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II.
I.
INTRODUCTION
1.
Self-weight
2.
3.
Live load
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
B. Load Calculations
1.
Self-weight
The self-weight of the structure is calculated in
SAP2000 by defining load patterns.
2.
36
Earth pressure
i. Coefficient of lateral earth pressure at rest is
calculated by Rankine earth pressure co efficient for
soil at rest KO= 1-SIN ().
ii. Coefficient of lateral earth pressure during active
stage is calculated by Coulomb's theory.
4.
5.
Seismic loads
The IS: 1893-1984 (Clause 6.1.3) provide that box
culverts need not be designed for earthquake forces
Seismic loads are determined in accordance with work
carried out by Cetin Soydemir and presented in his
1991 paper "Seismic design of rigid underground walls
in New England" (Proceedings: Second international
conference on recent advances in geotechnical
earthquake engineering and soil dynamics, paper no.
4.6). This paper is a review and analysis of other
studies and concludes by presenting graphs for
estimating lateral earth pressures. The graph for the
situation where the length, L, from the structure to the
nearest obstruction, is greater than 1 (which is always
the case for this design), is shown below. The chain
line marked "Recommended" is used. The graph is
prepared for an area of moderate seismicity, with a
design acceleration of 0.12g. It has the depth of the
structure, as a proportion of the height, H, on the Y
axis, and the ratio of horizontal to vertical pressure
(sx/gH) along the X axis. It can be seen that the
pressure ratio has a value of 0.12 above a depth of
0.5H, and reduces linearly from this value to half this
value at the base of the structure.
37
Ks (kN/m3)
Loose Sand
48000-16000
9600-80000
Dense Sand
64000-128000
32000-80000
24000-48000
Clay
38
Observations
2.
3.
4.
5.
Inference
From the above observations it is clear that
1.
39
Soil
Ks (kN/m3)
Loose Sand
16000
32000
80000
Dense sand
128000
v. Conclusion
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
RESULTS
REFERENCES
Observations
o
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
40
[8]
[9]
[10]
[11]
[12]
[13]
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