COMENTARIO EXEGTICO

AL TEXTO GRIEGO
DEL NUEVO TESTAMENTO

APOCALIPSIS

Samuel Prez Millos

Samuel Prez Millos

COMENTARIO EXEGTICO
AL TEXTO GRIEGO
DEL NUEVO TESTAMENTO

APOCALIPSIS

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COMENTARIO EXEGTICO AL TEXTO GRIEGO
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#
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CAPTULO V
EL ROLLO EN EL CIELO
Introduccin.
El captulo anterior tena como centro la adoracin a Dios como Creador.
En ste, el centro tambin es Dios, pero como Redentor. Jess es el gran
vencedor, quien mediante su muerte, sepultura, resurreccin y ascensin, es
declarado como Hijo de Dios con poder, y tiene el nombre de suprema
autoridad en cielos y tierra (Fil. 2:8-11). Dios ha delegado a Cristo todo lo
relacionado con la accin divina sobre la historia humana. Los acontecimientos
futuros, especialmente todo aquello que tiene que ver con el juicio sobre las
naciones de la tierra (Ap. 3:10), estn en la mano del Hijo. Esta actuacin ser
tambin la preparacin previa al establecimiento del gobierno literal de Dios
sobre la tierra. Jesucristo, como Dios y Vencedor entronizado, aparece en la
dimensin del Cordero-Jess y tiene en su mano los destinos del mundo. Los
planes de Dios para el futuro sern ejecutados por Cristo mismo. Estos
acontecimientos estn plenamente determinados por Dios y escritos en un rollo
sellado. Las huestes celestiales y los redimidos prorrumpen en alabanzas
cuando el Cordero toma la suprema investidura. La alabanza a Dios del captulo
anterior, est dirigida en este pasaje al Cordero. La proclamacin de Su
majestad y gloria alcanza y se extiende a toda la creacin (v. 13). Se aprecia
una progresin en la magnificencia del pasaje que va en aumento hasta
culminar incluyendo en ella a todo lo que ha sido creado, tanto ngeles, como
hombres, como la creacin en s misma. El tema de la alabanza es la investidura
del dominio csmico y universal de Cristo en la historia. En una misma
expresin de adoracin y acatamiento se funden el Padre y el Cordero. Todos
los seres creados rubrican el himno universal en un glorioso Amn, y todos
ellos caen en adoracin ante el trono donde se manifiesta la deidad del Padre y
del Cordero. Estos dos captulos son esenciales para comprender el mensaje del
libro. La incapacidad del hombre contrasta con la capacidad del Cordero de
Dios. La victoria que el hombre no puede alcanzar se obtiene por medio y a
travs del Cordero. l es el nico que puede desatar los sellos y cumplir en
plenitud el propsito de Dios. Los sellos desatarn las primeras manifestaciones
de la ira judicial de Dios sobre el mundo y la victoria definitiva del Seor sobre
el que haba usurpado el control y dominio sobre esta parcela de su creacin.
Cuando Dios cre al hombre lo hizo propietario de toda la tierra, como
delegado suyo en el ejercicio de autoridad sobre ella, concedindole el derecho
a gobernarla y enseorearse de ella (Gn. 1.26-28). Al caer en el pecado, perdi
el control y derecho al ejercicio de aquella autoridad, trasfirindola por derrota
a Satans, quien vino a ser el prncipe de este mundo, implantando en l su
sistema (Jn. 12:31; 16:11). Con su arrogancia y perversa maldad vino a

382

APOCALIPSIS V

constituirse como el dios de este siglo 2 Co. 4:4; Ap. 13:2-4). Sin embargo, el
usurpador y sus huestes fueron derrotados en la Cruz (Col. 2:15). El cetro de
autoridad que detentaba por derrota del hombre, le fue arrebatado por quien es
Vencedor. Es cierto que aparentemente no ejerce ese derecho, pero, l es el
nico digno de abrir los sellos y tomar a su cargo el juicio sobre un mundo bajo
el control del maligno. El captulo abre la puerta que introduce a la panormica
de actuacin en esa dimensin.
El bosquejo para el estudio del captulo se establece as:
1. El rollo en el cielo (5:1-14).
1.1. El rollo (5:1).
1.2. La bsqueda (5:2-5).
1.3. El Cordero inmolado (5:6-7).
1.4. El cntico celestial (5:8-14).
El rollo en el cielo (5:1-14).
El rollo (5:1).
1. Y vi en la mano derecha del que estaba sentado en el trono un libro
escrito por dentro y por fuera, sellado con siete sellos.
KaiV ei\don ejpiV thVn dexiaVn tou` kaqhmevnou ejpiV tou` qrovnou biblivon
Y

vi

sobre la

diestra

del

sentado

sobre el

trono

libro

gegrammevnon e[swqen kaiV o[pisqen katesfragismevnon sfragi`sin eJptav.

escrito

dentro

fuera

totalmente sellado

con sellos

siete.

Notas y anlisis del texto griego.

Aunque el versculo introduce al lector en un nuevo captulo, sigue siendo la misma
visin de ah el uso de kaiV, conjuncin copulativa y; seguida de ei\don, primera persona
singular del aoristo segundo de indicativo en voz activa del verbo oJravw, en la forma
ei^^don, mirar, mostrar, ver, aqu como vi; ejpiV, preposicin de acusativo, sobre, en,
expresando la idea de algo puesto encima; thVn, caso acusativo femenino singular del
artculo determinado la; dexiaVn, caso acusativo femenino singular del adjetivo que
expresa lo que est a la derecha; en este caso se debe introducir el sustantivo mano que
est implcito; tou`, caso genitivo masculino singular del artculo determinado del;
kaqhmevnou, caso genitivo masculino singular del participio presente de indicativo en
voz media del verbo kaqhmevnou, sentar, aqu como sentado; ejpiV, nuevamente la
preposicin de genitivo sobre; tou`, caso genitivo masculino singular con el artculo
determinado el; qrovnou, caso genitivo masculino singular del sustantivo trono;
biblivon, caso acusativo neutro singular del sustantivo libro, que en este caso debe
entenderse como un rollo; gegrammevnon, caso acusativo neutro singular del participio
perfecto en voz pasiva del verbo gravfw, escribir, aqu como escrito; e[swqen, adverbio

EL ROLLO EN EL CIELO

383

de lugar que significa dentro, entendiendo como escrito por dentro; seguido de la
conjuncin kaiV, y; o[pisqen, adverbio de lugar fuera, entendiendo tambin como escrito
por fuera; katesfragismevnon, caso acusativo neutro singular del participio perfecto
en voz pasiva del verbo katasfragivzw, intensificado con katav, y el verbo
sfragivzw, sellar, que expresa la idea de seguridad y firmeza, sellar, asegurar,
confirmar, con la preposicin modificativa intensificativa, aade al verbo la idea de
algo completamente sellado; sfragi`sin, caso dativo masculino singular del sustantivo
que denota sellos y que designa no solo el instrumento con el que se sella, sino tambin
la marca del sello como signo acreditativo; eJptav, caso dativo femenino plural del
adjetivo numeral cardinal, siete.

La divisin de los captulos es meramente aleatoria en este, como en

algunos otros casos. El hecho de que se haya establecido un nuevo captulo no
supone interrupcin de lo que antecede, como lo prueba el hecho del uso de la
conjuncin copulativa y, que vincula lo que sigue con lo que antecede en el
captulo anterior, estableciendo un nexo de unin entre lo que Juan va a
describir de lo que ha visto en este prrafo y que es continuidad de todo lo
anterior. No son asuntos aislados y diferentes, es la continuacin de la visin
sobre aspectos de la adoracin celestial cuyas primeras expresiones quedaron
reseadas antes.
KaiV ei\don ejpiV thVn dexiaVn tou` kaqhmevnou ejpiV tou` qrovnou. La
visin se establece y el apstol sigue describiendo lo que ve como se lee en el
texto: KaiV ei\don, y vi. Los ojos de Juan se dirigieron nuevamente hacia el
trono y observ ejpiV thVn dexiaVn tou` kaqhmevnou ejpiV tou` qrovnou, la mano
derecha abierta del que estaba sentado. Siendo continuidad de la visin
determina que se trata del Creador que fue proclamado por los querubines y los
veinticuatro ancianos, mencionado en el captulo anterior. La mano derecha es
smbolo de poder, autoridad y honor (comp. con 1:16, 17, 20; 2:21). Sorprende
que el lenguaje aqu es prcticamente idntico al de la profeca de Ezequiel, lo
que confirma la idea de que Juan estaba en posesin de esa profeca en la isla de
Patmos y la estaba leyendo y meditando; en Ezequiel se lee: y mir, y he aqu
una mano extendida hacia mi, y en ella haba un rollo de libro (Ez. 2:9).
Sobre ella -que es el sentido que confiere a la expresin el uso de la preposicin
ejpiV, en, sobre, que Juan usa aqu- en una posicin de mostrar algo y extenderlo
hacia alguien, el apstol ve biblivon, un libro. Aunque el trmino griego que
aparece en el texto es un diminutivo, aqu no tiene ese sentido. Probablemente
Juan vio el tpico modo de escrito antiguo formado por una tira de papiro o
pergamino enrollada en torno a una varilla vertical, escrito en columnas, que
para su lectura se iba desenrollando por un lado y enrollndose por el otro a
medida que se avanzaba; se trata de un rollo y no de un cdice. Generalmente
los rollos escritos lo estaban por una sola cara, pero este lo estaba por dentro y
por fuera: gegrammevnon e[swqen kaiV o[pisqen, literalmente, escrito dentro y
fuera, es decir, por anverso y reverso, por ambos lados. Juan puede ver la parte

384

APOCALIPSIS V

posterior del rollo que estaba escrito, se trataba de un opistgrafo1. La identidad

con la profeca de Ezequiel contina tambin en esto (Ez. 2:10). El libro estaba
totalmente escrito, el verbo2 que utiliza Juan aplicado a ambos lados del rollo
da sentido de plenitud, o totalidad; por esa razn, nadie poda aadir nada ms
porque no haba lugar para ello.
Determinar el contenido del escrito es pura especulacin, ya que el texto
bblico guarda silencio sobre ello y Juan no dice nada en particular. Es cierto
que el desarrollo de lo establecido en el libro se aprecia cuando van abrindose
los sellos y se pone de manifiesto en las acciones de su contenido. En ese
sentido puede entenderse que se trata del proceso histrico que Dios tiene ya
determinado para el mundo. Sobre esto escribe el Dr. Lacueva:
El rollo de que habla aqu Juan representa el plan eterno de Dios, el
decreto de Dios, que incluye todo el plan de la historia; muy especial, de lo que
ha de suceder en el final de los tiempos, y est completamente escrito por
ambos lados, para dar a entender que nadie puede aadirle nada3.
En ese mismo sentido escribe tambin el Dr. Carballosa:
Se han hecho varias sugerencias con el fin de explicar el contenido del
rollo. Hay quienes creen que representa el libro del nuevo pacto y lo
relacionan con la inauguracin del reino que ser establecido en Apocalipsis
20. Otros creen que el rollo es un testamento o ltima voluntad que garantiza
que Dios ha reservado la herencia para los santos. Tambin hay quienes
sugieren que el rollo representa al libro de la vida del Cordero, tan sealado a
travs del Apocalipsis. Otros opinan que el libro o rollo representa el plan
divino de la redencin profetizado en el Antiguo Testamento y cumplido en el
Nuevo Testamento. Otra sugerencia es la que entiende que el rollo representa
el ttulo de propiedad o escritura que certifica el derecho de Cristo sobre el
universo4.
Podran seguir aadindose distintas posiciones sobre el significado y
contenido del libro. Sin embargo una identificacin sencilla y consecuente con
el contexto general del libro es entender que el rollo sellado contiene la profeca
sobre la historia de la humanidad luego del traslado de la iglesia, hasta el final
definitivo de esta creacin. De forma especial destacaran en el principio del
libro el contenido de los juicios que Dios har descender sobre el mundo en el
1

Opistgrafo. Dcese de una hoja, pergamino, etc. escritos por ambas caras.
Griego: gravfw.
3
F. Lacueva. o.c., pg. 386.
4
Evis L. Carballosa. o.c., pg. 115.
2

EL ROLLO EN EL CIELO

385

corto perodo de los siete aos, todava sin cumplir, correspondientes a la ltima
semana de Daniel (Dn. 9:27). Es, en resumen, el plan histrico determinado
soberanamente por Dios para establecer su gobierno eterno sobre un pueblo
reunido y salvo a lo largo de la historia que estar perpetuamente con l como
su pueblo y l con ellos como su Dios. La apertura de los sellos permite la
lectura del decreto, simblicamente hablando, que como tal se ejecuta conforme
a lo establecido por Dios, de forma inexorable y que concluye, en el final del
libro, con la admirable dimensin de cielos nuevos y tierra nueva en una
creacin perfecta, libre del pecado y de eterna vinculacin de los hombres con
el Creador. Los sellos que se abren van permitiendo un desarrollo histrico que
conduce y desemboca en el fin. Todos los hechos que se producen en la
apertura de los sellos son judiciales y redentores. Por un lado Dios entra en
juicio y lo enva sobre el mundo a causa del pecado de los hombres (3:10),
pero, en cada ocasin hay una advertencia, un llamamiento y un periodo de
gracia que se abre para salvacin.
Katesfragismevnon sfragi`sin eJptav. Adems de totalmente escrito, el
libro estaba tambin sellado. Para describir lo que Juan vio en relacin con los
sellos del libro, utiliza un verbo intensificado5 cuyo significado equivale a
totalmente sellado. El contenido del libro que tiene que ver con lo que Dios ha
establecido para el futuro de la historia conforme a su plan, debe comenzar a
desarrollarse en el tiempo que l ha establecido. Todo lo que ha determinado se
cumple, no slo en la dimensin de su determinacin, sino en el tiempo
prefijado para ello. Mientras tanto, los aspectos correspondientes de su decreto
estn sellados hasta que sea tiempo. El libro que vio Juan estaba sellado con
siete sellos, lo que indica que el plan de Dios no ha sido revelado en toda la
dimensin, ni cumplido an. Siendo siete el nmero de sellos expresa la
plenitud del misterio no revelado an (com. con Is. 29:11; Dn. 8:26; 12:4-9). En
ese sentido se expresa tambin Isaas cuando escribe: Y os ser toda visin
como palabras de libro sellado, el cual si dieren al que sabe leer, y le dijeren:
Lee ahora esto; l dir: No puedo, porque est sellado (Is. 29:11). Dios dijo
tambin a Daniel que guardase la visin que haba recibido porque no era para
aquel tiempo (Dn. 8:26). De la misma manera otra parte de su profeca deba
sellarla hasta el tiempo del fin, es decir, hasta el momento determinado en que
tendra que cumplirse. Quiere decir que abrir el rollo no significa solo revelar su
contenido, sino ejecutarlo.
Es difcil saber como haba sido sellado el libro. Juan escribe el sellado
del libro se haba hecho con sfragi`sin eJptav, siete sellos. Siendo siete el
nmero perfecto, indica que el libro estaba perfecta y absolutamente sellado.
Cmo estaban puestos los siete sellos? Podra tratarse de sellos puestos sobre
5

Griego: katasfragivzw.

386

APOCALIPSIS V

el cierre, en la cabeza del rollo, de modo que no podan ni siquiera desenrollarse

hasta que se rompiesen los sellos que lo impeda. Otras veces se cerraban los
documentos mediante un sistema de hilos que retenan cada seccin del rollo y
que se fijaban en el exterior con sellos. Tal vez el sellado consista en cerrar
cada seccin del documento y mediante una perforacin se podan distinguir los
siete sellos colocados sucesivamente sobre las vueltas del rollo, de manera que
para ir leyendo cada una de las secciones establecidas en el rollo deban ir
rompindose los sellos que sujetaba sus ataduras. Posiblemente era esta la
forma en que Juan vio el libro sellado. A medida que los sellos fuesen retirados
quedara al alcance del lector los acontecimientos determinados que se irn
produciendo conforme a lo establecido en el escrito.
La bsqueda (5:2-5).
2. Y vi un ngel fuerte que pregonaba a gran voz: Quin es digno de abrir
el libro y de desatar sus sellos?
kaiV ei\don a[ggelon ijscuroVn khruvssonta ejn fwnh`/ megavlh/: tiv" a[xio"
Y

vi

ngel

fuerte

que proclama

con

voz

grande:

Quin digno

ajnoi`xai toV biblivon kaiV lu`sai taV" sfragi`da" aujtou`

de abrir

el

libro

desatar

los

sellos

de l?

Notas y anlisis del texto griego.

El relato de la visin continua ininterrumpidamente, vinculando las partes mediante el
uso de la conjuncin kaiV, y; seguida de ei\don, primera persona singular del aoristo
segundo de indicativo en voz activa del verbo oJravw, en la forma ei^^don, mirar,
mostrar, ver, aqu como vi; a[ggelon, caso acusativo masculino singular del sustantivo
ngel, debiendo suplir el artculo implcito un; ijscuroVn, caso acusativo masculino
singular del adjetivo que expresa la condicin de fuerte, poderoso, capaz;
khruvssonta, caso acusativo masculino singular del participio presente en voz activa
del verbo khruvssw, proclamar, anunciar, pregonar, aqu como que proclama, podra
incluso traducirse como proclamando y para dar un mayor nfasis de concordancia
temporal como que proclamaba; ejn, preposicin de dativo con; fwnh`/, caso dativo
femenino singular del sustantivo que denota voz, ruido, expresin; megavlh/, caso dativo
femenino singular del adjetivo grande. La segunda clusula es interrogativa inicindose
con tiv", caso nominativo masculino singular del pronombre interrogativo quin; a[xio",
caso nominativo masculino singular del adjetivo digno; ajnoi`xai, aoristo primero de
infinitivo en voz activa del verbo ajnoivgw, abrir, aqu como de abrir; toV, caso
acusativo neutro singular del artculo determinado lo, en castellano masculino el;
biblivon, caso acusativo neutro singular del sustantivo libro, rollo; kaiV, conjuncin
copulativa y; lu`sai, aoristo primero de infinitivo en voz activa del verbo luvw, con
significado de desatar, derribar, quebrantar, quitar, soltar, etc.; taV", caso acusativo
femenino plural del artculo determinado las, en castellano los; sfragi`da", caso
acusativo femenino plural del sustantivo que denota sellos, masculino en espaol.

EL ROLLO EN EL CIELO

387

KaiV ei\don a[ggelon ijscuroVn. La atencin de Juan pasa de la mano

derecha del que estaba sentado en el trono, quien sostena el libro, a un ngel
que proclamaba un mensaje. Se trataba de a[ggelon ijscuroVn, un ngel fuerte,
poderoso. Dos veces ms aparecer el mismo adjetivo calificativo en el libro en
relacin con ngeles (10:1; 18:21). El sentido de la expresin equivale a un
ngel robustsimo. La voz atronadora del ngel es consonante con la dimensin
del poder con que estaba dotado. Es un ngel fuerte, esto es, de los de mayor
rango. Estaba capacitado para llevar a cabo una misin de alta responsabilidad.
Khruvssonta ejn fwnh`/ megavlh/. El ngel poderoso proclamaba un
mensaje que haba recibido de Dios mismo con voz potente. Lo haca de modo
que pudiese alcanzar cualquier lugar del universo de Dios. Su voz se extiende
hasta llegar a los cielos, la tierra y aun las potencias del hades. No queda un
solo lugar a donde no alcanzase el mensaje proclamado con voz potente. El
pregn tena que ver con la bsqueda de alguien con dignidad suficiente, esto
es, con derecho reconocido, para abrir los sellos del libro que estaba en la mano
de Dios. El mensaje se pronunciaba a modo de pregunta tiv" a[xio" ajnoi`xai toV
biblivon kaiV lu`sai taV" sfragi`da" aujtou, Quin es digno de abrir el
libro y de desatar sus sellos?. De otro modo, quin tiene dignidad suficiente
para tomar el libro y abrir sus sellos? Digno aqu tiene el sentido de capaz,
cualificado para hacer algo. Se trata de alguien capaz, tanto en carcter como en
potencialidad, para llevarlo a cabo. Quien fuese digno deba abrir y desatar los
sellos que mantenan el libro cerrado. El romper los precintos significara
ejecutar todo lo que estaba escrito en el libro, iniciando lo que Dios haba
dispuesto para el momento establecido en su actuacin sobre el mundo. As
escribe el profesor Bartina:
En otras palabras, slo puede concederse que abra los sellos del rollo
quien presente un curriculum vitae que le haga apto para presidir los destinos
futuros del mundo, determinados segn la bondad de los planes de Dios6.
Lo que determinaba el mensaje del ngel era encontrar alguien con la
dignidad, no tanto con la fuerza, para llevar a cabo la toma del libro y la
apertura de sus sellos, activando el plan de Dios para los tiempos siguientes en
la historia de la humanidad. Se trata realmente de encontrar un Mediador
universal que actuando como Dios, pueda ejecutar sus designios, pero, slo
quien sea Redentor universal, puede ser tambin Mediador universal (1 Ti. 2:5,
6).

Sebastin Bartina. o.c., pg. 676.

388

APOCALIPSIS V

3. Y ninguno, ni en el cielo ni en la tierra ni debajo de la tierra, poda abrir

el libro, ni aun mirarlo.
kaiV oujdeiV" ejduvnato ejn tw`/ oujranw`/ oujdeV ejpiV th`" gh`" oujdeV uJpokavtw
Y

ninguno

poda

en

el

cielo

ni

sobre la tierra

ni

debajo

th`" gh`" ajnoi`xai toV biblivon ou[te blevpein aujtov.

de la tierra

abrir

el

libro

ni

mirar

lo.

Notas y anlisis del texto griego.

Siguiendo el relato de la visin Juan utiliza nuevamente la conjuncin copulativa kaiV,
y, ilativa; seguida de oujdeiV", caso nominativo masculino singular del pronombre
indefinido ninguno; ejduvnato, tercera persona singular del imperfecto de indicativo en
voz media del verbo duvnamai, ser capaz, tener poder, especialmente, como en este
caso, la capacidad y recursos propios que permiten ser operativo; ejn, preposicin de
dativo, en; tw`/, caso dativo masculino singular del artculo determinado, el; oujranw`/,
caso dativo masculino singular del sustantivo que denota cielo; oujdeV, la clusula se
enfatiza y complementa con la conjuncin negativa oujdeV, ni; ejpiV, preposicin de
genitivo, sobre; th`", caso genitivo femenino singular del artculo determinado, la; gh`",
caso genitivo femenino singular del sustantivo, tierra; seguido nuevamente de la
conjuncin negativa oujdeV, ni; uJpokavtw, preposicin de genitivo que equivale a bajo,
en el mismo sentido que el adverbio de lugar debajo; th`", caso genitivo femenino
singular del artculo determinado, la; gh`", caso genitivo femenino singular del
sustantivo tierra; ajnoi`xai, aoristo primero de infinitivo en voz activa del verbo
ajnoivgw, abrir; toV, caso acusativo neutro singular del artculo determinado, lo, en
castellano masculino, el; biblivon, caso acusativo neutro singular del sustantivo libro,
rollo escrito; ou[te, conjuncin negativa, ni; blevpein, infinitivo presente en voz activa
del verbo blevpw, mirar; concluyendo con aujto, caso acusativo neutro singular del
pronombre personal, lo.

KaiV oujdeiV" ejduvnato ejn tw`/ oujranw`/ oujdeV ejpiV th`" gh`" oujdeV
uJpokavtw th`" gh`" ajnoi`xai toV biblivon ou[te blevpein aujtov. El mensajero
proclam un mensaje universal que expresaba una pregunta en la bsqueda de
alguien que tuviera dignidad suficiente para abrir el libro y desatar sus sellos.
Un silencio universal sigui a la indagacin del ngel fuerte que haba
proclamado con voz poderosa el mensaje. La pregunta del ngel alcanz todos
los lugares, hasta los confines de la creacin de Dios. Nadie en el cielo era
digno: kaiV oujdeiV" ejduvnato ejn tw`/ oujranw, y ninguno poda en el cielo;
tampoco haba nadie digno sobre la tierra: oujdeV ejpiV th`" gh`", ni sobre la
tierra, es decir, de los habitantes de la tierra no fue hallado ninguno de esa
condicin. Ni en el mbito de los ngeles, ni en el de los hombres, ni en el de
los muertos: oujdeV uJpokavtw th`" gh`", ni debajo de la tierra, haba nadie
digno, segn la proclama del ngel. Nadie dentro del rango de seres creados por
Dios tena dignidad suficiente para ajnoi`xai toV biblivon, abrir el libro y
ejecutar el contenido del mismo. A ninguno de los gloriosos ngeles en el cielo
les corresponda tal honor. Sobre la tierra, de todos los hombres, incluidos los

EL ROLLO EN EL CIELO

389

que pudieran reunir las mejores condiciones y perfecciones humanas, tanto

fsicas como morales, ninguno tena esa capacidad. Mucho menos en las
profundidades de la tierra, donde se sita el mundo de los muertos sin
esperanza, conforme al pensamiento figurativo semtico, y en que tambin se
podan incluir a los demonios, a pesar de que el mundo entero est bajo el
maligno (1 Jn. 5:19), no tienen capacidad, con todo su poder malvolo, para
actuar en el proyecto o contra el proyecto de Dios. En ninguno de los
estamentos del Universo, el cielo, la tierra y bajo la tierra, (com. Fil. 2:10),
haba nadie capacitado para hacer lo que se demandaba.
En un nfasis an mayor, Juan afirma que no haba nadie capacitado para
tomar el libro, ou[te blevpein aujtov, ni aun para mirarlo. En que sentido debe
entenderse esto de mirarlo? No cabe duda que el mismo Juan estaba mirando el
libro en la visin que se le estaba ofreciendo; no puede, pues, significar que
nadie pudiese levantar sus ojos para contemplar el libro. La expresin est en
todo vinculada a la accin de abrir los sellos para mirar en el interior del libro lo
que haba escrito y ejecutar las determinaciones establecidas en l. Nadie poda
mirar el libro, en sentido de leer su contenido y ejecutar todo cuanto Dios haba
reservado para los tiempos finales del sistema humano actual. Nadie en todo el
universo tena dignidad suficiente para desatar los sellos del libro e iniciar la
ejecucin de las acciones determinadas sobre el mundo. La historia del futuro
est escrita y determinada por Dios mismo que la controla, ejecutando su
programa conforme al propsito establecido en su decreto. Nadie tiene
capacidad de desarrollar ese programa sino Aquel que lo ha diseado,
establecido y determinado. Dios haba anunciado de antemano por medio del
profeta que intervendra en la historia del mundo: Y castigar al mundo por su
maldad, y a los impos por su iniquidad (Is. 13:11). A esta manifestacin
solemne de Dios se opone con todo el potencial de que disponen las huestes de
maldad. Nadie hay con poder suficiente entre ellas para impedir que se lleve a
cabo la determinacin divina. Tan slo Dios mismo que anuncia lo que viene
por medio de sus siervos los profetas, har llegar a cumplimiento definitivo lo
que ha establecido: porque yo soy Dios, y no hay otro Dios, y nada hay
semejante a mi que anuncio lo por venir desde el principio, y desde la
antigedad lo que an no era hecho; que digo: Mi consejo permanecer, y har
todo lo que quiero (Is. 46:9-10). Nadie tiene capacidad par ejecutar el
programa de Dios sino l mismo. El progreso del captulo conduce a fijar el
pensamiento en Aquel que es soberano y est sentado sobre el trono. Frente a
los sistemas humanistas que consideran la historia como el proceso lgico del
hombre y sus actuaciones, la Biblia ensea enfticamente que la historia no
escapa al control de Dios y que su propsito eterno para una nueva forma de
vida de los hombres redimidos, en comunin con l, se ejecutar segn su
determinacin soberana. As escribe el Dr. Ladd:

390

APOCALIPSIS V

El rollo est completamente sellado y su contenido escondido de todo

ojo humano. Ninguno, ni en el cielo ni en la tierra ni debajo de la tierra, poda
abrir el libro, ni aun mirarlo. Aqu hay una verdad bblica, simple y profunda,
sobre la cual el nfasis que pongamos nunca ser demasiado: fuera de la
persona y la obra redentora de Jesucristo, la historia es un enigma. Durante
siglos, desde Agustn y su Ciudad de Dios, ha caracterizado el pensamiento
occidental un criterio cristiano de la historia, como algo que tiene una meta
divinamente ordenada, que es inseparable de la obra redentora de Jesucristo.
Desde el iluminismo, muchos filsofos han rechazado el criterio cristiano de la
vida y para ellos la historia se ha transformado en un problema. El criterio
evolucionista del progreso inevitable es hoy poco popular. Algunas de nuestras
grandes mentalidades han sido profetas del desastre, que en el futuro slo ven
oscuridad. El problema del significado, propsito y meta de la historia ha
llegado a ser una de las cuestiones ms perturbadoras y difciles de nuestro
tiempo. Las actitudes secularistas y pesimistas an penetran el pensamiento de
los telogos cristianos y uno de ellos ha escrito: No podemos declarar que
conocemos el fin y la meta de la historia. Por tanto, la cuestin del significado
de la historia ha llegado a ser algo sin sentido.
A la luz de este dilema moderno, el hecho de que el rollo est tan
fuertemente sellado que ningn ojo humano pueda leer su contenido es de
mucha importancia. Cristo, y solo Cristo, tiene la llave del significado de la
historia humana. Por tanto, no es sorprendente que los pensadores modernos
sean pesimistas; fuera del victorioso retorno de Cristo la historia va hacia la
nada.
Tiene importancia tambin, que el rollo estuviera en la mano derecha
del que est sentado en el trono (v. 1). Toda la historia de la humanidad
descansa en la mano de Dios. Qu cuadro ms sencillo o ms sublime que
enseara la soberana definitiva de Dios sobre toda la historia podra
encontrarse que este del rollo descansando en su mano? Por poderoso que
llegue a ser el mal, por fieros que sean los males satnicos que asalten al
pueblo de Dios en la tierra, la historia sigue descansando en la mano de
Dios7.
Tan slo Jesucristo tiene la autoridad suprema y el poder absoluto para
llevar cabo el plan divino de las edades (Mt. 28:18; Fil. 2:8-11). Slo a l se le
ha dado la autoridad para juzgar (Jn. 5:22, 27). El creyente encuentra un
profundo estmulo y definitivo aliento por medio de la visin de Juan. Dios es
soberano y nada habr de sus promesas que no tengan cumplimiento fiel. El
futuro esperanzador para el creyente ser una realidad admirable porque Dios
as lo ha determinado.

George Eldon Ladd. o.c., pg. 73s.

EL ROLLO EN EL CIELO

391

4. Y lloraba yo mucho, porque no se haba hallado a ninguno digno de

abrir el libro ni de leerlo, ni de mirarlo.
kaiV e[klaion poluv, o{ti oujdeiV" a[xio" euJrevqh ajnoi`xai toV biblivon ou[te
Y

lloraba

mucho; pues

nadie

digno fue hallado de abrir

el

libro

ni

blevpein aujtov.
de mirar

lo.

Notas y anlisis del texto griego.

La vinculacin con lo que antecede se efecta nuevamente mediante la conjuncin kaiV,
y; seguida de e[klaion, primera persona singular del imperfecto de indicativo en voz
activa del verbo klaivw, que expresa la accin de lamentar, bien sea con lgrimas o con
cualquier otra expresin de tristeza o dolor, aqu como lloraba, en sentido de lamentar
profundamente; poluv, caso acusativo neutro singular del adverbio o del adjetivo
mucho; en caso de considerarse como adjetivo equivaldra a abundante, numeroso, que
excede a lo ordinario; caso de entenderse como adverbio, equivaldra a con
abundancia, en alto grado, en gran cantidad, ms de lo regular; empleado con verbos
expresivos de accin denota intensidad; o{ti, conjuncin causal, pues; oujdeiV", caso
nominativo masculino singular del pronombre indeterminado, ninguno, nadie; a[xio",
caso nominativo masculino singular del adjetivo que expresa la condicin de digno, con
derecho a; euJrevqh, tercera persona singular del aoristo primero de indicativo en voz
pasiva del verbo eujrivskw, hallar, aqu se hall, fue hallado, se encontr; ajnoi`xai,
aoristo de infinitivo del verbo ajnoivgw, abrir, de abrir; toV, caso acusativo neutro
singular del artculo determinado, lo, masculino en castellano, el; biblivon, caso
acusativo neutro singular del sustantivo que denota libro, rollo escrito; nuevamente la
conjuncin ou[te, ni, negando el verbo, blevpein, presente de infinitivo en voz activa
del verbo blevpw, mirar, aqu como de mirar; concluyendo con aujtov, caso acusativo
neutro singular del pronombre personal, lo.

KaiV e[klaion poluv. Ante el silencio universal como respuesta a la

pregunta del ngel, que pona de manifiesto la indignidad de todos los seres
creados para tomar el libro, abrir sus sellos, leer su contenido y ejecutarlo, Juan
prorrumpe en un profundo lamento, seguramente acompaado de abundante
llanto. No era un llorar silencioso, sino un llanto hecho con clamor. El apstol
sollozaba y segua hacindolo, como expresa el modo del verbo en el texto
griego.
{Oti oujdeiV" a[xio" euJrevqh ajnoi`xai toV biblivon ou[te blevpein aujtov.
La causa del llanto era precisamente el hecho de no haberse encontrado nadie
digno, de modo que el programa de Dios quedara en suspenso hasta que no
apareciese quien pudiera ejecutarlo conforme a su propsito soberano. As
escribe el Dr. Lacueva.
Ante esta impotencia e incapacidad universal, Juan rompe a llorar
amargamente, porque sabe que, si el rollo no se abre, no se llevar a cabo el

392

APOCALIPSIS V

plan de Dios a favor de la humanidad: no habr proteccin sobre el pueblo de

Dios; no habr juicio contra el mundo malvado; no habr triunfo final de Dios
y de su Ungido; no habr nuevos cielos y nueva tierra; no habr, en fin, una
herencia eterna, reservada en los cielos8.
Nadie digno en todo el universo implica no slo una cuestin de
soberana, de la que slo Dios es poseedor, sino tambin demostracin del
estado cado del hombre. Quien haba sido creado por Dios para ser seor sobre
la tierra es incapaz, a causa del pecado, de ejercer el dominio que le haba sido
concedido. La cada inhabilita al hombre a causa de su condicionante en la
herencia espiritual cada. Pero, de la misma manera, se pone en evidencia que ni
siquiera entre los ngeles hay quien sea capaz de conducir la historia hacia el
fin determinado, juzgar al mundo por su pecado, establecer el reino de Dios en
la tierra, recompensar a los salvos y glorificar a los creyentes conforme a la
promesa de Jess. Slo Dios, en la persona de su Hijo es capaz de todo cuanto
ningn otro puede realizar.
5. Y uno de los ancianos me dijo: No llores. He aqu el Len de la tribu de
Jud, la raz de David, ha vencido para abrir el libro y desatar sus siete
sellos.
kaiV ei|" ejk tw`n presbutevrwn levgei moi: mhV klai`e, ijdouV ejnivkhsen oJ
Y

uno de

los

ancianos

dice

me:

No

llores, he aqu

venci

el

levwn oJ ejk th`" fulh`" jIouvda, hJ rJivza Dauivd, ajnoi`xai toV biblivon kaiV
len el de

la

tribu

de Jud la raz

de David, para abrir

el

libro

taV" eJptaV sfragi`da" aujtou`.

los

siete

sellos

de l.

Notas y anlisis del texto griego.

En la primera clusula Juan da continuidad al relato mediante la conjuncin kaiV, y; ei|",
caso nominativo masculino singular del adjetivo numeral cardinal, uno; ejk, conjuncin
que rige genitivo, de; tw`n, caso genitivo masculino plural del artculo determinado los;
presbutevrwn, caso genitivo masculino plural del adjetivo que expresa la condicin de
anciano, presbtero, de edad; la expresin tambin puede considerarse como ablativo,
en este caso, la preposicin ejk, con ablativo aparece ocho veces en el Apocalipsis; doce
en el cuarto evangelio; y diez en el resto del N. T. lo que pone de manifiesto su uso
habitual por Juan; en este sentido refuerza la idea de ser uno de entre los ancianos, lo
que se podra traducir como y uno de entre los ancianos; levgei, tercera persona singular
del presente de indicativo en voz activa del verbo levgw, hablar, decir, expresar,
declarar, aqu como dice; moi, caso dativo singular del pronombre personal, me, a m.
La segunda clusula se establece inicindose con mhV, adverbio de negacin condicional,
o partcula negativa, no, negando el verbo klai`e, segunda persona singular del presente
8

F. Lacueva. o.c., pg. 388.

EL ROLLO EN EL CIELO

393

de imperativo en voz activa del verbo klaivw, llorar, lamentar, aqu como llores;
seguido de una advertencia enftica con ijdouV, segunda persona singular del aoristo
segundo de imperativo en voz media del verbo oJravw, en la forma ei^^don, mirar,
mostrar, ver, con uso adverbial equivale a he aqu, sucedi que, ved, ahora, etc. podra
traducirse como una expresin de advertencia, Mira!, incluso podra leerse a modo de
interrogacin como y sabis?, es en la prctica como una partcula demostrativa, que
se usa para animar el discurso avivando la atencin del lector, algunos modernos la
identifican como interjeccin; ejnivkhsen, tercera persona singular del aoristo primero
de indicativo en voz activa del verbo nikavw, vencer, aqu como venci; oJ, caso
nominativo masculino singular del artculo determinado el; levwn, caso nominativo
masculino singular del sustantivo len; oJ, caso nominativo masculino singular del
artculo determinado, el, aunque no se usa habitualmente en castellano en esta
construccin; ejk, preposicin de genitivo, de; th`", caso genitivo femenino singular del
artculo determinado la; fulh`", caso genitivo femenino singular del sustantivo, tribu;
jIouvda, caso genitivo femenino singular del nombre propio de Jud; hJ, caso nominativo
femenino singular del artculo determinado la; rJivza, caso nominativo femenino
singular del sustantivo raz; Dauivd, caso genitivo masculino singular del nombre propio
de David; ajnoi`xai, aoristo primero de infinitivo en voz activa del verbo ajnoivgw, abrir,
aqu como abrir, en sentido de para abrir; toV, caso acusativo neutro singular del
artculo determinado lo, masculino en espaol, el; biblivon, caso acusativo neutro
singular del sustantivo, libro, rollo escrito; kaiV, conjuncin copulativa y; taV", caso
acusativo femenino plural del artculo determinado, los; seguido de eJpta, adjetivo
numeral cardinal siete; sfragi`da", caso acusativo femenino plural del sustantivo
sellos; aujtou, caso genitivo neutro singular del pronombre personal de l.

Dios provee de consuelo a su siervo Juan que lloraba desconsoladamente

porque no se haba encontrado a nadie digno de tomar el libro y de desatar sus
sellos. El consuelo viene en las palabras kaiV ei|" ejk tw`n presbutevrwn, de
uno de entre los veinticuatro ancianos9 (4:4, 10). Es uno de los que representan
la iglesia triunfante en el cielo, quien habla con Juan. Mediante una expresin
enftica, con autoridad, como expresa el presente de imperativo del verbo,
demanda de Juan que deje de llorar: levgei moi: mhV klai`e, me dice: no llores,
como si dijese deja ya de llorar o de lamentar.
Seguido al mandamiento hay una llamada de atencin, traducida
generalmente como ijdouV, he aqu, que equivale a mira, presta atencin. La
mente de Juan deba orientar su pensamiento en otra direccin, haba de prestar
atencin a la realidad de Dios y no a la comprensin del pensamiento y
discernimiento humano. Desde el plano de los hombres, el silencio universal a
la pregunta del ngel manifestaba un fracaso en el propsito de Dios con
relacin a la historia humana, porque no haba nadie capaz de llevarla a cabo;
pero, no era as desde la dimensin de la omnipotencia y soberana divinas.
9

Sobre el significado de los veinticuatro ancianos, ver notas en el captulo anterior a los
vv. 4, 10.

394

APOCALIPSIS V

Juan deba dejar sus lamentos y centrar su atencin en Aquel a quien se

califica como oJ levwn oJ ejk th`" fulh`" jIouvda, el Len de la tribu de
Jud. Si en la dimensin de los seres creados no haba nadie calificado para
tomar el libro y abrir sus sellos, la haba en la divina; all estaba el Len de la
tribu de Jud, calificativo dado al Seor. El ttulo procede de la bendicin que
Jacob dio a su hijo Jud, a quien dio supremaca sobre el resto de las tribus de
Israel y del que profticamente habl Jacob con estas palabras: Cachorro de
len es Jud; de la presa subiste, hijo mo. Se encorv y se ech como len, as
como len viejo: quin lo despertar? No ser quitado el cetro de Jud, ni el
legislador de entre sus pies, hasta que venga Siloh; y a l se congregarn los
pueblos (Gn. 49:9-10). En la promesa a Jacob se dice que sera una tribu
victoriosa, con autoridad, superior a las restantes tribus de la tierra, no slo por
su nmero y renombre, sino por su dominio sobre ellas. De Jud sera el cetro
de autoridad real, como legislador (Sal. 60:7). Se le llama, en la bendicin de
Jacob, cachorro de len, figura muy ilustrativa, ya que el len es el rey de las
fieras; cuando atrapa una presa es difcil que pueda escaprsele con vida, lo que
predice que su descendencia sera victoriosa y que disfrutara de lo conseguido
con sus triunfos. A Jacob se le compara con un len agachado, disfrutando de
sus xitos y satisfecho con su poder. De esta tribu vendra el cetro real que no
sera quitado de ella. Fue de la tribu de Jud de donde procedi el primer rey de
Israel conforme al corazn de Dios, que fue David. Bien es cierto que el primer
rey de Israel fue Sal, benjaminita, pero fue un rey conforme al deseo del
pueblo. De la descendencia de David, vendra el Mesas Rey, a quien se le
califica en la bendicin como Siloh. El cetro, en sentido de descendencia real,
persisti en la tribu de Jud, aun en la deportacin a Babilonia y en el retorno a
la tierra, hasta el nacimiento de Jess. Los judos confesaran delante de Pilato
que no tenan otro rey sino a Cesar, pero el ngel haba anunciado a la Virgen
que el nio que nacera de ella reinara sobre la casa de Jacob para siempre y
que su reino no tendra fin (Lc. 1:33). En la literatura juda no la inspirada- se
utiliza el smbolo del len para referirse al Mesas Rey conquistador (4 Esd.
11:37; 12:31). La referencia proftica no es al Mesas-siervo, humilde, cuyo
aspecto no encajaba con el del poderoso Seor, Rey de reyes. El mensaje
proftico enfatiza ahora el poder y gloria de quien tiene el cetro de suprema
autoridad como gobernante establecido por Dios, Jess, el Seor, proceda
segn la ascendencia humana de la tribu de Jud (Mt. 1:2, 3, 16; Lc. 3:23, 33;
He. 7:14). En su gloriosa manifestacin futura asumir el ejercicio del poder, la
gloria y la suprema autoridad, que ya tiene al ser vencedor en la Cruz (Fil. 2:911). La profeca expresada por Jacob habla de la llegada de Siloh, referencia
incuestionable al Mesas que haba de venir.
No slo deba contemplar Juan a quien es digno como Len de la tribu de
Juda, sino tambin como quien es digno por ser hJ rJivza Dauivd, la raz de

EL ROLLO EN EL CIELO

395

David. El sustantivo raz es un hebrasmo para expresar vinculacin de origen,

algo equivalente a vstago, lo que seala a Jesucristo como el sucesor y
descendiente de David, por tanto, quien tiene derecho al trono conforme a la
promesa del pacto que Dios estableci con el rey de Israel. Este ttulo tiene
tambin una marcada vinculacin proftica: Saldr una vara del tronco de
Isa, y un vstago retoar de sus races (Is. 11:1). Nuestro Seor Jess es
descendiente de David tanto por lnea materna, a travs de Natn, como por la
paterna desde Salomn. La genealoga segn Mateo corresponde a la
descendencia real por medio de Salomn (Mt. 1:1, 15), mientras que la
genealoga segn Lucas corresponde a la descendencia de David por medio de
Natn (Lc. 3:23, 32). Aparentemente el rbol de la lnea de David se ha secado,
es decir, ninguno de sus descendientes ocup el trono, pero la profeca anunci
la aparicin de un nuevo vstago, una nueva vara de ese tronco, que se sentar
en el trono y gobernar la tierra. La profeca contina anunciando la gloriosa
manifestacin de su reino (Is. 11:2-9), en donde juzgar con justicia a los
pobres, y argir con equidad por los mansos de la tierra; y herir la tierra
con la vara de su boca y con el espritu de sus labios matar al impo (Is.
11:4). Sobre esto escribe el Dr. Ladd:
es una promesa veterotestamentaria de un Rey mesinico divinamente
ungido que destruir todo mal, librar al pueblo de Dios de su afliccin bajo
los poderes malignos, tanto espirituales como polticos, y establecer un nuevo
orden sobre la tierra, en el cual reinarn la paz, la justicia y la bendicin. Lo
que es importante enfatizar es que la esperanza bblica no es slo de salvacin
espiritual, de salvacin del individuo de su culpa y su pecado. En tanto que la
salvacin individual est incluida, el nfasis principal est en la salvacin del
pueblo de Dios como una sociedad que mora en la tierra y cuya liberacin de
todos los males, espirituales, sociales, polticos y fsicos. No harn mal ni
daarn en todo mi santo monte: Porque la tierra ser llena del conocimiento
de Jehov como las aguas cubren el mar. Acontecer en aquel tiempo que la
raz de Isa, la cual estar puesta por pendn a los pueblos, ser buscada por
las gentes; y su habitacin ser gloriosa (Is. 11:9, 10)10.
El ttulo hJ rJivza Dauivd, la raz de David tambin tiene el mismo
simbolismo en el Nuevo Testamento. El apstol Pablo escribe sobre la cita de
Isaas una relacin del Mesas con los gentiles en el tiempo futuro: Y otra vez
dice Isaas: Estar la raz de Isa, y el que se levantar a regir los gentiles; los
gentiles esperarn en l (Ro. 15:12). En donde se aprecia una referencia al
reino de Cristo. En el momento actual Jess, por su resurreccin, se levant
para ser Seor. En el futuro ese seoro se acreditar en el ejercicio de autoridad
en el reino terrenal cuando gobierne sobre las naciones. El Seor vino a ser la
10

George Eldon Ladd. o.c., pg. 74s.

396

APOCALIPSIS V

esperaza para todos los creyentes (Col. 1:13). El mismo Seor aplica a s mismo
el ttulo para que no haya dificultad en determinar la relacin: Yo Jess he
enviado mi ngel para daros testimonio de estas cosas en las iglesias. Yo soy la
raz y el linaje de David, la estrella resplandeciente de la maana (Ap.
22:16). Dios estableci con David un pacto sobre uno de su descendencia que
se sentar en el trono para siempre (2 S. 7:12-13). La promesa de este Rey
perpetuo sobre el trono de David fue anunciada a Mara por el ngel (Lc. 1:3233). Este que es el Len de la tribu de Jud, y que es tambin la raz de David,
no es otro que Jess, el Seor. l es raz, tambin en el sentido de ser el Seor
de David (Mt. 22:41-45), quien sustent en el pasado la descendencia del rey y
quien, como retoo, es tambin sucesor definitivo de l.
Juan oye como el anciano le dice que aquel que es Len de Jud y raz de
David, ejnivkhsen ajnoi`xai toV biblivon kaiV taV" eJptaV sfragi`da" aujtou`,
ha vencido para abrir el libro y desatar sus sellos. Jess es el Vencedor
supremo. Es interesante apreciar como el anciano hace mencin a su victoria
definitiva refirindose a ella en tiempo pasado: ejnivkhsen, ha vencido, por
tanto, puede actuar con derecho conforme a lo que significa y representa esa
victoria. El Vencedor obtuvo la victoria sobre la Cruz donde venci al diablo y
sus ngeles, como Pablo ensea: y despojando a los principados y a las
potestades, los exhibi pblicamente, triunfando sobre ellos en la cruz (Col.
2:15). En esa victoria arrebat al diablo la presa que espiritualmente retena.
Comparti la naturaleza humana para destruir por medio de la muerte al que
tena el imperio de la muerte, esto es, al diablo, y librar a todos los que por
temor de la muerte estaban durante toda la vida sujetos a servidumbre (He.
2:14-15). El seoro de Cristo se proclama como consecuencia de su
humillacin. La Biblia ensea que el Verbo eterno de Dios, tom por
encarnacin una naturaleza humana subsistente en su Persona Divina (Jn. 1:14),
en tal medida que sin dejar de ser Dios, vino a ser semejante a los hombres, en
una vinculacin tal entre deidad y humanidad que, sin mezcla alguna ni
confusin en las naturalezas, es Dios-hombre, el Emmanuel, Dios con nosotros.
Requiri que el Verbo se despojase para anonadarse desde la existencia en
forma de Dios, hasta la experiencia en la forma de siervo (Fil. 2:7). La va para
llegar al estado de humillacin fue la humanidad. Quien es Dios omnipotente,
naci como hombre en Beln, mostrando los componentes absolutos de toda
humanidad. Sin duda la suya es sin par e irrepetible, por vinculacin nica en
esa dimensin con la Deidad, al ser la naturaleza humana del Hijo de Dios, y
distinto tambin del resto de los hombres en cuanto a impecabilidad. Ese
admirable Dios se vaci de su gloria para llegar a la forma de siervo y a la
semejanza de hombre (Jn 17: 5), y tambin de su infinita riqueza (2 Co. 8:9). La
obediencia vino a ser la forma natural de su existencia humana, alcanzando los
lmites mximos cuando, en el ejercicio de la obediencia en entrega suprema a
la misin recibida del Padre, puso voluntariamente su vida hasta la muerte y

EL ROLLO EN EL CIELO

397

muerte de Cruz (Fil. 2:8). Este Dios Salvador, en su experiencia en la cruz,

muri nuestra muerte y descendi al estado ms miserable del hombre,
anonadndose para descender hasta las partes ms bajas de la tierra (Ef. 4:9).
Fue en ese campo de la Cruz donde venci sobre Satans y sus huestes. La base
de la victoria consiste en que Cristo venci en la Cruz al pecado no solo como
culpa, sino como poder, ya que el pecado es un poder operante en el hombre
(Ro. 6:6). En esa victoria los principados y potestades, referidos a las huestes de
maldad (1 Co. 15:24; Ef. 3:10; Col. 1:16; 2:10), utilizaban la ley contraria al
pecador para acusarlo delante de Dios. La Ley es acusadora impersonal, los
demonios son acusadores personales. Las demandas de la Ley fueron
satisfechas por Cristo en la Cruz (Ro. 8:1-4), por tanto, ya no hay acusacin
posible para el creyente en sentido de responsabilidad penal por el pecado (Ro.
8:33). El resultado de la Cruz fue la exhibicin, mostrando csmicamente a los
demonios como agentes sin poder. Ese exhibir, equivale a exponerlos a irrisin
universal, como un Vencedor que pone a los vencidos a la vista de todos para
que los vean como derrotados, quedando como espectculo ante sus ojos. El
triunfador es Cristo y el lugar del triunfo la Cruz, manifestndose como
dominador sobre sus enemigos (Col. 2:10). Para los vencidos el desfile triunfal
es olor de muerte para muerte (2 Co. 2:16). En el descenso Dios en Cristo
comparti la misma naturaleza de los hombres rodeada de debilidad. Como los
hombres Jess particip tambin de carne y sangre, identificativos de vida y
naturaleza humana. El Seor vino en semejanza de carne de pecado que
manifiesta la debilidad propia del hombre (Ro. 8:3). El propsito de la
encarnacin es destruir por medio de la muerte al que tena el imperio de la
muerte (He. 2:14). Tal propsito lo consigue, primero hacindose solidario
con los hombres para poder morir por ellos; luego ofrecindose en sacrificio
expiatorio por el pecado de los hombres. El efecto de su muerte fue el de
destruir, reducir a la impotencia, al que tena el dominio de la muerte, dejando
ineficaz el poder del diablo. Por la unin con Cristo, los salvos son librados del
poder que los retena y trasladados al reino del Hijo (Col. 1:13), participando
todos ellos en la victoria del Seor (1 Co. 14:54-57; 1 Ts. 4:13-18). Sin
embargo, esa victoria que comprende aspectos salvficos y personales, tiene
tambin una connotacin con el reino venidero, que ser establecido como
consecuencia de la apertura de los sellos y la lectura del libro, ya que el escritor
a los Hebreos ensea que Dios: no sujet a los ngeles el mundo venidero
(He. 2:5). El mundo actual est, por tanto, sujeto o sometido a ngeles. El
proyecto de Satans en relacin con el establecimiento de su reino al margen de
Dios, comprenda la posesin de un trono donde ejerciese su gobierno para ser
semejante al Altsimo (Is. 14:13-14). Por la tentacin Satans derrot al
hombre, en cuyas manos Dios haba puesto el cetro de autoridad para que
gobernase en la tierra (Gn. 1:28), pasando el control de los reinos del mundo a
manos del tentador (Lc. 4:6), viniendo a ser el usurpador del gobierno de Dios,
ejerciendo el control en la presente poca mala, como dios de este siglo (2 Co.

398

APOCALIPSIS V

4:4). En el ejercicio maligno de su autoridad conseguida en la derrota del

hombre, ejerce su dominio controlando los gobiernos del mundo por medio de
sus ngeles, como fue el caso del reino de Persia y Grecia (Dn. 10:20). Satans
estableci sus huestes para oponerse a la voluntad y al reino de Dios, haciendo
todo lo que sus facultades y poder le permiten, gobernando desde la esfera de
las tinieblas (Ef. 6:12). Dios ha puesto sus ngeles en misiones concretas al
servicio de su programa en el decurso de la historia, como el de la proteccin de
su pueblo (Dn. 10:21; 12:1), o influenciando benficamente en los gobernantes
para disponerlos a la ejecucin de los designios divinos (Dn. 10:13). El
proyecto diablico para el reino es colocar un hombre bajo su control que ocupe
el trono de Dios en la tierra y se haga adorar como dios (2 Ts. 2:3-4). Sin
embargo, el reino ha sido determinado para el Hijo de Dios, a quien el Padre lo
ha entregado. El Vencedor supremo recibi tras la muerte en la Cruz y la
resurreccin el nombre de honor supremo para el ejercicio de autoridad hasta el
lmite de que toda la creacin, tanto ngeles como hombres, doblarn sus
rodillas delante de l (Fil. 2:8-11). La victoria sobre Satans se alcanz luego
de la encarnacin y fue anunciada ya en los evangelios (Mt. 12:29; Lc. 10:18;
Jn. 12:31; 16:11). Pero, tambin llev en su victoria cautiva la cautividad, como
el desarrollo progresivo en el tiempo de la obra de salvacin de todos los hijos
de Dios por fe en l, que potencialmente est realizada en Cristo (Ef. 4:8). La
victoria del Seor es tambin sobre la muerte, el segundo gran enemigo del
creyente, en una conquista sobre el poder de ella, ya que quit la muerte y
sac a la luz la vida y la inmortalidad por el evangelio (2 Ti. 1:10). Por la
victoria alcanzada en la Cruz, tiene derecho a ser Juez y Seor, ya que
habiendo efectuado la purificacin de nuestros pecados por medio de S
mismo, se sent a la diestra de la Majestad en las alturas (He. 1:3). La
resurreccin y exaltacin de Cristo es, conforme a la enseanza del apstol
Pedro, una manifestacin de su victoria y el cumplimiento potencial de la
promesa a David: dijo el Seor a mi Seor: Sintate a mi diestra, hasta que
ponga a tus enemigos por estrado de tus pies (Hch. 2:34, 35). Los
acontecimientos del reino en el futuro dependen absolutamente de la situacin
actual de quien ya es Rey de reyes y Seor de seores. El reino futuro en sus
aspectos, tanto el milenial como el del estado eterno, no son ms que una
extensin y manifestacin visibles del gobierno que tiene en sus manos en
virtud de su poder y victoria obtenida en la Cruz.
Aquella voz del ngel reson en los cielos, en la tierra y bajo ella, sin
encontrar respuesta de alguien digno, capaz, para llevar a cabo el programa de
Dios, pero se alcanza plenamente en Cristo, quien est revestido de suprema
autoridad para ejecutar todo el programa divino establecido para el futuro de la
historia humana, porque ha recibido el nombre que es sobre todo nombre,
para que en el nombre de Jess se doble toda rodilla de los que estn en los
cielos, y en la tierra, y debajo de la tierra; y toda lengua confiese que

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399

Jesucristo es el Seor para gloria de Dios Padre (Fil. 2:10-11). La victoria

obtenida le da derecho a tomar el libro, abrir sus sellos y ejecutar lo establecido
en l.
Es necesario recobrar la visin de Cristo glorioso para sentir el gozo y la
seguridad en la vida cristiana. Hay esperanza porque a pesar de las situaciones
extremas en que pareciera que la esperanza no es posible, Jess nuestro Seor
reina. Hay momentos en que el desaliento pudiera llenar el alma creyente y la
colectividad de la iglesia, pero, aun en esas circunstancias, el Espritu, por la
Palabra, llama a mirar a Cristo. Sus promesas son fieles porque l es fiel. Su
gracia abundante para cada ocasin (Stg. 4:6). La certeza de un futuro glorioso
es algo cierto, sin lugar a dudas. Nuestro Seor es el Soberano en cielos y tierra,
y quien es absolutamente digno para desarrollar el programa establecido por
Dios para el futuro de la tierra y de su Iglesia. La carrera cristiana solo es
gozosa en la medida en que los ojos creyentes estn puestos en Jess (He. 12:2).
El Cordero inmolado (5:6-7).
6. Y mir, y vi que en medio del trono y de los cuatro seres vivientes, y en
medio de los ancianos, estaba en pie un cordero como inmolado, que tena
siete cuernos, y siete ojos, los cuales son los siete espritus de Dios enviados
por toda la tierra.
KaiV ei\don ejn mevsw/ tou` qrovnou kaiV tw`n tessavrwn zwv/wn
Y

vi

en medio del

trono

de los

cuatro

kaiV ejn

seres vivientes

en

mevsw/ tw`n presbutevrwn ajrnivon eJsthkoV" wJ" ejsfagmevnon e[cwn kevrata

medio de los

ancianos

un Cordero en pie

eJptaV kaiV ojfqalmouV" eJptaV oi{

siete

ojos

ajpestalmevnoi
que han sido enviados

siete los que

como

inmolado

que tiene cuernos

eijsin taV eJptaV1!pneuvmata tou` Qeou`

son

los siete

espritus

de Dios.

eij" pa`san thVn gh`n.

a

toda

la

tierra.

Notas y anlisis del texto griego.

Crtica textual. Lecturas alternativas.
1

taV eJptaV, los siete, lectura menos probable, atestiguada en p24, a, 1854, 2053, 2329,
2351, Biz [046], itgig, vgcl, syrph, h, copsa, bo, arm, Ireneolat, Clementevid, Hiplito,
Cipriano, Materno, Ticonio, Gregorio de Elvira, Fulgencio, Primasio, Beato.
taV, los, lectura en A, Pvid, 205, 209, 1006, 1611, 1841, 2050, itar, vgww, st, Ireneoarm,
Andrs, Apringio.
Un nuevo aspecto de la visin se relaciona con lo que antecede mediante la conjuncin
copulativa kaiV, y; seguida de ei\don, primera persona singular del aoristo segundo de

400

APOCALIPSIS V

indicativo en voz activa del verbo oJravw, en la forma ei^^don, mirar, mostrar, ver, aqu
como vi; ejn, preposicin de dativo, en; mevsw/, caso dativo neutro singular del adjetivo
que expresa medio, en medio; tou``, caso genitivo masculino singular del artculo
determinado, del; qrovnou, caso genitivo masculino singular del sustantivo que denota
trono; kaiV, conjuncin y; tw`n, caso genitivo neutro plural del artculo determinado, de
los; zwv/wn, caso genitivo neutro plural del sustantivo seres vivientes; kaiV, conjuncin y;
ejn, preposicin de dativo, en; mevsw/, caso dativo neutro singular del adjetivo que
expresa medio, en medio; tw`n, caso genitivo masculino plural del artculo definido de
los; presbutevrwn, caso genitivo masculino plural del adjetivo que expresa la
condicin de anciano; ajrnivon, caso nominativo neutro singular del sustantivo que
expresa cordero, y que originalmente tiene connotacin de diminutivo, aunque perdi
luego esa caracterstica. El sustantivo ms comn para referirse a un cordero es ajmnov".
La diferencia principal entre ambas palabras radica en la condicin diminutiva original
de la primera. El sustantivo ajrnivon, aparece slo en el Apocalipsis, unas 29 veces y
enfatiza el carcter sacrificial del Cordero, pero sin dejar de estar revestido de poder,
majestad y honor que le ha conferido su condicin y obra. El sustantivo ajmnov", expresa
fundamentalmente la idea sacrificial de quien es el Cordero que quita el pecado del
mundo. Sigue luego eJsthkoV", caso nominativo neutro singular del participio perfecto
en voz activa del verbo i{stemi, establecer, estar en pie, poner en pie, aqu como en pie,
o puesto en pie; wJ", adverbio de modo equivalente a como; ejsfagmevnon, caso
nominativo neutro singular del participio perfecto en voz pasiva del verbo sfavzw, con
amplio significado como herir, matar, degollar, inmolar, usado para referirse
especialmente a vctimas para el sacrificio, aqu como inmolado; e[cwn, caso
nominativo masculino singular del participio presente en voz activa del verbo e[cw,
tener, poseer, recibir, aqu como que tiene; kevrata, caso acusativo neutro del
sustantivo, cuernos; eJptaV, adjetivo numeral cardinal, siete; seguido de la conjuncin
kaiV, y; ojfqalmouV", caso acusativo masculino plural del sustantivo ojos; eJpta, adjetivo
numeral cardinal, siete; oi{, caso nominativo masculino plural del pronombre relativo el
que; eijsin, tercera persona plural del presente de indicativo en voz activa del verbo
eijmiv, ser, aqu como son; taV, caso nominativo neutro plural del artculo determinado,
los; eJptaV, adjetivo numeral cardinal, siete; en algunos mss. no consta; pneuvmata, caso
nominativo neutro plural del sustantivo espritus; seguido de tou`, caso genitivo
masculino singular del artculo determinado los, que no se usa en espaol al traducir la
clusula; Qeou`, caso genitivo masculino singular del nombre de Dios; ajpestalmevnoi,
caso nominativo masculino plural del participio perfecto en voz pasiva del verbo
ajpostevllw, enviar, aqu como enviados; eij", preposicin que rige acusativo, a;
pa`san, caso acusativo femenino singular del adjetivo que expresa radicalmente toda;
thVn, caso acusativo femenino singular del artculo determinado la; gh`n, caso acusativo
femenino singular del sustantivo tierra.

KaiV ei\don ejn mevsw/ tou` qrovnou kaiV tw`n tessavrwn zwv/wn kaiV ejn
mevsw/ tw`n presbutevrwn ajrnivon eJsthkoV" wJ" ejsfagmevnon. Ante la
indicacin del anciano y su llamado de atencin Juan dirigi nuevamente sus
ojos al trono. Tal vez esperaba ver al Len de la tribu de Jud, y lo que
realmente descubri fue el Cordero Salvador. La humildad, mansedumbre y
pureza que representa la figura de un cordero, es la ms apropiada para la

EL ROLLO EN EL CIELO

401

persona del Seor que aparece ante los ojos del apstol. No hay descripcin
para el trono porque ya se hizo antes, ocupando la centralidad del captulo
anterior. El Cordero que estaba en medio del trono estaba rodeado de los cuatro
ngeles especiales, de los que se ha considerando antes, llamados como en las
otras ocasiones seres vivientes. Cuando Juan fij su atencin en el Cordero
descubri que llevaba sobre s las huellas del sacrificio, ya que era un ajrnivon,
Cordero wJ" ejsfagmevnon,como inmolado. Normalmente slo se puede
hablar de un cordero que lleva las huellas del sacrificio como de un cordero
muerto, pero el apstol observa que est vivo, aunque hay evidencias visibles de
haber estado muerto. Era, sin duda, el mismo que vio en la primera visin
celestial (1:18), manifestado en otro aspecto. En la primera ocasin la gloria de
su impronta divina se haca manifiesta rodendolo de tal modo que el mismo
Seor tuvo que presentarse como el que haba estado muerto y que viva para
siempre por la resurreccin.
Un notable contraste se ofrece en esta visin, que junto con lo que
antecede y sigue, preparan el terreno para introducir las manifestaciones de
juicio que anuncian en los siguientes captulos, ya que quien va a ejercer la
accin judicial, al abrir los sellos, leer y ejecutar lo establecido en l, se
presenta como un Cordero inmolado, figura y expresin suprema de gracia y
redencin. El Redentor que muri para perdn de pecados a todo el que cree,
ser el Juez universal que ejecutar juicio sobre todos lo incrdulos. El primero
en calificar a Jess como Cordero de Dios fue Juan el Bautista (Jn. 1:29).
Algunos consideran sorpresiva tal declaracin a causa de un concepto extrao
en relacin con el ministerio del Bautista que, aparentemente llamaba a una
forma de mritos en el cumplimiento de la ley. En modo alguno esto es posible,
puesto que la misma Ley pona de manifiesto que la justificacin no poda
alcanzarse por sus obras, aun en el mayor de los esfuerzos del hombre que
nunca alcanzara lo suficiente para que Dios lo declarase justificado por su
propia justicia. Juan llamaba al arrepentimiento en la confesin del pecado y
aceptacin de la condicin personal, en un retorno incondicional a Dios que ya
haba justificado a Abraham no por sus obras sino por su fe (G. 3:6; Stg. 2:3).
Cuando Juan present a Jess como el Cordero de Dios, aadi que era el que
quitaba el pecado del mundo. El profeta haba llamado al pueblo al
arrepentimiento a fin de recibir la remisin de sus pecados. Luego les mostr
como sera posible aquello y por quin haba de esperarse el perdn. Mediante
su muerte en la cruz, el Cordero de Dios quita el pecado de sobre todo aquel
que lo recibe por fe, sometindose por esa misma fe a la gracia y perdn de
Dios. Esa accin es continuada como indica el verbo en participio de presente,
esto es, quita continuamente el pecado, separando al pecador de la
responsabilidad penal del pecado. Es necesario entender tambin que el pecado
con artculo expresa ms que nuestras rebeliones, el fracaso o fallo del hombre
respeto a su destino eterno. Esa misma singularizacin relativa al pecado est

402

APOCALIPSIS V

en el pensamiento del apstol Pablo cuando habla sobre la sustitucin personal

expiatoria de Jesucristo (2 Co. 5:21). De la misma manera el mundo, tiene un
sentido universal como ocurre en otros lugares (Jn. 3:16; 2 Co. 5:14-21; 1 Ti.
2:4-6; 1 Jn. 2:2). Cristo muri por todos los hombres, para hacer potencialmente
salvables a todos, aunque slo hay eficacia salvfica para quienes creen. No
hay, conforme a la verdad bblica, un universalismo salvfico del que se separan
quienes consciente y en rebelda deciden separarse de la salvacin. La salvacin
es de alcance universal en cuanto a posibilidad de salvacin para quienes creen,
pero no hay salvacin universal para todos los hombres por el hecho de la
expiacin en la Cruz. La condicin establecida por Dios para la salvacin es la
de creer, en sentido de ejercer como accin personal la fe con que Dios mismo
dota al hombre para salvacin (Ef. 2:8-9). El Cordero de Dios que quita el
pecado, lo aleja definitivamente del pecador creyente, de modo que la
responsabilidad penal nunca volver a afectarlo. Pero, ese Cordero de Dios que
quita, tambin lleva el pecado al cargarlo sobre s mismo en la Cruz (Is. 53:57). De la misma manera que el macho cabro vivo del da de la expiacin
llevaba al desierto simblicamente hablando- todas las iniquidades de los
hijos de Israel, todas sus rebeliones y todos sus pecados (Lv. 16:21), as
tambin Dios cancela el pecado separando al pecador de la responsabilidad
penal como consecuencia del mismo, al hacer al Cordero de Dios pecado por
nosotros, es decir, sacrificio expiatorio por nuestros pecados (2 Co. 5:21). En
la gracia salvfica de Dios, el Cordero, que Juan contempla en medio del trono,
sufri las angustias y dolores consecuencia del pecado, y fue llevado al
matadero, en silencio sufriente y entrega de gracia (Is. 53:7). Esa es la razn por
la que el apstol Pablo exhorta a los cristianos a una vida de santidad, en
contraste con el mundo incrdulo, en una limpieza simbolizada en el retirar toda
la levadura de maldad, porque el Cordero de Dios, ha sido definitivamente
sacrificado (1 Co. 5:7). Esa vida del Cordero de Dios, de infinito valor por
cuanto es Dios manifestado en carne, fue el precio pagado para la redencin del
pecador (1 P. 1:18-20). El creyente fue rescatado en un alcance de liberacin
total, mediante el pago de un precio como rescate. La liberacin de quien cree
es total, sacndolo de la condicin de esclavitud a causa del pecado (Ro. 6:1617), en una operacin de poder salvador realizada definitivamente, como el
apstol dice:fuisteis rescatados. El rescate liber de una forma vana de vida,
es decir, un sistema de vida vaco o intil, consecuencia de la corrupcin
heredada, transmitida desde nuestros padres. Las consecuencias del pecado,
que incluye esencialmente la rebelda contra Dios, la desobediencia a sus planes
y la negacin a adorarle como slo a l corresponde, son transmitidas de padres
a hijos (Sal. 51:5). El precio del rescate fue la sangre del Cordero de Dios que
hace expiacin por el pecado (Hch. 20:28; Ro. 3:24; 5:9; Col. 1:20; Ef. 1:7;
2:13; He. 13:12; 1 Jn. 1:7; Ap. 1:5). La obra de redencin haba sido establecida
de antemano, habiendo sido destinado el Cordero desde antes de la fundacin
del mundo. El plan de redencin tuvo lugar antes de la creacin (Ro. 16:25; 1

EL ROLLO EN EL CIELO

403

Co. 2:7; Ef. 1:4; 3:9-11; Col. 1:26; 2 Ti. 1:9), y su ejecucin en el cumplimiento
del tiempo determinado por Dios (G. 4:4), en cuyo momento Cristo dio su vida
voluntariamente por los pecados (Jn. 10:11, 15, 17, 18), en un sacrificio en
rescate por muchos (Mt. 20:28; Mr. 10:45). La razn de ese sacrificio fue una
expresin de amor infinito e incompresible para el hombre; de parte del Padre
(Jn. 3:16); de parte del Hijo (Ro. 5:8; G. 2:20b); hecho realidad por el Espritu
en la regeneracin del pecador creyente. De este modo se entiende que la visin
de Juan sea la de un Cordero como inmolado. Dios hizo todo cuanto estaba en
su compromiso de salvacin. El Seor Jesucristo dio su vida para dar salvacin
y libertad a todos los que crean, por tanto, quienes siguen en incredulidad y se
oponen voluntaria y conscientemente al plan de Dios, recibirn los juicios que
Dios enva al mundo para probar a los que moran sobre la tierra (3:10).
Quien no acepta al Salvador, inexcusablemente se encuentra con el Juez.
Adems un contraste se producir en el mismo libro; aqu el Cordero,
ms adelante la bestia (13:1). Mientras que el Cordero expresa la gracia de Dios
en salvacin y la entrega por amor, la bestia pone de manifiesto la fuerza
diablica con que Satans se opone al propsito de Dios. El Cordero expresa la
potencia salvadora de Dios, que en su muerte derrot a Satans y en su
resurreccin y glorificacin detecta el poder absoluto de quien es Seor en
cielos y tierra. Una vez ms debe destacarse que el Cordero que Juan vio era wJ"
ejsfagmevnon, como inmolado, en un nuevo y aparente contraste, ya que
quien se manifiesta como el degollado, est en pie, lleno de vida, llevando en su
cuerpo las seales de la Cruz. As se manifest a los discpulos despus de la
resurreccin (Jn. 20:27). Las marcas apuntan tambin hacia una funcin de
intercesin permanente (He. 9:14; 7:25). La figura del Cordero como inmolado
expresa tambin el cumplimiento del tipo del cordero pascual del Antiguo
Testamento (Ex. 12:51; Is. 53:7). Todo esto se cumpli en Jess de Nazaret, el
Cordero de Dios.
El Cordero estaba eJsthkoV", en pie, ejn mevsw/ tou` qrovnou, en medio del
trono. Es difcil determinar el verdadero sentido de esta expresin. Pudiera
tratarse de alguien que pie delante del mismo trono. Lo ms probable es que
tuviera el trono como fondo y estuviera entre los ancianos, o tal vez mejor,
entre estos y el trono, es decir, en pie delante del trono y en la mayor
proximidad al mismo de todos los que estaban en la visin que Juan tuvo. En
esa forma la revelacin se entiende mejor, puesto que el Cordero iba a
aproximarse para tomar el libro de la mano de quien estaba sentado en el trono.
En medio de las aparentes contradicciones, una ms se aprecia en la
visin ya que quien es Cordero, es tambin Len. En la cruz fue el len que
venci al diablo y lo despoj, llevando cautiva la cautividad (Ef. 4:8, 9), con
todo, tambin es el Cordero manso y humilde que fue a la muerte en silencio,

404

APOCALIPSIS V

dando su vida voluntariamente por amor (Is. 53:7; Jn. 1:29; Hch. 8:32; 1 P.
1:19). Este Cordero estaba en pie. La posicin en pie indica la disposicin para
actuar. No est sentado como expresin de una obra cumplida, sino en pie, para
realizar la misin que le corresponde conforme a lo establecido en el libro. Sin
duda estos dos captulos introducen el aspecto judicial del Apocalipsis en el
desarrollo siguiente. En cuanto a obra redentora concluida definitivamente el
Seor est sentado a la diestra de la majestad en las alturas (He. 1:3). No hay ya
nada que aadir a lo que est perfecta y perpetuamente hecho. En cuanto a su
obra judicial el Seor est en pie, en disposicin de actuar.
El Cordero que vio Juan e[cwn kevrata eJptaV tena siete cuernos. Siete
es el nmero perfecto y el cuerno en la Escritura es smbolo de poder y
autoridad (Nm. 23:22; Dt. 33:17; 1 S. 2:1, 10; 2 S. 22:3; Sal. 75:5, 10; 89:17,
24; 92:10; 112:9). Estos siete cuernos representan la omnipotencia del CorderoJess. Cuando el Seor resucit y se manifest a los discpulos les dijo: toda
autoridad me es dada en el cielo y en la tierra (Mt. 28:18). La primera
manifestacin del Seor estaba relacionada con la autoridad que tena. l era
realmente Rey y tena que manifestar su autoridad como soberano. De esto es
de lo que habl Jess a los once. No les habl en la distancia, sino que se acerc
a ellos para darles el mensaje que nunca antes les haba dado sobre la autoridad
suprema, universal y csmica que le era propia, porque la haba recibido del
Padre en la resurreccin de entre los muertos. Jess afirma ante los once su
dominio universal. El es realmente el Rey de reyes y el Seor de seores. No
poda vincularse y limitarse el reino, sobre el que tena autoridad, a Israel, sino
a todo el universo comprendiendo en ello la plenitud absoluta de toda la
creacin, tanto de los ngeles en los cielos, como de los hombres en la tierra y,
en general, el seoro absoluto sobre todo sin limitacin alguna. Nada ni nadie
escapaba al ejercicio de su soberana. El apstol Pablo escribi sobre esta
manifestacin de absoluta autoridad relacionada con el Resucitado enseando
que como consecuencia de la muerte del Salvador, Dios tambin le exalt
hasta lo sumo (Fil. 2:6). La Cruz era el punto de partida para la exaltacin
suprema; como se lee literalmente le superexalt. Es la respuesta al deseo de
quien se haba humillado hasta lo sumo: Yo te he glorificado en la tierra; he
acabado la obra que me diste que hiciese. Ahora, pues, Padre, glorifcame t al
lado tuyo, con aquella gloria que tuve contigo antes que el mundo fuese (Jn.
17:4-5). Es tambin el cumplimiento de la enseanza de Jess: Porque el que
se enaltece ser humillado, y el que se humilla ser enaltecido (Mt. 23:12). La
exaltacin despus de la humillacin es concordante con la enseanza bblica
en general (Lc. 1:52; 14:11; 18:14; Stg. 4:10; 1 P. 5:6). A causa del
padecimiento de muerte el Seor recibi la exaltacin hasta lo sumo (He. 2:9;
con 1:3; 12:2). La exaltacin de Jesucristo supera cualquier otra ya que no slo
fue promovido a la gloria como lo sern los creyentes, sino que el Mediador
traspas los cielos (He. 4:14). Este Salvador resucitado fue hecho ms sublime

EL ROLLO EN EL CIELO

405

que los cielos (He. 7:26). Todava ms, su exaltacin se ha puesto sobre los
cielos, subiendo por encima de ellos (Ef. 4:10). La exaltacin suprema de Jess
le ha hecho sentar a la diestra del trono de Dios, lugar de suprema autoridad y
de suprema dignidad (Mr. 16:19; Hch. 2:33; 5:31; Ro. 8:34; He. 1:3; 12:2).
Aquel que se haba manifestado como un hombre entre los hombres, es
entronizado como Rey de reyes y Seor de seores, sobre toda autoridad, ahora
y por siempre (Ef. 1:20-22). La exaltacin pasa por tres etapas: primero por la
resurreccin de entre los muertos (Jn. 10:18; Ro. 8:11; 10:9); en segundo lugar
por la ascensin a los cielos (Lc. 24:26); y finalmente por la sesin a la diestra
de Dios (Mr. 16:19). El sujeto de la exaltacin es el Verbo de Dios en su
naturaleza humana. A ese hombre perfecto, el Padre le dio el nombre que es
sobre todo nombre. No se trata de un nombre, sino del nico nombre. El
nombre le fue dado, concedido, como el hombre vinculado a la obra de gracia.
La raz de gracia est en el verbo dio que Pablo utiliza en el texto. El apstol
aclara de qu nombre se trata, pero antes afirma que es el nombre sobre todo
nombre, que se relaciona necesariamente con la deidad de Jesucristo. ste es,
por tanto, el nombre humano del Verbo de Dios encarnado, dado por Dios
mismo. Cuando Mara, su madre, y Jos su padre adoptivo, pusieron nombre al
recin nacido le dieron aquel que el ngel les haba indicado: llamars su
nombre Jess(Lc. 1:31). Jess significa Yahweh salva, es, por tanto, un
nombre divino, ya que la salvacin corresponde absoluta, exclusiva y
excluyentemente a Dios (Sal. 3:8; Jon. 2:9). Por esa razn de Jess se dice que
el salvar a su pueblo de sus pecados (Mt. 1:21). Sin embargo, el nombre
Jess, fue considerado como el nombre de alguien sin atractivo, esto es, el
nombre de un hombre sin importancia y sin estima (Is. 53:2). Jess no tuvo
atractivo como Rey y mucho menos como Salvador entre los hombres y,
especialmente, entre los de su pueblo. Ellos esperaban un Rey-Mesas
conquistador, victorioso que establecera el reino que ellos aguardaban
conforme a su entendimiento teolgico y a la interpretacin que hacan de los
pasajes profticos y ese Jess, que se llamaba a l mismo Hijo de Dios, haba
muerto en una cruz. Si de poca estima era en cuanto a reino, menos lo era en
cuanto a Salvador. Los judos estaban enseados a alcanzar la justificacin por
descendencia natural de Abraham y por cumplimiento de las demandas legales,
especialmente las ceremoniales. De forma especial los principales entre los
judos, los sacerdotes, escribas y fariseos, no sentan ninguna necesidad de la
sustitucin personal, ni de la justicia imputada para salvacin. Cuando Jess
declar su deidad fue amenazado de muerte por los hombres (Jn. 10:33). Fue el
nombre de desprecio establecido como causa escrita sobre su cruz, que
provocaba las burlas de los que presenciaban su martirio (Mt. 27:37, 39). Sin
embargo, pese a los desprecios de las gentes y a la ignorancia voluntaria de
quienes le negaban como Mesas, es Dios bendito manifestado en carne (Jn.
1:1; Ro. 9:5). Dios levant de entre los muertos a la humanidad del Verbo
eterno y a ese hombre Jess, resucitado y revestido de inmortalidad se le

406

APOCALIPSIS V

nombra csmicamente como la autoridad suprema en igualdad divina, hasta el

punto que bajo su nombre se doble toda rodilla. Pablo ensea que hay un
reconocimiento universal de su deidad y, por tanto, de su seoro. Quienes se
inclinaron en burla ante Jess de Nazaret crucificado, habrn de hacerlo ante el
mismo Jess glorificado, reconocindole como Dios. Es algo que ya estaba
profetizado en el Antiguo Testamento y una impresionante evidencia de la
Deidad de Jess: Mirad a m, y sed salvos, todos lo trminos de la tierra,
porque yo soy Dios, y no hay mas. Por m mismo hice juramento, de mi boca
sali palabra en justicia, y no ser revocada: Que a m se doblar toda rodilla,
y jurar toda lengua. Y se dir de m: Ciertamente en Jehov est la justicia y
la fuerza; a l vendrn, y todos los que contra l se enardecen sern
avergonzados (Is. 45:22-24). Jess no es un hombre divinizado o un dios
rebajado, sino el infinito y eterno Dios manifestado en carne (Jn. 1:14). La
autoridad de su Persona qued evidenciada en los milagros hechos por l en su
ministerio, y por medio de l, es decir, bajo su autoridad despus de su
ascensin (Hch. 3:6; 9:34; 16:18). Nada, ni hombres ni demonios, ni la muerte
ni las circunstancias, pudieron impedir que despus de su resurreccin y
glorificacin los testigos suyos, y de forma muy destacada los apstoles,
hiciesen las mismas seales de poder que l hizo durante su vida. Este nombre
de suprema autoridad que corresponde a una Persona Divino-humana, sujeta a
toda la creacin bajo su soberana y voluntad, los que estn en los cielos, y en
la tierra, y debajo de la tierra. Los tres grupos de seres mencionados en tres
esferas distintas. Por un lado los que estn en los cielos es una alusin a los
rdenes de los ngeles, los querubines, serafines, ngeles y arcngeles, que
sirven a Dios en vidas de absoluta santidad. En la misma esfera celestial los
millones de salvos por gracia mediante la fe que estn en la presencia de Dios
(Ef. 1.21; 3:10; 1 P. 3:22; Ap. 4:8-11; 5:8-12). Luego quienes estn sobre la
tierra, en clara alusin a los hombres que vivan en el planeta, tanto en esta parte
de la historia humana como en la nueva creacin de Dios (1 Co. 15:40). La
autoridad suprema alcanza tambin a los que estn debajo de la tierra, en
alusin a los muertos sin salvacin y tambin a los ngeles cados eternamente
condenados por su pecado (Mt. 16:18; Jud. 6). Quienes no hayan querido doblar
voluntariamente sus rodillas en adoracin, reconociendo la realidad de quien es
Jess, tendrn que hacerlo en el futuro en reconocimiento universal de su
Deidad. El seoro absoluto de Jess ser confesando en el futuro (Fil. 2:11). La
universalidad de la confesin es cierta: Y toda lengua confiese, dice el
apstol Pablo. Se trata de las lenguas que corresponden a todas las rodillas
del texto anterior. No slo es un acto de sumisin, sino de reconocimiento. Esas
lenguas confesarn, y confesar implica un reconocimiento desde la conviccin.
El reconocimiento y confesin de Jess como Salvador, produce ahora la
salvacin de quienes creen en su corazn y confiesan con su boca (Ro. 10:910). No se trata, por tanto, de una segunda oportunidad para los rebeldes en un
tiempo futuro, ni mucho menos un universalismo salvfico, ser una confesin

EL ROLLO EN EL CIELO

407

plenaria sobre Jesucristo que no alterar la situacin de quienes confiesen

entonces. La confesin es una proclamacin reconocida que Jesucristo es el
Seor. Todo el universo confesar proclamando que Jess de Nazaret es el
Seor. Equivale al reconocimiento universal de Jess como Dios. Seor es la
traduccin griega del nombre inefable de Dios. As lo declara Pedro en su
mensaje de Pentecosts (Hch. 2:8). Hay sin embargo un grupo de seres que
confiesan ya esta verdad, y reconocen y exaltan a Jess de este modo, por un
lado los ngeles y salvos en los cielos (Ap. 5:11-14); y por otro los creyentes en
la tierra, que por el Espritu confiesan a Jess como Seor (1 Co. 12:3). Jess
ser proclamado Seor supremo, culminando as el reconocimiento del nombre
recibido, en pleno sentido soteriolgico y escatolgico (Ap. 5:13; 17:14; 19:16).
La meta suprema de la exaltacin es la gloria de Dios: Para gloria de Dios
Padre. La gloria de Dios es el trmino supremo de todo (1 Co. 15:28). En la
proclamacin universal del seoro de Cristo el Padre que le exalt a lo sumo
ser glorificado (Jn. 13:31, 32; 14:13; 17:1). Las perfecciones de Dios
corresponden a Jess como Dios que es, en la unidad del Padre y del Espritu.
Por tanto, aquel Cordero de Dios que quita el pecado del mundo, inmolado y
sepultado, el que gust la muerte por todos, es tambin el que resucit y est
entronizado a la diestra de Dios. Desde su posicin omnipotente se manifiesta
en pie, dispuesto a intervenir en la historia humana, conforme al propsito
determinado para el futuro. El es digno porque puede actuar y est dispuesto a
hacerlo.
Unido a los siete cuernos, seal de autoridad y poder, Juan vio tambin
ojfqalmouV" eJptaV, siete ojos. Como en el caso anterior el siete es el numero de
perfeccin, lo que unido al simbolismo de los ojos expresa omnisciencia,
sabidura y plenitud de inteligencia. El glorioso Seor conoce todo cuanto
ocurre en cada instante en todo el universo y en cada uno de los seres creados
por l. La identidad de la visin de Juan con la profeca del Antiguo
Testamento es notoria: Porque he aqu aquella piedra que puse delante de
Josu; sobre esta nica piedra hay siete ojos; he aqu yo grabar su escultura,
dice Jehov de los ejrcitos, y quitar el pecado de la tierra en un da (Ez.
3:9). Aun una identificacin mayor: Porque los que menospreciaron el da de
las pequeeces se alegrarn, y ver la plomada en la mano de Zorobabel. Estos
siete son los ojos de Jehov, que recorren la tierra (Ez. 3:10). Esta es una
evidencia ms que permite intuir que Juan estaba reflexionando en Patmos
sobre las profecas que anuncian el Da de Jehov, o Da de Dios, en el juicio
que l enviar sobre la tierra. Las dificultades profticas del Antiguo
Testamento son aclaradas a Juan y por medio de l a nosotros, en los detalles de
las visiones del Apocalipsis. Anteriormente, en la primera visin que Juan tuvo
del Seor resucitado, pudo contemplar sus ojos como llama de fuego (1:14).
Tambin el apstol ense que los siete espritus brillan delante del trono de
Dios (4:5). En esta ocasin los siete espritus son enviados con una misin,

408

APOCALIPSIS V

recorrer la tierra: oi{ eijsin taV eJptaV!pneuvmata tou` Qeou ajpestalmevnoi

eij" pa`san thVn gh`n, los que son los siete espritus de Dios que han sido
enviados a toda la tierra. Sin duda se trata aqu de una referencia al Espritu
Santo que procede del Padre y del Hijo y ha sido enviado a la tierra con una
misin relacionada en este tiempo, con la fundacin y formacin de la Iglesia.
En razn de la procedencia, el Espritu es tanto del Padre como del Hijo (Ro.
8:9). El Espritu tuvo distintos ministerios a lo largo del tiempo. Aqu no se
especifica en que consistir. El poder de Dios expresado por el Espritu que
actu en la creacin, ser enviado por toda la tierra para la ejecucin del
programa establecido por Dios, entre cuyas acciones tendr lugar la ejecucin
omnipotente de la ira divina sobre los hombres a causa de su pecado. El
ministerio del Espritu tendr que ver tambin en los ltimos tiempos con la
salvacin de miles que sern alcanzados por el evangelio, como manifestacin
continuada de la gracia de Dios para salvacin. Adems, el Espritu, como
Paracleto, tendr a su cargo la provisin de aliento para los atribulados
creyentes que sern salvos durante el tiempo de la tribulacin.
7. Y vino, y tom el libro de la mano derecha del que estaba sentado en el
trono.
kaiV h\lqen kaiV ei[lhfen ejk th`" dexia`" tou` kaqhmevnou ejpiV tou` qrovnou
y

vino

tom

de

la

diestra

del

sentado

sobre el

trono.

Notas y anlisis del texto griego.

Dando ilacin al relato Juan introduce nuevamente la conjuncin kaiV, y; seguida de
h\lqen, tercera persona singular del aoristo segundo de indicativo en voz activa del
verbo e[rcomai, venir, aqu como vino; kaiV, conjuncin, y; ei[lhfen, tercera persona
singular del perfecto de indicativo en voz activa del verbo lambavnw, alcanzar, tomar,
obtener, recibir, recoger, tomar, aqu como tom; debe tenerse en cuenta el significado
receptivo de aceptar, serle entregado algo a alguien, que probablemente sea la idea que
Juan desea expresar aqu, ms que tomar algo por fuerza, lo toma recibindolo; ejk,
preposicin de genitivo de; th`", caso genitivo femenino singular del artculo
determinado, la; dexia`", caso genitivo femenino singular del adjetivo derecha, referido
y equivalente a la mano derecha; tou``, caso genitivo masculino singular del artculo
determinado del; kaqhmevnou, caso genitivo masculino singular del participio presente
en voz activa del verbo kavqhmai, sentarse, aqu como sentado; ejpi, preposicin de
genitivo, sobre; tou`, caso genitivo masculino singular del artculo determinado, el;
qrovnou, caso genitivo masculino singular del sustantivo, trono.

KaiV h\lqen kaiV ei[lhfen ejk th`" dexia`" tou` kaqhmevnou ejpiV tou`
qrovnou. Juan describe la actuacin del Cordero. La mirada del apstol se fij
en el Seor viendo como se acercaba al que estaba sentado en el trono. La
accin descrita por Juan es concreta y precisa, como se lee literalmente en el

EL ROLLO EN EL CIELO

409

texto griego mediante la conjuncin de dos verbos que expresan accin: h\lqen
kaiV ei[lhfen, vino y tom. Este ltimo verbo11 se usa mayoritariamente en el
Nuevo Testamento, especialmente en los escritos tardos como es el
Apocalipsis, en sentido de recibir, expresando la idea de tomar algo que le es
entregado por otro. En este caso, el Cordero se acerc al que estaba sentado en
el trono y recibi de l, que le entreg por ser el nico digno, el libro escrito
por dentro y por fuera atado con siete sellos. De esta forma tan simple se pone
de relieve el tremendo dramatismo de la escena en la que se produce el traspaso
del libro de la mano del Padre a la de su Hijo, Jesucristo. La pregunta del ngel
fuerte qued definitivamente respondida: Quin es digno?. Solo Jess, el
Seor, es el nico digno. El Cordero que fue inmolado y resucit es el nico
digno de tomar el libro y actuar conforme a lo dispuesto en l. No lo tom como
el Len que arrebata por la fuerza, sino que lo recibi como el Cordero que
tiene todo el derecho porque es digno. La visin que Juan tuvo y que describe al
principio del libro alcanza aqu el cenit pleno de que aquello que escribi ya:
La revelacin de Jesucristo, que Dios le dio, para manifestar a sus siervos las
cosas que deben suceder pronto (Ap. 1:1). El Padre es quien da la revelacin
de las ltimas cosas al Hijo, quien a su vez las transmite a los creyentes por
medio de Juan. Debe entenderse bien que el sentido de dar la revelacin de las
cosas futuras al Hijo, no supone, en modo alguno, que el Hijo desconozca algo
del contenido absoluto en la mente de Dios. El Verbo eterno conoce en plenitud
absoluta todo el pensamiento de Dios y los arcanos divinos le son plenamente
conocidos. Sin embargo, de aquello que est slo en el conocimiento de Dios,
va a comunicarlo al conocimiento de los hombres, por tanto, tiene que pasar por
medio del Hijo, como agente comunicador, puesto que es el nico Mediador
entre Dios y los hombres (1 Ti. 2:5); es decir, el conocimiento divino se hace
extensible al hombre por medio de Jesucristo, quien como Hijo recibe del Padre
el contenido y extensin de lo que del pensamiento de Dios se debe revelar al
hombre. Esta revelacin no es ya un contenido proftico que se presenta aqu,
sino la realidad de un presente que se cumplir en el futuro en el que las cosas
anunciadas sern ejecutadas en su plenitud. El que recibe el libro de la mano fe
Dios, es el que lo va a abrir y leer, en el sentido de poner por obra aquello que
ha sido determinado. El decreto de los juicios que estaban en la mano del Padre,
pasan a la del Cordero-Hijo, que los toma en el sentido de quedarse con ellos y
llevarlos a cabo. Lo que Jess dijo en su ministerio tiene ya cumplimiento
pleno, porque el Padre a nadie juzga, sino que todo el juicio lo dio al Hijo
(Jn. 5:22). Su muerte y resurreccin lo exhibe y proclama csmicamente como
quien tiene derecho para reinar y reina.
Los creyentes necesitamos ver a Cristo en esta dimensin gloriosa.
Muchas veces la imagen del Seor no pasa de ser la del Siervo sufriente, el
11

Griego: lambavnw.

410

APOCALIPSIS V

Varn de dolores experimentado en quebranto, como si an sobre l estuviese

la corona de espinas y los clavos lo tuviesen an retenido sobre la Cruz. O tal
vez, como si la tumba contuviese an su cuerpo. No es esta la realidad del
Resucitado, el glorioso Seor. El recuerdo de su obra y el sacrificio llevado a
cabo en la Cruz, deben estar siempre presentes en la mente cristiana para
gratitud y compromiso de vida, como expresin de reconocimiento ante las
misericordias de Dios (Ro. 12:1). Pero, no puede sustituirse por la visin de
quien conserva las seales de la Cruz como Cordero inmolado, que vive
glorioso y reina con poder absoluto. Esa es una de las mayores necesidades de
discernimiento que los cristianos deben tener, sobre todo, cuando parten el Pan.
Esa ordenanza no est para recordar la muerte, sino para proclamar la muerte
del Seor (1 Co. 11:26). Indudablemente la proclamacin conlleva el recuerdo
de esa muerte voluntaria y sustitutoria por el pecado del mundo. No cabe duda
que el creyente sincero y afectivo, siente la profunda emocin hasta el punto de
que las lgrimas brotan de sus ojos, y el corazn no encuentra palabras para
expresar la gratitud que siente cuando alcanza a comprender que el Seor me
am y se entreg a s mismo por m (G. 2:20). Pero, en ningn caso queda
con la angustia de un muerto, sino que pasa a un exultante gozo porque quien
haba estado muerto, ahora vive y vive para siempre. Por tanto el encuentro en
recordatorio es un momento de alabanza y gozo porque el Seor vive. No hay
peor testimonio para la proclamacin de la muerte del Seor, que un culto
lgubre, con cnticos mortuorios y recogimiento angustioso de quienes lloran la
muerte de alguien. No hay testimonio ms bblico sobre la muerte del Seor que
proclamarla con el gozo de saber que por su resurreccin hay vida eterna,
perdn de pecados y justificacin para todo aquel que crea (Ro. 4:25). El
cristiano va a cumplir la ordenanza del partimiento del pan, no con la tristeza
propia de un tanatorio, sino con el gozo glorioso de una tumba vaca, porque el
Seor ha resucitado y as lo proclama al mundo. El Seor que en su
resurreccin conserva en su cuerpo glorioso las seales de su muerte que lo
acreditan como el Cordero inmolado, vive glorioso y reina en poder absoluto.
Este es el Seor que tom por derecho la administracin de los juicios sobre el
mundo impo y rebelde y los ejecutar en su tiempo. Su mano es la mano
omnipotente de Dios. Jess, el Seor, es quien ha recibido todo el poder en
cielos y tierra (Fil. 2:9-11). Este poderoso Dios, entronizado a la diestra del
Padre, tiene un compromiso personal con quienes son suyos; compromiso de
compaa y ayuda continuada conforme a su promesa: Yo estoy con vosotros
todos los das (Mt. 28:20). El que venci y reina est comprometido con los
suyos comunicndoles poder para la vida victoriosa. Nada hay que Dios haya
retenido para sus hijos porque primero les ha dado a su propio Hijo y con l
todas las cosas (Ro. 8:32). En este proceso de seguridad, el cristiano ms
sencillo, el que est rodeado de conflictos y miserias, el que suspira bajo
cualquier pesada carga, bajo la presin de la prueba, o bajo el sufrimiento por el
testimonio de su fe, puede levantar sus ojos al trono y decir: Si Dios es por

EL ROLLO EN EL CIELO

411

nosotros, quin contra nosotros? (Ro. 8:31). El camino de la vida cristiana

resulta muchas veces sumamente dificultoso, pero en esos lugares donde las
nieblas apenas permiten distinguir el paso para transitar, all est tambin el
Seor. En la soledad ms grande, el amor de Dios rodea al cristiano, sin que
nada ni nadie pueda estorbar su fluir e impedir su experiencia. Es as que cada
uno puede en firmeza de fe decir tambin: Quin nos separar del amor de
Cristo? Tribulacin, o angustia, o persecucin, o hambre, o desnudez, o
peligro, o espada? (Ro. 8:35). El ministro cristiano, el pastor, el maestro en la
iglesia debe orientar a los creyentes hacia la contemplacin y consideracin del
glorioso Seor resucitado y entronizado. Nada ms alentador para el que
necesita aliento, nada ms esperanzador para quien pueda estar debilitado en su
esperanza, nada ms ilusionante para considerar el futuro admirable del pueblo
de Dios, que la admirable dimensin del glorioso Seor, que garantiza ese
futuro para Su pueblo. Esta es una de las mayores necesidades y retos para el
ministro cristiano. El creyente amargado es aquel que ha perdido de vista la
gloriosa dimensin del Seor.
El cntico (5:8-14).
8. Y cuando hubo tomado el libro, los cuatro seres vivientes y los
veinticuatro ancianos se postraron delante del Cordero; todos tenan arpas,
y copas de oro llenas de incienso, que son las oraciones de los santos;
KaiV o{te e[laben toV biblivon, taV tevssara
Y

cuando tom

el

libro

los

cuatro

zw`/a

kaiV oiJ

seres vivientes

los

ei[kosi tevssare" presbuvteroi e[pesan ejnwvpion tou` ajrnivou e[conte"

veinticuatro

ancianos

cayeron

delante

del

Cordero

que tienen

e{kasto" kiqavran kaiV fiavla" crusa`" gemouvsa" qumiamavtwn, ai{

eijsin
cada uno

ctaras

copas

de oro

llenas

de incienso

las que son

aiJ proseucaiV tw`n aJgivwn

las

oraciones

de los santos.

Notas y anlisis del texto griego.

El versculo comienza con una clusula temporal indefinida vinculante como exige al
ser introducida mediante la conjuncin kaiV, y, que enlaza con lo que antecede y abre
una nueva dimensin de la visin que se describe; seguida de o{te, conjuncin temporal,
que equivale a cuando, al tiempo que, despus que; como conjuncin (con indicativo)
designa el momento en que sucede algo, y va seguida principalmente del aoristo; en
ocasiones puede sustituir al pronombre relativo o incluso hacer las funciones de
adverbio de tiempo; e[laben, tercera persona singular del aoristo segundo de indicativo
en voz activa del verbo lambavnw, considerado antes que equivale a tomar, recibir,
aqu como tom, o recibi, por la estructura de la oracin puede traducirse mejor por el
pretrito indefinido hubo tomado; toV, caso acusativo neutro singular del artculo

412

APOCALIPSIS V

determinado, lo, masculino en castellano, el; biblivon, caso acusativo neutro singular
del sustantivo que denota, libro, rollo de escritura; taV, caso nominativo neutro plural
del artculo determinado, los; ei[kosi tevssare", caso nominativo masculino plural de
los adjetivos numerales cardinales veinte, cuatro, en espaol veinticuatro;
presbuvteroi, caso nominativo masculino plural del adjetivo que expresa la condicin
de avanzado en edad, anciano; e[pesan, tercera persona plural del aoristo primero de
indicativo en voz activa del verbo pivptw, caer, derrumbar, postrar, aqu como se
postraron, o se prosternaron; ejnwvpion, preposicin de genitivo, que se usa tambin
como adverbio y denota delante de, en la presencia de, en frente de; tou``, caso genitivo
neutro singular del artculo determinado del; ajrnivou, caso genitivo neutro singular del
sustantivo que denota cordero; e[conte", caso nominativo masculino plural del
participio presente en voz activa del verbo e[cw, haber o tener, aqu como que tienen;
e{kasto", caso nominativo masculino singular del adjetivo indefinido cada uno, cada,
cada cual; kiqavran, caso acusativo femenino singular del sustantivo ctaras,
instrumento musical antiguo semejante a la lira, pero con caja de resonancia de madera,
modernamente la caja tiene forma trapezoidal y el nmero de sus cuerdas vara entre 20
y 30, tocndose con pa; kaiV, conjuncin y; fiavla", caso acusativo femenino singular
del sustantivo copas, realmente se refiere a un recipiente en forma de plato o copa de
boca ancha y poco fondo, en castellano ptera; crusa`", caso acusativo femenino
plural del adjetivo que expresa algo dorado o de oro; gemouvsa", caso acusativo
femenino plural del participio de presente en voz activa del verbo gevmw, estar lleno,
aqu como llenas; de las once veces que el trmino aparece en el Nuevo Testamento,
siete corresponde al Apocalipsis (4:6, 8; 5:8; 15:7; 17:3, 4; 21:9). El verbo, por regla
general, no se usa ms que en presente y en imperfecto y en el Nuevo Testamento
nicamente en indicativo y en participio de presente. Sigue luego qumiamavtwn, caso
genitivo neutro plural del sustantivo de incienso; ai{, caso nominativo femenino plural
del pronombre relativo, que; eijsin, tercera persona plural del presente de indicativo en
voz activa del verbo eijmiv, ser o estar, aqu como son; aiJ, caso nominativo femenino
plural del artculo determinado, las; proseucaiV, caso nominativo femenino plural del
sustantivo que expresa oraciones, plegarias, peticiones; tw`n, caso genitivo masculino
plural del artculo determinado, de los; aJgivwn, caso genitivo masculino plural del
adjetivo santos.

KaiV o{te e[laben toV biblivon. La transferencia de la autoridad judicial

del Padre al Hijo se produce al tomar el libro. Juan ve ya la accin como algo
consumado y la expresa mediante un modo verbal que indica algo realizado
plenamente.
TaV tevssara zw`/a kaiV oiJ ei[kosi tevssare" presbuvteroi e[pesan
ejnwvpion tou` ajrnivou. En ese instante en que el Cordero tom el libro, el cielo
estalla en una alabanza en la que participan tanto los cuatro seres vivientes
como los veinticuatro ancianos. El Seor haba recibido solemnemente del
Padre su investidura, y como nico digno de abrir el libro y desatar sus sellos,
lo es tambin de recibir la alabanza. En los cielos todos proclaman su gloria
mediante una impresionante alabanza. Su gloriosa posicin impulsa la
adoracin celestial. Los seres vivientes, cuatro ngeles con una actividad

EL ROLLO EN EL CIELO

413

especial de ministerio en torno al trono, considerados antes (4:8, 10), le alaban.

Junto con ellos, como adoradores, estaban tambin los veinticuatro ancianos
sobre quienes se ha reflexionado antes para definir quienes son, y que
representan a la Iglesia glorificada en la presencia de Dios.
La adoracin se produce mediante una respetuosa actitud de cada uno de
los adoradores. Todos ellos e[pesan ejnwvpion, se postraron, literalmente en el
texto griego se aprecia la accin de caer hacia delante, que implica sumisin y
reconocimiento de quien es Seor. No hay duda alguna que la adoracin se
dirige al Cordero. Slo Dios puede ser adorado, por tanto, si el Cordero es
adorado, es tambin Dios. Los ngeles ms elevados y los santos glorificados se
postran en adoracin. Para quienes niegan la deidad de Cristo, aqu est la
evidencia expresada en un acto de adoracin. e[conte" e{kasto" kiqavran kaiV
fiavla" crusa`" gemouvsa" qumiamavtwn, todos tenan arpas, y copas de
oro llenas de incienso. En el texto griego se lee literalmente e{kasto", cada
uno. Cabe preguntarse si las arpas, mejor las ctaras, y las copas las tenan tanto
los ngeles como los ancianos o slo uno de los dos grupos y, en este caso, cul
de ellos. Pudiera tratarse de la totalidad de los seres vivientes y de los ancianos.
Debe recordarse que ms adelante aparecer un ngel en relacin con el altar
del incienso vinculado tambin con la figura de las oraciones de los santos
(8:3). Sin embargo, en razn del contexto inmediato siguiente, cabe pensar que
mejor se refiere slo a los veinticuatro ancianos. En este caso, cada uno de ellos
tena una ctara y una copa.
Los veinticuatro ancianos tenan en sus manos ctaras, el instrumento
tradicional para cantar los Salmos (Sal. 33:2; 98:5; etc.). En la mayora de las
versiones se traduce kiqavran, ctara por arpa. Se trata de un instrumento
parecido a la lira, ms afn con la guitarra que con el arpa. El instrumento era
propio para interpretar con l msica de regocijo y victoria, como ocurre en
varias referencias del Antiguo Testamento (cf. 1 Cr. 25:1, 6; 2 Cr. 29:25; Sal.
71:22; 92:3; 149:3). El mismo instrumento se relaciona tambin con actividades
de los profetas, como ocurre con la seal que dio Samuel a Sal (1 S. 10:5).
Incluso parece ser que algunos profetas profetizaban cantando o
acompandose con una ctara (1 Cr. 25:3), tal vez a eso mismo se refiere el
Salmo de los hijos de Cor, cuando dice: Inclinar al proverbio mi odo;
declarar con el arpa mi enigma (Sal. 49:4).
Junto con los instrumentos musicales tenan tambin fiavla" crusa`",
pteras de oro, traducido generalmente como copas, tratndose en realidad de
recipientes de boca ancha y poca profundidad, hechos de oro. Estos mismos
recipientes son los mencionados en la profeca de Zacaras (14:20). Estas
pteras estaban gemouvsa" qumiamavtwn, llenas de incienso. Lo ms probable
es que se refiere ms que al incienso en s, al olor del incienso que haba sido

414

APOCALIPSIS V

depositado en ellas. El incienso quemado en la presencia del Seor es smbolo

de ai{ eijsin aiJ proseucaiV tw`n aJgivwn, las oraciones de los santos,
especialmente en el ejercicio de la oracin intercesora de los creyentes, como se
lee en el Salmo: Suba mi oracin delante de ti como el incienso, el don de mis
manos como la ofrenda de la tarde (Sal. 141:2):
Cabe tambin preguntarse a quienes se refiere Juan con el adjetivo
aJgivwn, santos. Algunos intrpretes de hermenutica dispensacional, entienden
que estos santos slo pueden ser los salvos durante el perodo de la tribulacin,
aquellos que sern perseguidos por el Anticristo (13:7, 10) y sufrirn martirio
por su fe, perdiendo la vida por el testimonio de Jesucristo (17:6). La oracin de
los tales sera la imprecatoria de sus almas situadas debajo del altar (6:10).
Aludiendo a esta interpretacin escribe el Dr. Carballosa:
Los santos referidos aqu no parecen ser los santos en general, sino ms
bien el conjunto de aquellos que sufren martirio durante las persecuciones de
la gran tribulacin. Los llamados Salmos imprecatorios son particularmente
apropiados para el uso de ellos, puesto que oran por su propia liberacin y por
la destruccin de sus enemigos. Los santos tanto del Antiguo Testamento como
de la iglesia ya estn en la presencia de Dios en el cielo. Aquellas cuyas
oraciones son simbolizadas por el humo del incienso son los que han sufrido
las persecuciones del Anticristo y han sido muertos por dar testimonio de su fe
en el Mesas (vase Ap. 6:9-11; 12:17; 13:7-19). Evidentemente, los
veinticuatro ancianos son quienes ofrecen el perfume del incienso que
simboliza las oraciones de los santos como una demostracin de simpata e
identificacin con las aspiraciones de los santos, quienes sufren los embates de
la tribulacin en la tierra12.
Sin dejar de entender que se trata de una forma de interpretacin, surgen
algunas dificultades sobre ella. La primera tiene que ver con la estructura
misma de la visin y del entorno textual en que se encuentra. Est situada en el
largo espacio preparatorio e introductorio al detalle de los juicios de Dios sobre
el mundo. Si se trata de los santos mrtires que perdern su vida durante el
tiempo de ese juicio, a manos de los enemigos de Dios por qu se introducen
sus oraciones tan anticipadamente en esta adoracin celestial, a modo de
incienso que es presentado delante de Dios, cuando esto tendr lugar tiempo
despus? Sin duda el trmino santos es el ms comnmente usado por Juan para
designar el pueblo de Dios durante el tiempo de la tribulacin (8:3, 4; 11:18;
13:7, 10; 14:12; 16:6; 17:6; 18:20, 24); pero, no es menos cierto que Juan lo usa
tambin para referirse a los salvos de la Iglesia (19:8), aunque slo ocurra una
vez en el Apocalipsis. Un texto dudoso en cuanto a aplicacin sera la
12

Evis L. Carballosa. o.c, pg. 121.

EL ROLLO EN EL CIELO

415

referencia a la compaa de santos, apstoles y profetas (18:20) en el que los

apstoles, no parece que puedan estar vinculados con el pueblo de Israel, a no
ser que se use figuradamente en sentido de enviados o in extremis como los
once todos ellos israelitas. El Seor Jess ense a orar a los creyentes en
intercesin por la venida del reino. Esto lleva aparejado el tiempo de la
tribulacin y de juicios divinos que anteceder a ese acontecimiento. Las
oraciones de los santos en todo tiempo recibirn respuesta de Dios actuando
para establecer su reino. Lo ms probable es que en la visin de lo que estn
llenas las copas no es tanto del incienso en s como del olor del incienso. Es
decir, las oraciones de los santos, como incienso han subido a la presencia de
Dios y en ella se mantiene delante del trono el olor del incienso como smbolo
de las oraciones vertidas en intercesin a lo largo del tiempo. Si se desea
extremar la interpretacin, cosa harto problemtica en profeca bblica, a una
definicin ms precisa y literal, tendra que aplicarse a las oraciones de la
Iglesia a lo largo de su historia, cuyo olor, como incienso, permanece en la
presencia del Seor. Por tanto, aqu el trmino santos, debe entenderse como
designando a todo el pueblo de Dios en la tierra, que ha orado por la venida del
reino de Dios y que, sin duda, la mayora de ellos son los creyentes que
constituyen la Iglesia.
El versculo contiene una importante dimensin de aliento para cada
creyente. En la tierra los santos, esto es, los salvos por gracia y, por tanto, hijos
de Dios, son tenidos en poca importancia. Sus acciones rechazadas, sus vidas
cuestionadas y ellos mismos perseguidos y despreciados por su fe. Sin
embargo, la visin de Juan presenta a los mismos desde la perspectiva celestial,
donde en los cielos sus oraciones son consideradas como algo precioso y
trasladadas a la presencia de Dios en recipientes de oro, permaneciendo su olor
agradable constantemente delante del trono de gracia. Tal situacin debiera
conducirnos a la prctica intensa de la oracin sabiendo que ninguna oracin de
un creyente ser desatendida o pasada por alto en la presencia del Padre.
9. Y cantaban un nuevo cntico, diciendo: Digno eres de tomar el libro y de
abrir sus sellos; porque t fuiste inmolado, y con tu sangre nos has
redimido para Dios, de todo linaje y lengua y pueblo y nacin.
kaiV a[/dousin wj/dhVn kainhVn levgonte":
Y

cantan

cntico

nuevo

diciendo:

a[xio" ei\ labei`n toV biblivon

Digno eres de tomar

el

libro

kaiV ajnoi`xai taV" sfragi`da" aujtou`, o{ti

y

abrir

los

sellos

kaiV hjgovrasa" tw`/ Qew`/1

y

redimiste

- para Dios

de l,

ejsfavgh"

porque fuiste inmolado

ejn tw`/ ai{mati sou

con la

sangre

de ti

ejk pavsh" fulh`" kaiV glwvssh" kaiV laou` kaiV e[qnou"

416

APOCALIPSIS V
de

toda

tribu

lengua

pueblo

nacin.

Notas y anlisis del texto griego.

Crtica textual. Lecturas alternativas.
1

Aparece la lectura tw``/ Qe``w/ hJma``", para Dios nos, en a, 046, 1006, 1611, 1859, 2020,
2042, 2053, 2065c, 2081, 2138, 2432, copbo?, Andrsa,p, Aretas.
Otra alternativa, hJma``" tw``/ Qe``w/, nos para Dios, en 94, 1828, 2973, 2344, itar, c, dem, div,
gig, haf
vg syrph, h, copbo?, arm, Hiplito, Cipriano, Agustin, Primasius, Andrsbac, c. Una
ltima alternativa escribe hJma``" tw``/ Qe``w hJmw``n nos para Dios de nosotros, y que
aparece en copbo?
La expresin para Dios, tw``/ Qew``/, solo est atestiguada en A y eth.
Mediante el uso de la conjuncin kaiV, y, se establece el vnculo de unin con lo que
antecede y da continuidad al relato, seguido de a[/dousin, tercera persona plural del
presente de indicativo en voz activa del verbo a/[dw, cantar, aqu como cantan, que
suele traducirse como pasado para una mejor expresin gramatical de la clusula, como
cantaban, ajustndola al pasado de la visin de Juan; wj/dhVn, caso acusativo femenino
singular del sustantivo que denota cancin, cntico; kainhVn, caso acusativo femenino
singular del adjetivo nuevo, en el sentido de novedoso, lo que no es acostumbrado, no
nuevo en cuanto a tiempo, sino nuevo en forma o cualidad; levgonte", caso nominativo
masculino plural del participio de presente del verbo levgw, hablar, decir, expresar, aqu
como diciendo. La segunda clusula registra las palabras del cntico comenzando con
a[xio", caso nominativo masculino singular del adjetivo que expresa la condicin de
digno; ei\, segunda persona singular del presente de indicativo en voz activa del verbo
eijmiv, ser o estar, aqu como eres; labei`n, aoristo segundo de infinitivo en voz activa
del verbo lambavnw, alcanzar, tomar, obtener, recibir, recoger, etc., aqu como de
tomar; toV, caso acusativo neutro singular del artculo determinado, lo, en castellano
masculino, el; biblivon, caso acusativo neutro singular del sustantivo libro, rollo de
escritura; kaiV, conjuncin copulativa y; ajnoi`xai, aoristo primero de infinitivo en voz
activa del verbo ajnoivgw, abrir, en sentido de desatar, romper; taV", caso acusativo
femenino plural del artculo determinado las, masculino en espaol, los; sfragi`da",
caso acusativo femenino plural del sustantivo que denota sellos; aujtou, caso genitivo
neutro singular del pronombre personal de l; o{ti, conjuncin, equivalente a en tanto
que, mientras que, o simplemente que, despus de los verbos decir, saber, aprender,
etc. en este caso equivale a porque; ejsfavgh", segundo aoristo de indicativo en voz
pasiva del verbo sfavzw, con sentido de muerto, incluso con acepcin de degollado,
como muerte en sacrificio; kaiV, conjuncin y; hjgovrasa", segunda persona singular del
aoristo primero de indicativo en voz activa del verbo ajgoravzw, redimir, comprar, aqu
como redimiste, que expresa la idea de pagar en el gora, lugar del mercado de
esclavos, el precio correspondiente; tw`/, caso dativo masculino singular del artculo
determinado el, sin traduccin en espaol delante de nombre; Qew`/, caso dativo
masculino singular del nombre que designa a Dios, aqu como para Dios; ejn,
preposicin de dativo, en, con; tw`/, caso dativo neutro singular del artculo determinado
lo, femenino en espaol, la; ai{mati, caso dativo neutro singular del sustantivo sangre,

EL ROLLO EN EL CIELO

417

femenino en espaol; sou, caso genitivo singular del pronombre personal de ti; ejk,
preposicin de genitivo, de; pavsh", caso genitivo femenino singular del adjetivo
indefinido que expresa radicalmente toda; sigue una estructura de oracin establecida
mediante sustantivos separados entre s por la conjuncin kaiV, y; fulh`", caso genitivo
femenino singular del sustantivo tribu; glwvssh", caso genitivo femenino singular del
sustantivo que denota idioma, lengua hablada; laou``, caso genitivo masculino singular
del sustantivo pueblo; e[qnou", caso genitivo neutro singular del sustantivo nacin,
etnia.

KaiV a[/dousin wj/dhVn kainhVn levgonte". Juan describe la alabanza al

Cordero que se expresaba mediante el cntico. La alabanza es una actitud, el
cntico una actividad propia y expresiva de la alabanza. El apstol utiliza un
verbo13 que se usa en todo el Nuevo Testamento para referirse al cntico de
alabanza a Dios, bien sea en forma transitiva (Ap. 5:9; 14:3; 15:3), bien en
intransitiva (Ef. 5:19; Col. 3:16). Quines son los que cantan? Algunos
consideran que se trata de los seres vivientes y de los veinticuatro ancianos. Sin
embargo, sera esta la nica vez en toda la Escritura que se diga que los ngeles
cantan. Mayor dificultad reviste si adems se entiende -como algunos piensanque los veinticuatro ancianos son tambin ngeles especiales. En ningn lugar
de la Biblia se dice que los ngeles cantan y cuando se habla de la alabanza y
adoracin angelical se utiliza siempre el verbo decir pero nunca el verbo cantar
(cf. Is. 6:3; Lc. 1:13-14). El cntico debe proceder slo de los veinticuatro
ancianos, que son tambin quienes tienen las ctaras en sus manos. Estos
veinticuatro ancianos representan, como se ha dicho antes, a la congregacin de
los redimidos en la presencia del Seor (Ro. 8:23).
Es interesante notar que hasta este momento Juan no hizo referencia en
las revelaciones a alguien cantando, slo hubo voces pero no cntico. Lo que
cantaban era wj/dhVn kainhVn, un cntico nuevo. El sentido del adjetivo nuevo
no es tanto el de algo reciente en el tiempo, sino el de novedoso. Sin duda se
puede apreciar aqu el eco del canto en el Antiguo Testamento en donde los
creyentes eran invitados a cantar a Dios un cntico nuevo (Sal. 33:3; 98:1;
144:9; 149:1). La idea de novedoso expresa la condicin de un cntico
preparado para una ocasin solemne y especial. El profeta Isaas habla de un
cntico nuevo como consecuencia del cumplimiento de las cosas primeras y
el anuncio de cosas nuevas; as dice el profeta: He aqu se cumplieron las
cosas primeras, y yo anuncio cosas nuevas; antes que salgan a la luz, yo os las
har notorias. Cantad a Jehov un nuevo cntico (Is. 42:9-10). El profeta
exhorta a cantar un cntico nuevo debido a las cosas que iban a comenzar en un
nuevo tiempo, con bendiciones especiales y definitivas para el pueblo de Dios.
Cada accin poderosa de Dios en el tiempo antiguo daba lugar a un cntico que
13

Griego: a/[dw.

418

APOCALIPSIS V

proclamaba la gracia y poder divinos (Ex. 15:1-21; Jue. 5; etc.). Los

veinticuatro ancianos cantaban un cntico nuevo motivado por la inmediata
intervencin de Dios en la historia humana, al abrir los sellos del libro.
El tema del cntico se establece en tres razones que lo motiva.
Primeramente la dignidad del Cordero, ya que se introduce con la proclamacin
de esa condicin: a[xio" ei\, digno eres. El adjetivo, considerado antes,
expresa la condicin de quien es merecedor de algo por su propia posicin y
obra. En segundo lugar por la capacidad que en razn de la dignidad tiene el
Cordero que le permite labei`n toV biblivon kaiV ajnoi`xai taV" sfragi`da"
aujtou, tomar el libro y abrir sus sellos. l es el nico digno para tomar el
libro. Adems, su capacidad no es slo para tomarlo, sino para abrir sus sellos,
dando con ello comienzo al programa de Dios y ponindolo en ejecucin.En
tercer lugar es digno, no slo por dignidad esencial, sino por la obra realizada:
o{ti ejsfavgh" kaiV hjgovrasa", porque fuiste inmolado y redimiste. La ms
extensa razn la motiva la obra redentora del Cordero. El cntico proclama la
accin redentora mediante la muerte del Salvador. El Seor fue inmolado. El
Cordero haba sido establecido para dar su vida desde la determinacin divina
del plan de redencin: El cual se dio a s mismo en rescate por todos, de lo
cual se da testimonio a su debido tiempo (1 Ti. 2:6; G. 4:4). En la Cruz,
Cristo pag el precio de la redencin conforme a lo establecido por Dios y
determinado desde antes de la fundacin del mundo (1 P. 1:18-20). El cntico
celestial de alabanza al Cordero afirma que Su muerte redentora ocurri
definitivamente. Nada ms que aadir al hecho redentor; excluye cualquier
accin complementaria y, mucho menos, la repeticin del hecho mismo (He.
7:27). La ofrenda de su vida, la entrega efectuada en su cuerpo, fue realizada
definitiva y perpetuamente (He. 10:10). Despus de la ofrenda del sacrificio de
su vida en la Cruz, se sent para siempre a la diestra de Dios (He. 10:12). El
acto por el que alaban al Cordero es presentado como una redencin o compra:
kaiV hjgovrasa", y redimiste. El verbo14 indica inicialmente el acto por el que
un comprador va al gora, el mercado, y compra algo pagando un precio.
Podra tratarse incluso de la compra de un esclavo. Esta es una de las verdades
mejor definidas en la enseanza paulina (cf. 1 Co. 6:20; 7:33; G. 3:13; 4:5). En
la contextualizacin histrica de un acto de compra de esclavos, el mismo
esclavo poda comprar su libertad por cierta suma de dinero. Habitualmente se
depositaba la cantidad requerida por el dueo en algn templo, de modo que el
dios del templo compraba al esclavo, que pasaba a ser de su propiedad. El
dueo del esclavo reciba del templo el dinero de la venta y el esclavo la carta
de libertad, aunque formalmente segua siendo propiedad del dios. Cristo ha
pagado el precio de la redencin de los hombres y puede hacer libre a todo
aquel que crea, sacndolo del poder de las tinieblas y trasladndolo a su propio
reino de libertad (Col. 1:13). La obra de redencin exigi el pago de un precio
14

Griego: ajgoravzw.

EL ROLLO EN EL CIELO

419

de infinito valor, la sangre del Hijo de Dios, expresin de Su vida entregada (1

P. 1:18-20). Esto conllev tambin el descenso del Hijo al lugar de los esclavos,
lo cual se produjo mediante la encarnacin del Verbo eterno (Jn. 1:14). Tal
circunstancia le introdujo primero en un estado de limitacin y luego, mediante
la misma humanidad, al estado de humillacin, en el cual se hizo obediente
hasta la muerte y muerte de cruz (Fil. 2:6-8). El Redentor tuvo que descender a
las partes ms bajas de la tierra (Ef. 4:9), para hacer posible la salvacin del
ms cado de los mortales. Por esto es alabado en los cielos.
Un problema surge con dos expresiones en la traduccin del texto griego.
El primero tiene que ver con el pronombre que se suple antes del verbo redimir.
En el griego se lee simplemente kaiV hjgovrasa", y redimiste. Los
traductores, conforme a su propio criterio suplieron lo que aparentemente
faltaba mediante el pronombre nos en algunos casos, o el pronombre los en
otros. Los mss. en los que aparece el pronombre nos, se ha debido, con toda
probabilidad, al deseo de proveer con un objeto ms exacto que el que sigue en
la expresin toda tribu, incorporando al texto de Juan tw`/ Qew``/ para Dios,
expresin poco atestiguada y carente en los mss. mas seguros. Una vez
incorporada la expresin tw`/ Qew``/, para Dios, se abri la puerta para que, si
es una redencin para Dios, un copista aadiera el pronombre personal nos. Sin
embargo, los que hicieron esta correccin en el texto griego, no tuvieron en
cuenta la imposibilidad que supone el pronombre les, en el versculo siguiente.
Algunos otros siguen la lectura de los mss. en los que el pronombre aparece
como les, en consonancia con el del versculo siguiente. Tal lectura permite
utilizarla como argumento en relacin con quienes son o que representan los
veinticuatro ancianos. En este caso apoya la interpretacin de algunos para
afirmar que son ngeles que alaban a Dios porque los redimiste, en clara
referencia a los salvos, para lo que deben buscar apoyo tambin en el verbo
reinar del versculo siguiente, literalmente reinarn. Sin embargo, los
argumentos expuestos antes son lo suficientemente contundentes como para
entender que el significado ms consonante con la enseanza general de la
Biblia es que los veinticuatro ancianos son la representacin de la Iglesia
glorificada y no de ngeles cantando. La solucin al problema que se produce
no tanto por la interpretacin del texto en s, sino por la influencia del
pensamiento del telogo que interpreta, es que los seres vivientes con su decir,
y los veinticuatro ancianos con su canto, proclaman la misma verdad: El Seor
es digno de ser alabado por la redencin efectuada por l en la Cruz. La
redencin con extensin de potencialidad universal y alcance ilimitado es una
verdad bblicamente enseada. La muerte de Cristo se produjo potencialmente
por todos y virtualmente por algunos, esto es, por los que creen. Es verdad que
el Seor vino a dar su vida en rescate por muchos (Mr. 10:45), pero, no es
menos cierto que el alcance de la obra es pleno, debiendo admitir que Cristo
muri por todos (2 Co. 5:14, 15), dndose a s mismo en rescate por todos

420

APOCALIPSIS V

(1 Ti. 2:6). La obra redentora no estuvo limitada para algunos, sino que es
ilimitada porque alcanza potencialmente a todos. De esta manera puede Dios
mandar ahora a todos los hombres en todo lugar que se arrepientan (Hch.
17:30). La verdad de los dos aspectos de la redencin est conjuntada por el
apstol Pablo cuando escribe que Cristo es el Salvador de todos los hombres,
mayormente de los fieles (1 Ti. 4:10). La redencin potencialmente ilimitada,
se hace virtualmente limitada para los que creen. Los cnticos y proclamas
celestiales alaban al Cordero porque es el Redentor provisto para todos los
hombres. El precio pagado para la redencin tiene que ver con la inmolacin
del Cordero, ya que fue ejn tw`/ ai{mati sou, con tu sangre.
No cabe duda que el propsito redentor tena como objetivo Dios mismo,
de ah que algunos mss incluya la expresin tw`/ Qew``/, para Dios, poco
atestiguada en los ms seguros. Sin embargo, no deja de ser una verdad
bblicamente expresada que el propsito redentor fue el de alcanzar un pueblo
orientado hacia Dios y propiedad de l (1 P. 3:18). Fue el propsito de Aquel
que como Cordero es tambin el nico camino que conduce a Dios (Jn. 14:6).
jEk pavsh" fulh`" kaiV glwvssh" kaiV laou` kaiV e[qnou". El alcance de
la redencin, que es ilimitado, se extiende a toda la humanidad. No hay
distincin alguna en el orden de salvacin. Todo aquel que crea en el Salvador,
est donde est, pertenezca a cualquier raza o nacin, es salvo. No hay
distinciones tnicas, ni de nacionalidades, ni de condiciones sociales, en cuanto
a salvacin (Ro. 10:12; G. 3:28; Col. 3:11). No se trata de un universalismo
que suponga la salvacin de todos los hombres sin excepcin, sino de la
expresin real del alcance de la misma. El sentido de ejk pavsh" fulh`" kaiV
glwvssh" kaiV laou` kaiV e[qnou", todo linaje, lengua, pueblo y nacin es el
de una expresin partitiva, que indica que entre todos los salvos los hay de
todos los lugares y situaciones sociales. Sin embargo, en medio de la nota
gratificante de una salvacin provista para todos, est la triste de que tan slo
una parte de toda la humanidad disfruta de los beneficios de la redencin, por fe
en Cristo.
10. Y nos has hecho para nuestro Dios reyes y sacerdotes, y reinaremos
sobre la tierra.
kaiV ejpoivhsa" aujtouV"1 tw`/ Qew`/
E

hiciste

les

kaiV basileuvsousin2 ejpiV th`" gh`".

y

reinarn

hJmw`n

- para Dios de nosotros

sobre la

Notas y anlisis del texto griego.

tierra.

basileivan kaiV iJerei`",

reino

y sacerdotes

EL ROLLO EN EL CIELO

421

Crtica textual. Lecturas alternativas.

1

aujtouV", la lectura ms segura, atestiguada en a, A, 205, 209, 1006, 1611, 1841,

2050, 2053, 2344, 2351, Biz [046], vgww, wt, syrph, h, copbo, arm, Andrs, Cipriano.
hJma``", nos, como se lee en itar, gig, vgcl, copsa, Varimadum, Fulgencio, Primasio, Beato.
2

basileuvsousin, reinarn, atestiguada en a, P, T, W, S, V, M, N, K, Gc, 1, 94, 1828,

1854, 2042, 2053, 2073, 2081, 2344, itc, div, gig, haf, z, vgw, syrph, copsa, bo, arm, eth,
Primasius, Cassiodorus, Andrsbav, c, p, Aretascomm.
basileuvousin, reinan, aparece atestiguada en A, B, f1841, 61, 69, 254, 1611, 2329,
f2080, f104, 172, 325-517, f2081c, 2059, 1894, 2056, 2043, 2015, 1876, 2982, 2029,
432, itar, syrh, Andrsa.
basileuvsomen, reinaremos, atestiguada en 2432, itdem, vgcl, Maternus, Ticonius,
Primasious, Bede, Haymo, Arethastxt.
Sin solucin de continuidad se vincula con lo antecedente mediante la conjuncin kaiV,
y; seguida de ejpoivhsa", segunda persona singular del aoristo primero de indicativo en
voz activa del verbo poievw, hacer, constituir, establecer, aqu como hiciste; aujtouV",
caso acusativo masculino plural del pronombre personal les; tw`/, caso dativo masculino
singular del artculo determinado el, no traducible en castellano delante de nombre;
Qew`/, caso dativo masculino singular del nombre Dios, aqu para Dios; la traduccin de
la expresin es, literalmente para el Dios; hJmw`n, caso genitivo plural del pronombre
personal de nosotros; basileivan, caso acusativo femenino singular del sustantivo
reino, masculino en castellano; kaiV, conjuncin ilativa y; iJerei`", caso acusativo
masculino plural del sustantivo sacerdotes; kaiV, conjuncin y; basileuvsousin, tercera
persona plural del futuro de indicativo en voz activa del verbo basileuvw, reinar, aqu
como reinarn; ejpiV, preposicin de genitivo, sobre; th`", caso genitivo femenino
singular del artculo determinado la; gh`", caso genitivo femenino singular del
sustantivo tierra.

KaiV ejpoivhsa" aujtouV" tw`/ Qew`/ hJmw`n basileivan kaiV iJerei`". El

resultado de la redencin es un pueblo al que Dios hace reino y sacerdotes. La
misma posicin es la que el apstol Pedro seala en relacin con la Iglesia (1 P.
2:9). Esta realidad posicional del pueblo de Dios ha sido expresada antes (Ap.
1:6) y se recalca ahora en el cntico, proyectndose dentro del contexto del
libro al futuro reino de Dios con Jesucristo (Ap. 20:6). Todo creyente redimido
es hecho sacerdote de Dios y pertenece a su reino (Col. 3:13; 1 P. 2:9).
KaiV basileuvsousin ejpiV th`" gh`". Estos reinarn sobre la tierra. La
forma de lectura reinaremos que aparece en algunos mss no est
suficientemente atestiguada y debi haberse introducido por algn copista que
pens que sera lo ms adecuado para quienes aparecen ya como sacerdotes.
Los redimidos no slo son el pueblo sobre el que Dios reina, sino que tendrn el

422

APOCALIPSIS V

privilegio de compartir el reino con el Seor. El apstol Pablo ensea que un

da los santos reinarn con Cristo (1 Co. 4:8). Determinar si el verbo es ms
correcto en futuro o en presente con sentido futurista es asunto difcil a la luz
del aparato crtico textual de que se dispone. Muchos eruditos en crtica textual
se inclinan por mantener el presente reinan; otros, en cambio, consideran
correcto el futuro reinarn. En caso de sostener el presente parece que estara
indicando una posicin espiritual de la Iglesia en Cristo, ms que una realidad
plena. Es decir, posicionalmente la Iglesia est ya sentada con Cristo en lugares
celestiales (Ef. 2:6), singularmente su estado de vida corresponde a la natural y
propia del reino del Hijo (Col. 1:13). Sin embargo, no parece que este sea el
nfasis natural de la alabanza en el canto que Juan escuch en el cielo. Los
creyentes en el tiempo presente deben asumir ms bien el aspecto del
sufrimiento en el mundo (Jn. 16:33). Es cierto que la obra de Cristo provee para
la iglesia una esfera de victoria sobre el pecado y la muerte, pero no tanto la de
un reino glorioso. A la luz de lo que Juan escribir ms adelante (20:6), debiera
aceptarse como mejor la lectura reinarn, en futuro, entendiendo que esa ser la
experiencia de vida de los creyentes en la consumacin del reino de Dios,
incluyendo tanto el milenial como el definitivo en los cielos nuevos y en la
tierra nueva (Ap. 22:5). El reinaremos, cuya lectura est atestiguada en el
Textus Receptus, es una variante introducida como consecuencia de buscar la
concordancia con el pronombre nos del versculo anterior. Vinculados al
Mesas, en plena identificacin vital con l, los creyentes participarn en su
reinado, que ser eterno (Dn. 2:44; 7:13, 14; Ap. 11:15). El reino milenial es
simplemente una manifestacin ms, en la historia de los hombres, del reino de
Dios, que se extender perpetuamente y en el que Cristo ser reconocido como
Rey de reyes y Seor de seores. Con todo, no podemos dejar de entender que
el Seor es Rey, tanto ahora como en el futuro, dueo y poseedor de un reino
eterno.
11. Y mir, y o la voz de muchos ngeles alrededor del trono, y de los seres
vivientes, y de los ancianos; y su nmero era millones de millones.
KaiV ei\don, kaiV h[kousa fwnhVn ajggevlwn pollw`n kuvklw/ tou` qrovnou
Y

vi

kaiV tw`n

zwv/wn

y de los seres vivientes

voz

de ngeles

muchos

en torno

al

trono

kaiV tw`n presbutevrwn, kaiV h\n oJ ajriqmoV" aujtw`n

y

de los

ancianos

era el

nmero

de ellos

muriavde" muriavdwn kaiV ciliavde" ciliavdwn

miradas

de miradas

millares

de millares.

Notas y anlisis del texto griego.

El relato descriptivo se enlaza mediante la conjuncin kaiV, y, que da continuidad,
seguido de ei\don, primera persona singular del aoristo primero de indicativo en voz
activa del verbo oJravw, mirar, aqu como mir o vi; kaiV, y; h[kousa, primera persona

EL ROLLO EN EL CIELO

423

singular del aoristo primero de indicativo en voz activa del verbo ajkouvw, or,
escuchar, aqu como o; fwnhVn, caso acusativo femenino singular del sustantivo, voz,
grito, sonido, sin artculo, suplido aqu por el determinado o definido la, pero que
tambin puede suplirse por el indeterminado o indefinido una; ajggevlwn, caso genitivo
masculino plural del sustantivo ngeles; pollw`n, caso genitivo masculino singular del
adjetivo muchos; kuvklw/, es un antiguo dativo de lugar que se convirti en adverbio de
lugar, el significado es probablemente en crculo, en torno, vinculado a la misma raz
del verbo kuklovw, rodear, cercar, marchar alrededor; seguido de la conjuncin kaiV,
y; tw`n, caso genitivo masculino singular del artculo determinado el; qrovnou, caso
genitivo masculino singular del sustantivo trono; kaiV, conjuncin y; tw`n, caso genitivo
neutro plural del artculo determinado de los; zwv/wn, caso genitivo neutro plural del
sustantivo que se traduce habitualmente como seres vivientes; kaiV, conjuncin y; tw`n,
caso genitivo masculino singular del artculo determinado los; presbutevrwn, caso
genitivo masculino singular del adjetivo que expresa la condicin de anciano, de edad
avanzada; kaiV, conjuncin y; h\n, tercera persona singular del imperfecto de indicativo
en voz activa del verbo eijmiv, ser o estar, aqu como era; oJ, caso nominativo masculino
singular del artculo determinado el; ajriqmoV", caso nominativo masculino singular del
sustantivo nmero; aujtw`n, caso genitivo masculino plural del pronombre personal de
ellos; muriavde", caso nominativo femenino plural del sustantivo miradas; muriavdwn,
caso genitivo femenino plural del sustantivo numrico de miradas; kaiV, y; ciliavde",
caso nominativo femenino plural del sustantivo millares; ciliavdwn, caso genitivo
femenino plural del mismo sustantivo. La expresin se traduce por millones de
millones, como hiprbole numrica que se usa para referirse a un nmero elevadsimo,
incontable para el observador.

KaiV ei\don, kaiV h[kousa fwnhVn ajggevlwn pollw`n kuvklw/ tou`

qrovnou. A la expresin de adoracin de los seres vivientes y de los ancianos se
une un grandsimo nmero de ngeles. Juan vio a las huestes celestiales
rodeando el trono en disposicin de alabanza. La escena descrita es un aspecto
complementario de lo que refiri antes, un elemento nuevo que introduce en el
detalle de la visin y para lo cual utiliza la conocida expresin ei\don, mir,
se trata, por tanto, de una nueva visin enlazada ntimamente con las anteriores.
Unidos a los ngeles, el profeta observa tambin a tw`n zwv/wn, los seres
vivientes, de los que se ha considerado antes. En unidad con ellos, formando un
conjunto celestial con la multitud de los ngeles, estaban tw`n presbutevrwn,
los ancianos, cuya presencia celestial sobre los veinticuatro tronos vio antes
Juan.
Mediante un lenguaje hiperblico el apstol se refiere al nmero de
ngeles que rodeaban el trono como millones de millones. En el texto griego se
lee una forma de aun mayor indefinicin, literalmente muriavde" muriavdwn
kaiV ciliavde" ciliavdwn, miradas de miradas y miles de miles en sentido
de una multitud incontable de los ejrcitos celestiales. Da la impresin como si
toda la creacin anglica, contagiada por la alabanza de los seres vivientes y de

424

APOCALIPSIS V

los veinticuatro ancianos, prorrumpiese en un estallido atronador de alabanza,

mediante sus poderosas voces.
La alabanza de los ngeles tiene relacin con el proceso de salvacin,
mediante el cual Dios se presenta un reino, integrado por sacerdotes redimidos.
La presencia de la Iglesia es en s misma un servicio de enseanza con
proyeccin celestial. El apstol Pablo escribe: para que la multiforme
sabidura de Dios sea ahora dada a conocer por medio de la iglesia a los
principados y potestades en los lugares celestiales (Ef. 3:10). Los ngeles son
superiores a los hombres en cuanto a naturaleza (Sal. 8:5; He. 2:6) pero, son
seres inteligentes, por tanto, pueden adquirir conocimientos, ya que no son
omniscientes como Dios. Los ngeles son inferiores a los hombres en cuanto a
gracia, ya que Dios otorg su gracia a los hombres para salvacin, pero no a los
ngeles (He. 2:16). Estos seres poderosos son puestos por Dios al servicio de
quienes son herederos de la salvacin (He. 1:14). El misterio de Cristo no es
una revelacin a los ngeles sino a los hombres, pero los ngeles estn
interesados en ver como Dios es capaz de hacer esa admirable obra de gracia.
El apstol Pedro los presenta en atenta observacin a los aspectos y resultados
de la obra salvfica (1 P. 1:12). Ellos observan el modo como Dios salva a los
perdidos en una operacin de su gracia (Ef. 2:8-9); como hace cercano a l a
los pecadores salvados, cuando por condicin y justicia tendran que estar
perpetuamente apartados de l a causa del pecado (Ef. 2:13); consideran
admirados como cada pecador salvo por gracia es incorporado a Cristo para
formar un cuerpo en l, que es la Iglesia (Ef. 2:16); aprecian tambin que todo
ese cuerpo de salvos ocupa posicionalmente un lugar con Cristo en los cielos
(Ef. 2:6); todas esas, y otras bendiciones ms, son el resultado de la gracia, cuya
dimensin es enseada por Dios a los ngeles por medio de la Iglesia. Una
apreciacin semejante no puede por menos que producir la manifestacin de
alabanza que Juan describe en el versculo.
Si los ngeles alaban a Dios por lo que l hizo a favor de los hombres,
mucho mayor motivo tendremos los creyentes, beneficiarios directos e
inmerecidos de esa obra, para glorificar y alabar a Dios. Dios est involucrado
directamente en nuestra salvacin, dndonos su propia vida y hacindonos con
ello participantes de la divina naturaleza (2 P. 1:4). Los creyentes tenemos una
mayor obligacin moral que los ngeles ya que Dios es para nosotros, no solo el
autor de la salvacin, sino el Salvador personal de cada uno (Jn. 3:16; 10:11,
15, 18; 2 Co. 5:21; 8:9; G. 2:20; 3:12-14; 1 P. 1:18-19; 1 Jn. 4:10). Las
visiones del Apocalipsis debieran motivar nuestro pensamiento y conducir
nuestra voluntad para adorar al que est sentado en el trono y al Cordero, no
ocasionalmente, sino continuamente por medio de nuestras vidas. Una vez ms
es necesario recordar que la adoracin no es una actividad, sino una actitud.

EL ROLLO EN EL CIELO

425

12. Que decan a gran voz: El Cordero que fue inmolado es digno de tomar
el poder, las riquezas, la sabidura, la fortaleza, la honra, la gloria y la
alabanza.
levgonte" fwnh`/ megavlh/:
Que dicen con voz

grande:

a[xion ejstin toV ajrnivon toV ejsfagmevnon labei`n

Digno

es

el

Cordero el

inmolado

de recibir

thVn duvnamin kaiV plou`ton kaiV sofivan kaiV ijscuVn

el

poder

riqueza

sabidura

fuerza

kaiV timhVn kaiV dovxan kaiV eujlogivan.

y
honra
y
gloria
y bendicin.
Notas y anlisis del texto griego.
La descripcin de la visin celestial comienza con levgonte", caso nominativo
masculino plural del participio de presente en voz activa del verbo levgw, decir, hablar,
expresar, aqu como que dicen, o tambin diciendo; fwnh`/, caso dativo femenino
singular del sustantivo voz; megavlh/, caso dativo femenino singular del adjetivo grande.
La expresin adquiere carcter superlativo con el uso del adjetivo que equivale a
grande, enorme. La segunda clusula contiene la expresin de la alabanza de los
ngeles, con a[xion, caso nominativo neutro singular del adjetivo digno; ejstin, tercera
persona singular del presente de indicativo en voz activa del verbo eijmiv, ser o estar,
aqu como es; toV, caso nominativo neutro singular del artculo determinado el; ajrnivon,
caso nominativo neutro singular del sustantivo cordero; toV, caso nominativo neutro
singular del artculo el, que no suele traducirse en espaol si se considera el siguiente
sustantivo verbal, como un adjetivo calificativo de Cordero; ejsfagmevnon, caso
nominativo neutro singular del participio perfecto en voz activa del verbo sfavzw,
inmolar, degollar en sentido de vctima del sacrificio; al ir precedido de artculo
determinado limita al nico en ese sentido que es el Cordero, pudiendo tambin
considerarlo como un ttulo del mismo; labei`n, aoristo segundo de infinitivo, en voz
activa del verbo lambavnw, alcanzar, obtener, recibir, aqu como de recibir. Sigue
luego una estructura gramatical con siete sustantivos separados entre s por medio de la
conjuncin kaiV, que los vincula y distingue individualmente haciendo de varios un
todo, precedidos de thVn, caso acusativo femenino singular del artculo determinado la;
el primero duvnamin, caso acusativo femenino singular del sustantivo poder; luego
plou`ton, caso acusativo masculino singular del sustantivo riqueza, abundancia;
sofivan, caso acusativo femenino singular del sustantivo inteligencia, conocimiento,
sabidura; ijscuVn, caso acusativo femenino singular del sustantivo fortaleza, poder,
vinculado con la capacidad de actuar sin lmites; timhVn, caso acusativo femenino
singular del sustantivo que se refiere a precio, valor, honor, honra; dovxan, caso
acusativo femenino singular del sustantivo que denota reputacin, honor, esplendor de
poder, gloria; eujlogivan, caso acusativo femenino singular del sustantivo alabanza,
loor, bendicin.

Una apreciacin salta a la vista con la simple lectura del versculo: Son
millones los ngeles que estn alabando al Cordero, pero Juan oy una sola voz:

426

APOCALIPSIS V

levgonte", que dicen, dando a entender la armona y conjuncin de la alabanza

tributada por todos ellos. Otra nota interesante se distingue en que cuando los
ngeles se asocian con la alabanza, o cuando alaban los ngeles, el verbo que se
utiliza no es el cantar, sino el decir. La multitud angelical que el apstol vio,
expresaba su alabanza fwnh`/ megavlh/, a gran voz, esto es, con voz potente. Esta
alabanza proclama la plenitud personal del Redentor y sus derechos: a[xion
ejstin toV ajrnivon toV ejsfagmevnon, digno es el Cordero inmolado.
Procediendo del cielo, la alabanza se establece mediante siete sustantivos que
definen aquello de que es digno el Cordero. El nmero siete es el nmero de la
perfeccin y expresa simblicamente la absoluta perfeccin de Jesucristo. De
estas siete cosas, que es a[xion, digno, labei`n, de recibir, cuatro le
corresponden y posee por derecho divino propio que son poder, riquezas,
sabidura y fortaleza; otras tres le corresponden y deben ser tributadas por los
seres creados, tanto ngeles como hombres, en reconocimiento de lo que l es e
hizo, y son: honor, gloria y alabanza.
Es digno de recibir thVn duvnamin, el poder, que expresa la capacidad
infinita de Dios para llevar a cabo sus propsitos. Es una de las perfecciones
divinas vinculadas con la omnipotencia o incluso sinnimo de ella. Cristo, el
Cordero de Dios, es tambin poder de Dios (1 Co. 1:24). l tiene todo poder y
autoridad en cielos y tierra (Fil. 2:9-11). Es digno de recibir el poder porque ya
lo tiene al ser inherente en l. Sin embargo, aqu se esta disponiendo para abrir
el libro y ejecutar su contenido, por tanto debe tomar o asumir ese poder para
ejecutar la determinacin divina que se manifestar en el escrito hasta entonces
sellado y que va a ser abierto y ejecutado.
Es digno de kaiV plou`ton riqueza, que comprende todas las riquezas, es
decir, todo lo que corresponde y est a disposicin de Dios. Jesucristo se vaci
de sus riquezas cuando vino para hacer la redencin (2 Co. 8:9). El Cordero
tiene a su disposicin y en posesin todos los recursos de las riquezas
inagotables, no slo de Dios, sino como Dios, en el orden espiritual y material.
Tambin es digno de la sofivan, sabidura. La Biblia ensea que Cristo
es la sabidura de Dios (1 Co. 1:24). El infinito conocimiento y la suprema
comprensin de todo cuanto es preciso para planificar y llevar a cabo el
programa divino en los destinos del universo y del hombre. Esta sabidura le es
propia en su condicin de Dios manifestado en carne (Jn. 1:14).
Con la sabidura tambin la ijscuVn fortaleza, literalmente fuerza. Cristo
posee la fortaleza inherente a su Persona Divina. Esto permite superar cualquier
obstculo que se oponga al programa de Dios. Ningn enemigo podr
prevalecer ante el poder de su fuerza. El apstol Pablo se sostena en ese poder

EL ROLLO EN EL CIELO

427

para todo cuanto le era necesario, de modo que poda decir: todo lo puedo, en
Cristo que me fortalece (Fil. 4:13).
De igual manera le corresponde la timhVn, honra. En ese sentido se trata
de la valoracin que es connatural con el respeto y funciones que desempea
una persona. El Seor Jesucristo debe ser honrado igual que el Padre (Jn. 5:22,
23). La honra es propia de Cristo, por cuanto es Dios, en la unidad con el Padre
y el Espritu. Los juicios que seguirn y que estn detallados en el libro, tienen
por objeto preparar el terreno para que todos honren al Hijo, incluso aquellos
que le niegan ese reconocimiento. En un tiempo venidero toda rodilla se
doblar delante de l, y todos confesarn que es Seor, para gloria de Dios
(Fil. 2:9-11).
Tambin le debe ser suya la dovxan, gloria, como reconocimiento de lo
que Dos es manifestado en sus perfecciones. Jesucristo es la imagen, la
expresin absoluta de la gloria de Dios (He. 1:3). Aunque voluntariamente vel
su gloria divina mediante la encarnacin, esa gloria fue vista por los hombres
(Mt. 17:5, 6). A ella se refiri el apstol Pedro cuando record la
transfiguracin en la que estuvo presente (2 P. 1:16-17). Como Dios, el Cordero
es digno de recibir la gloria.
Finalmente del mismo modo es digno de eujlogivan, alabanza, tal vez
mejor sentido es el de bendicin, como escribe el Dr. Lacueva:
Es, por parte del hombre, la expresin digna y laudatoria de la plenitud
de los atributos divinos en los que se basa la salvacin del hombre, mientras
que, de parte de Dios, es la concesin de toda buena ddiva y de todo don
perfecto (Stg. 1:17)15.
El Cordero es digno de recibir la alabanza por todas las bendiciones que
alcanz para los hombres, especialmente la salvacin.
13. Y a todo lo creado que est en el cielo, y sobre la tierra, y debajo de la
tierra, y en el mar, y a todas las cosas que en ellos hay, o decir: Al que est
sentado en el trono, y al Cordero, sea la alabanza, la honra, la gloria y el
poder, por los siglos de los siglos.
kaiV pa`n ktivsma o}

ejn tw`/ oujranw`/ kaiV ejpiV th`" gh`" kaiV uJpokavtw th`"

Y a toda criatura la que en el

cielo

y sobre la

tierra y

debajo

de la

gh`" kaiV ejpiV th`" qalavssh" kaiV1 taV ejn aujtoi`" pavnta h[kousa levgonta":
tierra y

sobre el

mar

lo

en

ellos

todas

tw`/ kaqhmevnw/ ejpiV tw`/ qronw`/ kaiV tw`/ ajrnivw/

15

F. Lacueva. o.c., pg. 393.

que dicen:

428

APOCALIPSIS V
Al

sentado

sobre el

trono

al Cordero

hJ eujlogiva kaiV hJ timhV kaiV hJ dovxa kaiV toV kravto"

la

alabanza

el honor

la gloria

el

dominio

eij" touV" aijw`na" tw`n aijwvnwn.

por

los

siglos

de los siglos.

Notas y anlisis del texto griego.

Crtica textual. Lecturas alternativas.
1

kaiV, y, lectura de mediana probabilidad, atestiguada en a, 1611*, itgig, syrh, copsa, bo/pt,
arm, eth, Primasio, Casiodoro, Beato.
ejstivn, kaiV, es, y, que se encuentra en A, 1006, 1611c, 1841, 1854, 2329, 2344, Biz
syrpe, compbo/pt.
a{ ejstivn, kaiV que son, y,
Fulgencio.

como se lee en P, 046, 205, 209, 2050, vg, Andrs,

o{sa ejstivn, kaiV, cuanto es, y, lectura en 2053, 2351, Fulgencio1/2.

Se omite la lectura en itar.
El relato contina vinculado con lo que antecede mediante la conjuncin kaiV, y; que
precede a pa`n, caso acusativo neutro singular del adjetivo que expresa radicalmente
todo, aqu como a toda; ktivsma, caso acusativo neutro singular del sustantivo criatura;
o{, caso acusativo neutro singular del pronombre relativo lo que, aqu traducido como
que; ejn, preposicin que rige dativo, en; tw`/, caso dativo masculino singular del artculo
determinado el; oujranw`/, caso dativo masculino singular del sustantivo cielo; kaiV,
conjuncin copulativa y; ejpiV, preposicin de genitivo, sobre; th`", caso genitivo
femenino singular del artculo determinado la; gh`", caso genitivo femenino singular del
nombre tierra; kaiV, conjuncin y; uJpokavtw, preposicin de genitivo bajo, equivalente
al adverbio de lugar debajo, realmente es una locucin preposicional para referirse a un
lugar inferior; th`", caso genitivo femenino singular del artculo determinado la; gh`",
caso genitivo femenino singular del sustantivo tierra; kaiV, y; ejpiV, preposicin de
genitivo, sobre; th`", caso genitivo femenino singular del artculo determinado la;
qalavssh", caso genitivo femenino singular del sustantivo mar; kaiV, y; taV caso
acusativo neutro plural del artculo determinado lo, debiendo entenderse como las cosas
que hay en; ejn, preposicin de dativo, en; aujtoi`", caso dativo neutro plural del
pronombre personal ellos; pavnta caso acusativo neutro plural del adjetivo que expresa
radicalmente todo; h[kousa, primera persona singular del aoristo primero de indicativo
en voz activa del verbo ajkouvw, or, aqu como o; levgonta", caso acusativo masculino
plural del participio de presente en voz activa del verbo levgw, decir, aqu como que
dicen, traducido como que deca, o diciendo, para una mejor concordancia con el
tiempo. La segunda clusula comienza con tw`/, caso dativo masculino singular del
artculo determinado al; kaqhmevnw/, caso dativo masculino singular del participio de
presente en voz media del verbo kavqhmai, sentar, aqu como sentado; ejpiV, preposicin

EL ROLLO EN EL CIELO

429

de dativo sobre; tw`/, caso dativo masculino singular del artculo determinado el; qronw`/,
caso dativo masculino singular del sustantivo trono; kaiV, y; tw`/, caso dativo neutro
singular del artculo determinado al; ajrnivw/, caso dativo neutro singular del sustantivo
cordero; sigue luego una clusula con cuatro sustantivos separados por la conjuncin
kaiV, y; y precedidos de los correspondientes artculos determinados; hJ, eujlogiva, caso
nominativo femenino singular del sustantivo alabanza; timhV, caso nominativo
femenino singular del sustantivo honor; dovxa, caso nominativo femenino singular del
nombre comn gloria; kravto", caso nominativo neutro singular del sustantivo
dominio; eij", preposicin de acusativo por; touV", caso acusativo masculino plural del
artculo determinado los; aijw`na", caso acusativo masculino plural del sustantivo
siglos, edades; tw`n, caso genitivo masculino plural del artculo determinado de los;
aijwvnwn, caso genitivo masculino plural del sustantivo siglos, edades. La expresin es
un hebrasmo que indica perpetuidad.

En una progresin de alabanza se une, a los ngeles, seres vivientes y

ancianos, toda la creacin. Todos los seres del universo, literalmente todas las
criaturas, kaiV pa`n ktivsma o} ejn tw`/ oujranw`/ kaiV ejpiV th`" gh`" kaiV
uJpokavtw th`" gh`" kaiV ejpiV th`" qalavssh" kaiV1 taV ejn aujtoi`" pavnta
h[kousa levgonta", literalmente y a toda criatura en el cielo y sobre la tierra y
debajo de la tierra, y sobre el mar y todo lo que en ellos, se adhieren para
alabar a Dios el Padre y al Cordero. Es interesante apreciar como la
universalidad de lo creado, expresado aqu por las cuatro partes del universo,
cielo, tierra, bajo tierra y mar, con todo lo que contienen, se rinden ante el
Cordero en una expresin csmica de reconocimiento. Se unen para glorificar
tanto al padre como al Hijo. No quiere decir esto que todos los seres hayan sido
redimidos y, por consiguiente, sean eternamente salvos. Esto implicara que los
muertos en condenacin o los ngeles cados, representados aqu por quienes
estn debajo de la tierra, habran alcanzado las bendiciones de la salvacin en
Cristo. Lo que Juan esta expresando aqu, recogiendo la visin celestial, es la
realidad del reconocimiento futuro que todos harn del Hijo de Dios. En ese
momento, en el nombre de Jess se doblar toda rodilla de los que estn en
los cielos, y en la tierra, y debajo de la tierra; y toda lengua confesar que
Jesucristo es el Seor, para la gloria de Dios Padre (Fil. 2:10, 11).
Reconocimiento de quien es el Seor no implica necesariamente acatamiento
voluntario o entrega incondicional propia de los salvos, es la inexcusable
aceptacin de una realidad absoluta: que Jess es el Seor. Jess es el nombre
dado por Dios para su Hijo en carne humana, aun antes de ser concebido como
hombre, y que nacera en Beln (Mt. 1:21; Lc. 1:31). Jess significa Yahwe
salva, es, por tanto, un nombre divino, ya que la salvacin es de Dios (Sal.
3:8; Jon. 2:9). De Jess se dice que l salvar a su pueblo de sus pecados
(Mt. 1:21). Con todo, el nombre Jess fue considerado como el de alguien sin
atractivo, esto es, un hombre sin importancia ni estimable (Is. 53:2). Cuando
Jess declar su deidad fue amenazado de muerte por los hombres (Jn. 10:33).
Fue el nombre de burla en la crucifixin (Mt. 27:37, 39). Sin embargo Jess es

430

APOCALIPSIS V

Dios bendito (Jn. 1:1; Ro. 9:5). Bajo la autoridad suprema de ese nombre se
doblar toda rodilla, en sentido de reconocimiento universal de su deidad y,
por tanto, de su seoro. Quienes se inclinaron burlescamente ante Jess de
Nazaret crucificado, habrn de hacerlo ante el mismo Jess glorificado,
reconocindole como Dios. Es algo que ha sido profetizado ya en el Antiguo
Testamento (Is. 45:23, 24). Jess no es un hombre elevado a la divinidad o Dios
rebajado, sino el infinito y eterno Dios hecho hombre (Jn. 1:14). La autoridad
de ese nombre queda ya evidenciada en los milagros hechos usando su Nombre
(Hch. 3:6; 9:34; 16:18). Todos los seres creados, en los tres grupos
mencionados antes, los ngeles y arcngeles santos en los cielos; los millones
de salvos en la presencia de Dios (Ef. 1:21; 3:10; 1 P. 3:22; Ap. 4:8-11; 5:8-12);
los que estn sobre la tierra, quienes vivan en el planeta (1 Co. 15:40); y los que
estn debajo de la tierra, tanto los muertos sin salvacin como los ngeles
cados (Mt. 16:18; Jud. 6), que no han querido reconocer la deidad de Jess y
doblar sus rodillas voluntariamente, tendrn que hacerlo en reconocimiento
universal de su Deidad. En ese momento se producir una confesin tambin
universal de toda lengua, es decir, las lenguas que corresponden a toda rodilla.
No slo se trata de un acto de sumisin, sino de reconocimiento y
proclamacin. Confesar implica un reconocimiento convencido. El
reconocimiento y confesin de Jess como Salvador, trae como resultado en el
tiempo presente la salvacin de quienes creen en su corazn y confiesan con su
boca que Jess es el Seor (Ro. 10:9-10). No se trata aqu de una segunda
oportunidad para los no salvos, ni mucho menos un universalismo salvfico. La
confesin universal sobre Jesucristo no alterar la situacin de quienes
confiesen entonces. Esa confesin de todos los seres en el universo proclamar
que Jess de Nazaret, el Cordero inmolado, es el Seor. Equivale al
reconocimiento universal de Jess como Dios. Seor es la traduccin griega del
nombre inefable de Dios. As lo declara el apstol Pedro en su mensaje (Hch.
2:34). Ahora aun no se ve este reconocimiento del seoro y deidad de
Jesucristo (He. 2:8), pero Juan ya la contempl en la revelacin celestial. El
acatamiento csmico de Jess como Seor supremo, culminar la exaltacin del
nombre recibido, en pleno sentido soteriolgico y escatolgico. La alabanza
celestial tiene como objetivo supremo la exaltacin de Dios (1 Co. 15:28). En
la proclamacin universal del seoro de Cristo, el Padre que le exalt a lo
sumo ser glorificado (Jn. 13:31, 32; 14:13; 17:1).
La creacin entera proclama la realidad de una obra realizada en la cual la
salvacin de muchos ser la expresin eterna de la gracia y poder de Dios. Dios
es alabado por cuanto la accin divina conduce a la restauracin eterna del
orden y de la paz en un universo, afectado por el problema del pecado. La
adoracin y la alabanza se tributan conjuntamente tw`/ kaqhmevnw/ ejpiV tw`/
qronw`/ kaiV tw`/ ajrnivw/, al que est sobre en el trono y al Cordero. A ste, Juan
contempla no sentado, sino en pie, dispuesto a actuar. La alabanza brota ante la

EL ROLLO EN EL CIELO

431

grandeza de la obra que est proyectada por quien est sentado en el trono y que
ser ejecutada por el Cordero. A ambos se tributa hJ eujlogiva, la alabanza. Este
sustantivo, considerado ya antes, tiene que ver con decir bien, lo que
corresponde al reconocimiento por lo que Dios ha realizado en la redencin y
por lo que har en el futuro. Adems de la alabanza tributan tambin hJ timhV la
honra, o tal vez mejor el honor. Palabra considerada en los versculos que
anteceden. Es el honor que corresponde a quien es Rey sobre cielos y tierra, es
la manifestacin de toda la creacin ante la gloria y majestad de Dios. A la
alabanza y la honra se aade tambin hJ dovxa, la gloria, expresin de
reconocimiento por la redencin operada sobre los hombres, que hizo descender
al Cordero a las partes ms bajas de la tierra, y al Padre a enviarlo con esa
misin al mundo (G. 4:4). Adems se le tributa del mismo modo toV kravto",
el poder, mejor el dominio, que como se dijo antes, expresa la soberana que
corresponde a Dios y con la que acta. La soberana que ejerce sobre todo en
cualquier circunstancia, incluyendo la oposicin a Su plan. Es el poder activo
que permite a Dios llevar a cabo sus propsitos de forma absoluta y plena. La
alabanza expresa el deseo de que todas las glorias de Dios se perpeten, eij"
touV" aijw`na" tw`n aijwvnwn, por los siglos de los siglos. El deseo expresado en
la adoracin ser la gloriosa realidad en el futuro perpetuo (Fil. 2:11).
14. Los cuatro seres vivientes decan: Amn; y los veinticuatro ancianos se
postraron sobre sus rostros y adoraron al que vive por los siglos de los
siglos.
kaiV taV tevssara
y

los

zw`/a

e[legon: ajmhvn. kaiV oiJ presbuvteroi e[pesan

cuatro seres vivientes decan:

Amn. Y

los

ancianos

cayeron

kaiV prosekuvnhsan.
y

adoraron.

Notas y anlisis del texto griego.

Crtica textual.
La ltima parte del texto al que vive por los siglos de los siglos, no est debidamente
atestiguado, tan slo aparece en S.
Juan concluye el relato de la visin de la adoracin celestial vinculando con lo que
antecede mediante el uso nuevamente de la conjuncin kaiV, y; seguido de taV, caso
nominativo neutro plural del artculo determinado los; tevssara, caso nominativo
neutro plural del adjetivo numeral cardinal cuatro; zw`/a, caso nominativo neutro plural
del sustantivo seres vivientes; e[legon, tercera persona plural del imperfecto de
indicativo en voz activa del verbo levgw, hablar, decir, expresar, aqu como decan. La
segunda clusula se inicia con ajmhVn, transliteracin de la palabra hebrea verdad,
certeza, en este caso con sentido de as sea, en espaol para manifestar aquiescencia o
vivo deseo de que tenga efecto lo que se dice; seguido de kaiV, conjuncin y; oiJ, caso

432

APOCALIPSIS V

nominativo masculino plural del artculo determinado los; presbuvteroi, caso

nominativo masculino plural del adjetivo que expresa la condicin de mayor de edad,
anciano; e[pesan, tercera persona plural del aoristo primero de indicativo en voz activa
del verbo pivptw, caer, derrumbar, postrar, aqu como se postraron, o se prosternaron
aqu como cayeron; kaiV, conjuncin y; prosekuvnhsan, tercera persona plural del
aoristo primero de indicativo en voz activa del verbo proskunevw, literalmente
arrodillarse, rendir homenaje, hacer reverencia, es el verbo que se traduce
continuamente por adorar en el Nuevo Testamento, aqu como adoraron.

KaiV taV tevssara zw`/a e[legon: ajmhvn. El final de la escena de la

adoracin universal al que est sentado en el trono y al Cordero, se manifiesta
en una reiterada accin de los cuatro seres vivientes, en un continuo Amn, voz
que significa as sea. En cada expresin csmica de alabanza y adoracin a
Dios, los seres vivientes expresan su identificacin con ella mediante un amn
de sintona, que manifiesta su deseo de que todas las glorias de Dios se
perpeten por los siglos de los siglos, es decir, perpetuamente, en una adoracin
incesante. La adoracin y el amn a ella se repetan una y otra vez, como
expresa el modo verbal.
KaiV oiJ presbuvteroi e[pesan kaiV prosekuvnhsan. Junto con el amn
de los seres vivientes, los veinticuatro ancianos aunque el nmero de ellos no
aparece en el texto griego, se incorpora por el traductor- se postraban en un acto
de expresin visible de adoracin ante el que est sentado en el trono y ante el
Cordero. Cada vez que se pronunciaba el Amn, por los seres vivientes, los
ancianos adoraban. Lo hacan con el rostro postrado a tierra, en actitud de
respetuoso reconocimiento del que slo Dios es merecedor y digno.
La frase final al que vive por los siglos de los siglos, entr en el Textus
Receptus, procedente de una traduccin latina, como ha ocurrido en algunos
otros lugares. Los ancianos que adoran lo hacen silenciosamente, tan slo se
postran delante del que est sentado en el trono y del Cordero. Es una adoracin
intensa, completa, plena, que no puede expresarse con palabras y que se hace en
una manifestacin de reconocimiento y entrega incondicional a Dios, en modo
semejante a lo que el apstol Pablo demanda en su carta a los Romanos (Ro.
12:1). La adoracin se unifica aqu en un todo glorioso, ngeles, hombres y
creacin entera son una sola unidad en la alabanza y reconocimiento, tributados
en gloriosa pleitesa, tanto al Padre como al Hijo. No hay mente humana, salvo
por revelacin divina, que pueda expresar una visin tan sobrenatural,
absolutamente al margen de cualquier manifestacin literaria normal o incluso
excepcional.
Los dos captulos que sirven como elementos preparatorios para cuanto
viene luego, describen de forma sublime la gloria y adoracin que Dios merece

EL ROLLO EN EL CIELO

433

continuamente y que se le tributa por ngeles y hombres. Toda la creacin

glorifica a Dios. Su voluntad es ejecutada y acatada en todo el universo. Su
programa para el final de la historia de la humanidad, se llevar a cabo
conforme a su propsito soberano. Cada uno de los creyentes estamos llamados
tambin a una adoracin semejante y continua. El cristiano ha sido buscado y
puesto por Dios como adorador, cuya adoracin debe llevar a cabo en espritu y
en verdad (Jn. 4:24). La adoracin y reconocimiento de gratitud, expresado en
alabanza, se motiva cuando la obra redentora, la Cruz de Cristo, es una realidad
en la vida cristiana. Slo as, ante ella, las glorias personales declinan para dejar
brillar en todo su esplendor, la admirable dimensin de la gracia de Dios. De
ese modo escriba el apstol Pablo: Pero lejos est de m gloriarme, sino en la
cruz de nuestro Seor Jesucristo, por quien el mundo me es crucificado a m, y
yo al mundo (G. 6:14). Cuando el amor de Cristo y su gloriosa obra redentora
impacta al alma cristiana, se produce la entrega incondicional, sin reservas a
Dios, que es una manifestacin de adoracin y entrega (Ro. 12:1). Slo cuando
la dimensin del amor redentor es una realidad en la vida cristiana hay
compromiso de entrega, como tambin dice el apstol: Porque el amor de
Cristo nos constrie, pensando esto: que si uno muri por todos, luego todos
murieron; y por todos muri, para que los que viven, ya no vivan para s, sino
para aquel que muri y resucit por ellos (2 Co. 5:14-15). La gloriosa
dimensin de Aquel que est sentado en el trono y del Cordero, conduce
tambin al creyente a una vivencia de seguridad plena, porque la vida est en la
mano del Creador y sustentador, quien adems es el Salvador. Ningn resumen
mejor para una aplicacin personal, que trasladar aqu las palabras del apstol
Pablo: Qu, pues, diremos a esto? Si Dios es por nosotros, quin contra
nosotros? El que no escatim ni a su propio Hijo, sino que lo entreg por todos
nosotros, cmo no nos dar tambin con l todas las cosas? Quin acusar
a los escogidos de Dios? Dios es el que justifica. Quin es el que condenar?
Cristo es el que muri; ms an, el que tambin resucit, el que adems est a
la diestra de Dios, el que tambin intercede por nosotros. Quin nos separar
del amor de Cristo? Tribulacin, o angustia, o persecucin, o hambre, o
desnudez, o peligro, o espada? Como est escrito: Por causa de ti somos
muertos todo el tiempo; somos contados como ovejas de matadero. Antes, en
todas estas cosas somos ms que vencedores por medio de aquel que nos am.
Por lo cual estoy seguro de que ni la muerte, ni la vida, ni ngeles, ni
principados, ni potestades, ni lo presente, ni lo por venir, ni lo alto, ni lo
profundo, ni ninguna otra cosa creada nos podr separar del amor de Dios,
que es en Cristo Jess Seor nuestro (Ro. 8:31-39).

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