I.

ANSWER 6 FROM 12 QUESTIONS !

1.

Explain the definition of

measles?
2. Explain the definition of
diarrhea?
3. Explain the definition of
malaria?
4. Explain the definition of polio?
5. Explain the definition of
influenza?
6. Explain the definition of Ebola
influenza?
7. Explain the symtoms and how
to cure measles?
8. Explain the symtoms and how
to cure diarrhea?
9. Explain the symtoms and how
to cure malaria?
10. Explain the symtoms and how
to cure polio?

11. Explain the symtoms and how

to cure influenza?
12. Explain the symtoms and how
to cure ebola influenza?
II. ANSWER 4 FROM 6 QUESTIONS !

Find the Subject and Predicate!

13.

In 1988, the World Health Organization (WHO) had a goal of eradicating the
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poliovirus worldwide by the year 2000. The last wild virus case in the

Western Hemisphere was in Peru in 1991.

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One type of poliovirus (Type 2) was apparently eradicated after October 1999.
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(5) The latest figures from the Wild Poliovirus Weekly Update show 790 cases
globally as of December 4, 2007. The latest reported case was November
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8, 2007 in Nigeria. Compared to 2006 year to date numbers, there has been a
55% reduction wild poliovirus cases. (10)
The best prevention is of course eradication, hence the global effort to eradicate the
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wild strains of the poliovirus by vaccinations. The next important effort is reduce and
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eventually eliminate VAPP cases. Inactivated poliovirus vaccines (IPV) do not
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contain live virus, so they cannot cause VAPP. However, there are some complications
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with IPV, although no serious adverse reactions have been documented. The US has
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eliminated VAPP cases by going exclusively to this vaccine. Additional immunization
development has been to combine the IPV with the diphtheria, pertusiss, tetanus and
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hepatitis B vaccines. Children should be immunized at 2, 4, and 6 months of age with
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this pentavalent vaccine and at 18 weeks with just IPV. (5) One final preventive
method is good hygiene, especially in areas where the virus may still be present.
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14.
the

An extremely serious complication of measles infection is

Iflammation and subsequent

encephalitis, this

swelling

of

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the

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brain.

Called

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can occur up to several weeks after the basic measles symptoms
have resolved. About one out of every 1,000 patients develops this
complication, and about 1015% of these patients die. Symptoms
include fever, headache, sleepiness, seizures, and coma. Long-term
problems following recovery from measles encephalitis may
include seizures and mental retardation.
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A very rare complication of measles can occur up to 10 years or
more
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following the initial infection. Called subacute sclerosing
panencephalitis,
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this is a slowly progressing, smoldering, swelling, and destruction of
the entire
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brain. It is most common among people who had measles infection
prior to
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the age of two years. Symptoms include changes in personality,
decreased
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intelligence with accompanying school problems, decreased
coordination, and involuntary jerks and movements of the body. As
the disease progresses, the patient becomes increasingly dependent,
ultimately becoming bedridden and unaware of his or her
surroundings.
15.

In 1998 the MMR vaccine controversy in the United Kingdom

regarding a potential link between the combined MMR vaccine
(vaccinating children from mumps, measles and rubella) and
autism prompted a reemergence of the "measles party", where
parents deliberately expose their child to measles in the hope of
building up the child's immunity without an injection. This
practice poses many health risks to the child, and
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has been discouraged by the public health authorities.[10]
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Scientific evidence provides no support for the hypothesis that
MMR plays a role in causing autism.[11] In 2009, The Sunday
Times reported that
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Wakefield had manipulated patient data and misreported results

in his 1998 paper, creating the appearance of a link with autism.
[12]
The Lancet fully retracted the 1998 paper on 2 February
2010.[13] In January 2010, another study of Polish children found
that vaccination with the measles,mumps,and rubella vaccine
was not a risk factor for development of autistic disorder, in fact
the vaccinated patients had a slightly reduced risk of autistic
disorder, although the mechanism of action behind that is
unknown,and this result may have been coincidental. [14][not specific
enough to verify]

16.

The autism related MMR study in Britain caused use of the

vaccine
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to plunge,
and measles cases came back: 2007 saw 971
cases in England and Wales, the biggest rise in occurrence in
measles cases since records began in 1995. [15] A 2005 measles
outbreak in Indiana was
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attributed to children whose parents refused vaccination.[16]
In the United States, the incidence of paralytic poliomyelitis declined
from more than 21,269 cases in 1952 (prior to vaccine availability)
to consistently less than 100 cases by the mid 1960s. (8)
The last cases of paralytic poliomyelitis caused by wild virus
in the US
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occurred during an outbreak among the Amish in 1979, although it

had been brought in from the Netherlands. Over the next 20 years,
there was an
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average of 8 cases per year, most (95%) being caused by the use of
the oral, live, attenuated virus (OPV). To reduce the number of
vaccine-associated paralytic polio (VAPP) cases, the OPV was phased
out. The last case of VAPP acquired the US was in 1999. The
latest VAPP case in the US
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was in 2005 when an individual was infected with polio vaccine

virus in Costa Rica and subsequently developed paralytic
poliomyelitis. Also in 2005, four unvaccinated children in an Amish
community in Minnesota were diagnosed with asymptomatic or

inapparent polio. According to the CDC, The source of the

vaccine virus has not been determined, but it appeared to have
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been circulating among humans for at least 2 years based on

genetic changes in the virus. (5, 9)

17.

A prodromal period of several days may involve no symptoms or

symptoms of a minor illness that seems to go away. The severe
symptoms will last 2 to 10 days and consist of moderate fever,
headache, vomiting, diarrhea, excessive tiredness, fatigue,
irritability, and pain or stiffness of the neck, back, arms, legs,
abdomen. Less than 1% of all polio infections result in flaccid
paralysis, hence the name paralytic poliomyelitis.
These
symptoms occur after a 1 to 10 days prodrome with paralytic
symptoms developing over the next 2 to 3 days. In some cases,
such as with children, the prodrome may be broken up into two
phases, a minor phase similar to the prodromes of the other
polios, and a major phase. This phase could involve symptoms
such as a loss of superficial reflexes and severe muscle aches
and spasms. As the acute infection progresses, the following
symptoms develop: severe constipation, stiff neck and back,
difficulty beginning to urinate, weakened breathing, difficulty
swallowing, hoarse or nasally voice, abnormal sensations (but
not loss of sensation) of an area, sensitivity to touch, muscle
pain, muscle contractions or muscle spasms (particularly in the
calf, neck, or back), and asymmetrical muscle weakness
progressing to flaccid paralysis. This paralysis may remain at
one level for days to weeks before recovery. Many can recover
to full strength. However, weakness or paralysis present 12
months later is usually permanent. (1, 2, 4, 5) In the 1980s,
doctors identified characteristics of a post-polio syndrome
affecting 25%-40% of persons who contracted paralytic
poliomyelitis in childhood. After an interval of 30-40 years, these
individuals experienced new muscle pain, increased weakness in
already weak areas, new weakness or paralysis. It should be
noted that this syndrome is not an infectious process. (5)

18.

By the time a patient is hospitalized, a fourfold rise in

antibody may
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not materialize. Successful isolation of a particular strain
of poliovirus is can be done with samples taken from an
infected persons

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stool or pharynx. Further testing of the isolated virus is
necessary
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for individuals exhibiting an acute infection in order to
determine if the virus is a wild type (the virus that causes the
disease) or a vaccine type (virus derived from a vaccine strain).
This in-depth testing involves
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using oligonucleotide mapping (fingerprinting) or genomic
sequencing.
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(5)Most sources attribute the earliest recognition and clinical
description of poliomyelitis to Michael Underwood in England
back in 1789. (5, 6) However, references to crippling diseases
do go back to antiquity such as on a 1300 B.C. Egyptian stone
engraving. (7) The actual naming of the disease could not be
determined although it was likely done by Jacob Heine in 1840.
He was the first to describe the clinical features of the disease as
well as its involvement of the spinal cord. (6) The name
indicates an inflammation (-itis) and is derived from the Greek
words polio (for grey) and myelon (marrow, or in this case, spinal
cord). The first outbreaks reported in the United States were in
1843, with the first US epidemic starting in Vermont in 1894. For
the 100 years prior to the development of the vaccine,
epidemics were reported in the entire Northern Hemisphere
every summer and fall, becoming more severe with time. In
1908, Karl Landsteiner and Erwin Popper became the first to
identify a virus as the cause of polio. (All three strains were later
identified over the next 60 years.) (5, 6)