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Received: 15 February 2013 Revised: 19 May 2013 Accepted: 28 May 2013 Published: 28 June 2013
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Introduction
Biogeosciences
3-D model displays the
relationship between buildings of different heights. Before 1930 the highest buildings were the
public buildings, mainly of French architectural influence;
the rest of the tissue was formed by single family one or
two storey houses. It was followed by the first boulevard with
Climate
high rise buildings (19th century boulevards
had at most midrise). In the case of the NSof
Magheru
B
a
lcescu
the Past boulevard,
the urban intervention placed a front of high rise buildings in
front of low rise single houses with garden.
A 3-D city model based on an existing GIS model was
elaborated. In this case the 3-D modelling helped, apart from
Earth toSystem
understanding the morphology,
assess the vulnerability
through classification. The historic
centre
presents a different
Dynamics
tissue that is most visible in the 3-D model. This model was
created using GIS programming and thus the items can be
connected to values, i.e. semantically enriched. In this case,
Geoscientific
the buildings were not single
isolated houses with gardens,
Instrumentation
but fronts of Western European
tradition, which housed merchants coming from the German
town of
Lipsca (Leipzig).
Methods
and
The French influenced public buildings follow the model of
Data Systems
houses with gardens, which is also the case for the Peoples
House/Parliament Palace. Finally, some of the buildings in
the modelled area served as example for the architecture of
Geoscientific
the civic centre. The area modelled
in Fig. 1 using CAD software is the southern continuation of the historic centre. The
Model Development
interaction of different heights visible in the 3-D model displays different layers of the evolution of the city: the tower
marking the end of the historic NS axis of the city west
of the historic centre, the
church translated
Hydrology
andand hidden behind blocks of flats, the dominant size of the French-type
public buildings, and theEarth
compact System
front of buildings with no
Open Access
Open Access
Abstract. The focus of this ongoing research is the 3-D modelling of changes in the urban tissue by catastrophic events.
For this purpose protected areas in the centre of Bucharest
were considered. The principle idea was to establish a reasonable amount of 3-D city models in GIS and CAD and
examine how they can be useful in and used for sustainable
development decisions, in the case of protection against hazards.
46
Fig. 1. CAD model of areas exposed to multi-hazard, destructured by former interventions in the communist time, a protected zone in
Bucharest and their import in real time 3-D applications. The 3-D model helps to identify the free spaces in relationship with emergency
housing. Above: Alexandra Chirloae, below: Iuliana Costache, Vasile Milea, Atanasia Stoica, Alin Titiriga.
Methodology
The focus of this ongoing research, supported by both national funded projects in Romania and international cooperation networks, was the digital modelling of changes in the
urban tissue by catastrophic events. For this purpose, protected areas in the centre of Bucharest were considered. The
purpose itself was to establish to what extent 3-D city models
are useful, usable and used for sustainable development decisions, which is in this case the protection against hazards.
www.adv-geosci.net/35/45/2013/
47
a. Historic development in Bucharest (misuse, vulnerability, emergency planning and impact of the 1977
earthquake).
Results
www.adv-geosci.net/35/45/2013/
48
Building year
Legend
gesamtgebude
PERIOD_CONSTR
-1
1850-1880
1850-1920
1880-1920
1880-1945
1920-1945
1920-1977
1945-1977
1977-1990
nach1990
vor 1850
112,5 225
450
675
900
Meters
Fig. 2. GIS map of the areal investigated in SFB461, displaying the age of the buildings along the N-S Modernist boulevard.
Discussion
of the city of Bucharest, the 2-D GIS data used for analysis
have been extruded to 3-D. This extrusion is only a small part
of the project, the aim of which is to identify procedures to
correlate the data needed by different actors in vulnerability
assessment. The socio-economic vulnerability component is
also considered. The GIS component permitted a number of
statistical operations and analyses as compared to traditional
urban plans.
The narrow study area is the historic centre of Bucharest,
which has not been affected in the earthquake impact and
post-earthquake reconstruction, featuring mainly low-rise
masonry buildings. The really vulnerable and affected part is
situated north of the historic centre, in the interwar development, and that is where the extension of the methodology is
aimed to be focused next. The 3-D extrusion permits a better
visualisation in the vulnerability analysis with effects in elaborating the intervention strategy by decision makers and local
authorities, based on the relationship between built volumes
among themselves and with free spaces. Such elements of
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49
Table 1. Check list to establish the structure of the buildings in the surveyed area.
Table 1: Check list to establish the structure of the buildings in the surveyed area
Construction:
please check
closed
construction
(row,
block Construction
year:
sure
construction)
date:...............................
before 1850
Material of the load bearing structure
1850 1880
timber
1880 1920
reinforced concrete
1920 1945
reinforced concrete prefabricates
1945 - 1977
masonry
1977 - 1990
other
after 1990
...........................................
Skeleton structure/frame structure plate construction
(walls and floors out of reinforced concrete
with
prefabricates)
Load bearing structure out of:
cell construction
reinforced concrete
steel
masonry construction
light construction
not reinforced
frame construction
reinforced
timber
timber/steel frames and
infill out of:
columns
masonry
stiffening
reinforced
clay brick
concrete ring beam/columns
concrete brick
NF
Floor over
floor
*
light/AAC brick
**
........................
reinforced concrete
Floors out of
not load bearing infill out
of:
reinforced concrete
..................................
cast in place
cover out of:
prefabricated
......................
beams with infill
*
**
timber
vaults
over the whole floor
partially
majority floor type
possible: UF, GF, roof (RF) or UF Nr.
of vulnerable
significant
buildings
in Bucharest
(risk category
I)
disasters management Table
shall 2:
beList
contained
in thearchitecturally
master plans.
duce
the Romanian
Modernist
heritage
by means of digital
For further multi-criteria analysis different levels of detail of
methods (see report in Bostenaru Dan, 2011 and Bostenaru
10 was working at the
the 3-D models would be required.
Dan, 2013b). In 2000 when the applicant
The extrusion algorithms have been developed by the ASE
host institution for this Short Visit Grant, a survey of an area
partner and are applicable for any GIS depiction of an urban
comprising 1500 buildings in the centre of Bucharest was
area. However, there is no web interface for making it pubperformed and the data introduced in a GIS system (Fig. 2).
licly available. Similar conversions from 2-D to 3-D GIS can
A questionnaire (Table 1), was developed to collect data
be done with CityEngine (an ESRI product).
on buildings vulnerable to earthquakes, information included
The GIS 3-D modelling was also put in the context of
currently in the GIS database. For the view on the economic
the other analysed methods, and a new concept was develefficiency envisaged for example in our methodology, other
oped (Bostenaru Dan and Panagopoulos, 2012). This condata are needed, as detailed for emblematic buildings in Tacept has now to be applied for Bucharest. Aim of the short
ble 2. The area surveyed includes the main NS boulevard
project at the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology was to introof Bucharest, an unique section in Europe being built in the
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Table 2. List of vulnerable architecturally significant buildings in Bucharest (risk category I).
Y
?
N
?
Y
Y
9
8.5
9.5
9.5
7.5
Y
N
7.5
N
Y
Y
Y
1935
6405 L
2209 L
11
1
-
20
L
E
36
6675 E
M
M
22
6140 M
5200 E
1
1)
11
1
(4) (1)
1
58
44
X
E
E
L
E
3140 E
4639 E
2955 E
31
4125 E
3100 E
59
18
53
1
1
1
(6) -
E
-
E
49
10
8.5
L/M -
1766 M
6063 L
21
40
7
6.5
Y
N
1Y
1-
N
Y
E
E
?
Y
Y
2730 L L
2067 M/E ?
Marcel Iancu 6 - 7 Y
Leopold
6
Medilanski (8) N
5-7
Jean Monda (9) Y
Marcel Iancu 4 - 5 Y
Jean Monda
Reparation of masonry
-
1-
11
1
1
111
11
11-
1-
1-
1-
11-
Finishings
-
1-
1-
Mortar injections
Project
Longitudinal earthquake
capacity
86 -
79 IPCT
100 IPB
64 -
43 86 -
100 TCI
42.5 IPB
IPRO25 MET
IPB36 1978
70.5 50 60.29
14
100
0.180 0.180
84
738,
538
176
1023
123
139
77
303
0.196 0.111
0.080 0.080
0.142 0.232
77
78
surface/ floor
0.100 0.120
0.220 0.248
36 -
SD
15
9
Damage in beams
6078 E
Surface (sqm)
93 12287 E
30
Damage in columns
6.5 39 4800 M
8.64 37.5 4728
6.5
9 1766
13 93 12287
8
State Balosin 12 Y
George
Negoescu
6 - 9Y
Marcel Iancu 5 - 7 Y
1936
57
61
91
93
96
Gogu Grigore
10 Maria Rosetti 55
1934
1934 Cantacuzino Housing Marcel Locar 4 - 6 Y
Paul
11 Magheru 27
1935
1938 Housing Smarandescu ?
?
Calea
Victoriei
housing,
16 128A
1935
1935 Victoria
stores
Leon Hirsch 6 - 8 Y
housing,
24 Stirbei Voda 17
1936
1936 Giurgea
shops
Duiliu Marcu 5 - 6 Y
27 Calea Victoriei 208 1940 1938-39 Podgoreanu Housing Jean Monda ?
?
Tulliu Dautte
Gheorghe
41 Poenaru Bordea 16 1936 1934-35 Haus
Housing Simotta
?
?
Prof. Barbu housing,
43 Lahovary 5A
1935
1933 Dimitrescu
office
Horia Creanga 5 - 7 Y
Aurel
Focsanu Emil
45 Nicolae Iorga 22
1939 1935-36 Moscovici
Housing Vitanu
5 -6Y
Dem
Housing Savulescu
?
?
49 Pitar Mos 29
Halfbasement
Commercial GF (soft
storey)
Storeys
13
Balcoies?
12
Set back?
Architect
Function
Name
Project year
(Machedon&Scoffham)
11
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Address
No.
Year
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Cod LMI: B-II-m-B-19115
Arghir Culina
Monument Listing
Cod LMI: B-II-m-A-19116
Architect
Horia Creang
http://www.apmnir.ro/map.php
Contradictory attributions in various sources: Mariana Celac et al, 2005, Smrndescu, 1942 and Prager, 1979
Cod
LMI:
B-II-m-A19866.02
Cod LMI: B-II-m-A-19877
Modernist heritage
12
Remarks
L. Negoiescu
1937 Horia Creang
38
Academy library
1935 Duiliu Marcu
37
Victoria palace
1937 Duiliu Marcu
40
Frascati block of flats
Jean Monda
Telephone Palace
1933 Walter Froy, Louis Weeks, E. van
Saanen-Algy
Block of the Polytechnic 1927 Petre Antonescu
Socity/AGIR headquaters
Palace Imobiliara
block of flats Pension House
Nicolae Cucu
of
CEC
on
Splaiul
Independenei
Athenee Palace hotel
Daniel Renard 1912-14; modified by
Duiliu Marcu 1935-37
Adriatica block
1933 Rudolf Fraenkel
Calea Victoriei
The C.A.M. Palace (Palace of
the State Monopols)
palaces Adriatica
Agricola fonciera on Splaiul
Independenei
block at no. 23
blocul ARO
1931
33
hotel Ambasador
1936
37
the park block Ciclop
1923
Palace of the Society of Gas 1935
and Electricity
Name
NS boulevard
block of flats ARO-Patria
Table 3: List of monuments in the area comprised by the survey for the GIS database
Table 3. List of monuments in the area comprised by the survey for the GIS database.
1 http://www.apmnir.ro/map.php
2 Contradictory attributions in various sources: Mariana Celac et al. (2005); Smarandescu (1942); and Prager (1979)
52
the urban quality. The document defines the protection relationship: keeping, modifying, demolishing, depending on the
value attributed to the buildings. Retrofit interventions are
allowed. The parcels have to be kept unchanged. The zone
is larger than the one studied and spans to the Unirii Place.
The architecture assembly Bd. General Gheorghe Magheru
Bd. Magheru Gheorghe g-ral, between str. Pictor Verona and
str. C. A. Rosetti, is a historic monument as well (Cod LMI:
B-II-a-A-19113); furthermore, this the Architecture assembly Bd. Nicolae Balcescu between str. C. A. Rosetti and
str. Batistei is also a historical monument (Cod LMI: B-II-aB-18103). The protected constructed zone overlaps with the
one studied by SFB461 (Fig. 2).
5
Conclusions
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