above all I thanks to almighty god for his provision and protection in all aspects in
my life. Next, I would like to thanks my family who bring up to this stage of my life. At last I
would like to express my heartfelt appreciation to my advisor Ato Biadglign Asmare for his
constrictive comments and materials on preparing my project.
Introduction
Differential equation is an equation relating an unknown function and one or more of its
derivatives. First, we discuss the concept of differential equation and its classification that is
ordinary differential partial differential equation and next differential equation can be
classified as homogeneous and non-homogenous. And in this project we discuss on the
solution of ordinary differential equation on non-homogenous system of differential
equation by the method of variation of parameters and undetermined coefficients. Finally,
we discuss about many physical process can be modelled by linear differential equation. For
example oscillation, electrical circuits, which is an application of differential equations.
Objective of study
A general solution of
form,
+ +
= ( ) if g(x) 0 is the
+3
+9 =
+9 =
is a non-homogeneous differential
Let
+
,
=
= 0;be characteristic equation .Let =
be a solution of
+
= .Then, =
and
=
substitute the value of
in the equation
+
+
= 0.
+
It becomes;
=
=0
+ ]=
+
cases.
Case 1: If
and
.Thus,
> 0.Then, the quadratic equation has two distinct real solutions, say
and
Case 2: If
is a solution of
= 0.
< 0.
=-i. Then, =
and
+ 1 = 0,
and
=0
=+i and
)
=
+
=
=0
<
.let
.Then
.hence,
Solution: Let =
be a solution of
+ + = 0,
.Then, substitute in the equation it becomes;
and
Case 3: If
= +
cos(
sin(
= 0.
) ]
by variables
+
7
= 0and
respectively to form
=0
are
+
Step 4: Integrate to find
= ( )
Where,
( )
W( ,
and
)=
is called Wronskian of
.
Example 1: using the theorem solve the differential equation
2
Solution:
,x>0.
and x
=
( ,
+
)=
Therefore,
=
by the formula:
(
is
=
=
= 0.Then, =
( )
(
and
)
.
.
=-
+
=
+
=
)=
Hence,
is the solution of
and let
= tan
= .then
by
sin +
cos
cos to get
sin cos +
sin cos +
cos
=0
sin
cos
cos
= sin
= sin
= cos and
.Therefore,
sin
= (cos sec )
= tan ......(2)
|sec + tan | .
Case 1:
( )=
, Then,
+ +
Where s is the number of times p appears on the list of zeros of the characteristic equation
and , ,
are undetermined coefficients.
Case 2:
If ( ) =
cos
as; = [
+
]
sin .
( )=
sin
Case 3:
+ +
( ) is trigonometric function.
( ) = cos
or sin
.Then,
cos
sin
cos
sin
.Then,
[ cos
+ Bsin
].
is{
,then,
=
=
and substituting in to
=
leads to the equation
= =
+
+2
=
=
+2
And substituting
and
10
is
in to
= .
for
Oscillations
Consider a mass m on a spring. let ( ) denotes the position at time t.the following forces
acting on the spring with mass .
= ( + ( ))
plus ( ),
,
=
,
=
The damping or resistive force: that may arise because resistance from the air,
internal energy dissipation, friction between the masses. It is proportional to the
speed of the mass = ( ) .
The constant
+ ( )
describing the motion:
If
depending on the
= ( )
= 0, the oscillation are said to be undammed oscillation, otherwise they are damped. If
( ) = ;the oscillation are said to be free, otherwise they are forced.
Undammed free oscillation :the equation of motion for undamped free oscillation is
+
= 0.
Note: The characteristics equation of this system
=
=
.If we denote
cos
sin
by
+
sin
11
The constant
sin
Damped free oscillation: The equation of motion for damped free oscillation is
+
Case 1: If
Case2:
<
= 0,
Case 3:
, =
so the solution is
4
,
.
[
sin ].
cos +
)= ,where T is a period.
(
3. Amplitude(R)=
4. Phase angle ( )=cos
)=
+
( )=sin (
Example 1:A mass of 0.1 kg stretches aspiring 0.05 .If the mass is set in motion from its
equilibrium position with a downward velocity of 10cm/sec, and if there is no damping
,determine the position u as a function of t.
Solution: given m=0.1kg ,k=
are free.Thus,0.1u+19.6u=0
( . )( . )
.
+ 196 = 0.
12
Thus, the general solution is = cos 14 + sin 14 .since, the mass set in motion from
the equilibrium position u(0)=0.The initial velocity is 10m/sec so u(0)=10.From the initial
condition =0 and =5/7.Hence,u=5/7sin 14
. These are un damped free oscillation.
Example 2: a mass of 20kg is oscillating on aspiring with the spring constant of 3920 in
a medium with the damping constant of 400kg/sec .If the mass is pulled down additional 2m
and then, released, determine the position uas the function of t.
Solution:
given
Required
M=20k
u(t) as a function of t
=400kg/sec
K=3920N/m
The equation of motion is 20
20
400
solution is
[2 cos 46 +
=2
[
=
cos 46 +
and the
Electric circuits
Consider an electric circuit with resistance R the capacitance C and the inductance
containing producing the voltage E(t) at time t.The current and the charge Q are related
by =
The 2
.
=
=
=
Kirchhoffs law tells us the applied voltage E(t) is equal to the sum of voltage drops
= ( ).since, =
and we have a
= ( ).
Example: a series circuit has capacitor of capacitance C=0.2510 farad and the inductance
of the inductor L=1H,if the initial charge on the capacitor is 10 coulomb and there is no
initial charge. Find Q as a function of t.
13
Solution: given
Required
C=0.2510
Q(t)=?
L=1H
Q(0)=10
The equation (circuit equation) is
"+
= ( ), ( ) = 0, " +
= 10
= 0.
= cos 200
cos 200 +
solution.
References:
[Dennis G. Zill] A first course in differential equation.
[Martin Braun] Differential equation and their application, Springerverlag 1993
[R.L. Ross] Introduction to ordinary differential equation,4
ed.wiley,1989
[Erwin Kreyzing] Advanced engineering mathematics10 , .Wiley,
2000.
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