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Effects of Psychosis
Main article: Psychosis
Psychosis manifests as disorientation and visual (and/or haptic) hallucinations.[1] It is a state in
which a person's mental capacity to recognize reality, communicate, and relate to others is
impaired, thus interfering with the capacity to deal with life demands. While there are many
types of psychosis, substance-induced psychosis can be pinpointed to specific chemicals.[2]
Substances
Psychotic states may occur after using a variety of legal and illegal substances. Usually such
states are temporary and reversible, with fluoroquinolone-induced psychosis being a notable
exception. Drugs whose use, abuse, or withdrawal are implicated in psychosis include the
following:
F12.5 cannabinoid: Some studies indicate that cannabis, especially certain strains
containing large proportions of THC and low proportions of CBD,[10] may lower the
threshold for psychosis, and thus help to trigger full-blown psychosis in some people.[11]
Recent studies have found an increase in risk for psychosis in cannabis users.[12] It is not
clear whether this is a causal link; it is possible that cannabis use only increases the risk
of psychosis in people already predisposed to it.
London estimates the incidence of these adverse reactions at about 5%, even in shortterm use of the drugs.[19] The paradoxical reactions may consist of depression, with or
without suicidal tendencies, phobias, aggressiveness, violent behavior and symptoms
sometimes misdiagnosed as psychosis.[20][21] However, psychosis is more commonly
related to the benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome.[22]
F14.5 cocaine[23]
The code F11.5 is reserved for opioid-induced psychosis, and F17.5 is reserved for tobaccoinduced psychosis, but neither substance is traditionally associated with the induction of
psychosis.
The code F15.5 also includes caffeine-induced psychosis, despite not being specifically listed in
the DSM-IV. However, there is evidence that caffeine, in extreme acute doses or when severely
abused for long periods of time, may induce psychosis.[25][26]
Other
Fluoroquinolone drugs, fluoroquinolone use has been linked to serious cases of toxic
psychosis that have been reported to be irreversible and permanent, see adverse effects of
fluoroquinolones[27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34] The related quinoline derivative mefloquine
(Lariam) has also been associated with psychosis.[35][36]
prescription drugs:
o Prednisone and other corticosteroids[44]
o Isotretinoin[45]
o Anticholinergic drugs
atropine[46][47]
scopolamine[48]
o antidepressants[49]
o L-dopa[50]
o antiepileptics[51]
Plants
o Hawaiian baby woodrose (contains ergine)
o Morning glory seeds (contains ergine)
o Jimson weed[58] (Datura, angel's trumpet, thorn apple)
o Belladonna (deadly nightshade)
o Salvia divinorum[59]
o Butane[62]
o Gasoline (petrol),[63]
Lethal dose
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
A lethal dose (LD) is an indication of the lethality of a given substance[1][2] or type of radiation.
Because resistance varies from one individual to another, the 'lethal dose' represents a dose
(usually recorded as dose per kilogram of subject body weight) at which a given percentage of
subjects will die. The LD may be based on the standard person concept, a theoretical individual
that has perfectly "normal" characteristics, and thus not apply to all sub-populations.
Lethal doses are usually expressed as median lethal dose (LD-50), the point where 50% of test
subjects exposed would die, in the units of mg/kg body weight. For gases and aerosols, lethal
concentration (mg/m or ppm, parts per million) is the analogous concept, although this also
depends on the duration of exposure, which has to be included in the definition. The lowest
known lethal dose, derived from an individual case of poisoning, is abbreviated LCLo.
LD values for humans are best estimated by extrapolating results from human cell cultures. One
outdated form of extrapolation involves measuring LD on animals like mice or dogs, converting
to dosage per kilogram of biomass, and extrapolating to human norms. The degree of error from
animal-extrapolated LD values is very large. The biology of test animals differs in important
aspects to that of humans. For instance, mouse tissue is approximately fifty times less responsive
than human tissue to the venom of the Sydney funnel-web spider. The square-cube law also
complicates the scaling relationships involved. Researchers are now shifting away from animalbased LD measurements. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration has begun to approve more
reliable non-animal methods in response to research cruelty concerns and the lack of
validity/sensitivity of animal tests as they relate to humans.[3][4]
"LD50" redirects here. For other uses, see LD50 (disambiguation).
In toxicology, the median lethal dose, LD50 (abbreviation for "lethal dose, 50%"), LC50 (lethal
concentration, 50%) or LCt50 (lethal concentration and time) of a toxin, radiation, or pathogen is
the dose required to kill half the members of a tested population after a specified test duration.[1]
LD50 figures are frequently used as a general indicator of a substance's acute toxicity. A lower
LD50 is indicative of increased toxicity.
The test was created by J.W. Trevan in 1927.[2] The term semilethal dose is occasionally used
with the same meaning, in particular in translations from non-English-language texts, but can
also refer to a sublethal dose; because of this ambiguity, it is usually avoided. LD50 is usually
determined by tests on animals such as laboratory mice. In 2011 the US Food and Drug
Administration approved alternative methods to LD50 for testing the cosmetic drug BOTOX
without animal tests.[3][4]
Examples
NOTE: Comparing substances (especially drugs) to each other by LD50 can be misleading in
many cases due (in part) to differences in effective dose (ED50). Therefore, it is more useful to
compare such substances by therapeutic index, which is simply the ratio of LD50 to ED50.
The following examples are listed in reference to LD50 values, in descending order, and
accompanied by LC50 values, {bracketed}, when appropriate.
Substance
Animal, Route
LD50
{LC50}
LD50 :
g/kg
{LC50 : Refere
g/L}
nce
standardi
zed
Water
rat, oral
>90g/kg
>90
[8]
rat, oral
29,700 mg/k
29.7
g
[9]
16,600 mg/k
16.6
g
[10]
rat, oral
11,900 mg/k
11.9
g
[11]
Urea
rat, oral
[12]
Cyanuric acid
rat, oral
[13]
cadmium sulfide
rat, oral
[14]
rat, oral
[15]
sodium isopropyl
methylphosphonic acid (IMPA, rat, oral
metabolite of sarin)
[16]
Melamine
rat, oral
6,000 mg/kg 6
[13]
Melamine cyanurate
rat, oral
[13]
Sodium molybdate
rat, oral
4,000 mg/kg 4
[17]
Substance
Animal, Route
LD50
{LC50}
LD50 :
g/kg
{LC50 : Refere
g/L}
nce
standardi
zed
3,000 mg/kg 3
[18]
[19]
Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol
rat, oral
(THC)
[20]
Metallic Arsenic
rat, oral
763 mg/kg
0.763
[21]
rat, oral
fish, immersion
aq. invertebrates,
imm.
304.5 mg/kg
{0.28 mg/L}
{0.059 mg/L
}
0.3045
{0.00028} [22]
{0.000059
}
293 mg/kg
0.293
[23]
rat, oral
200 mg/kg
0.2
[24]
Caffeine
rat, oral
192 mg/kg
0.192
[25]
Arsenic trisulfide
rat, oral
1856,400 m
0.185
g/kg
[26]
Sodium nitrite
rat, oral
180 mg/kg
0.18
[27]
mouse, oral
136 mg/kg
0.136
[28]
Bisoprolol
mouse, oral
100 mg/kg
0.1
[29]
Cobalt(II) chloride
rat, oral
80 mg/kg
0.08
[30]
Cadmium oxide
rat, oral
72 mg/kg
0.072
[31]
Sodium fluoride
rat, oral
52 mg/kg
0.052
[32]
Pentaborane
human, oral
<50 mg/kg
<0.05
[33]
Capsaicin
mouse, oral
47.2 mg/kg
0.0472
[34]
Mercury(II) chloride
rat, dermal
41 mg/kg
0.041
[35]
Table Salt
rat, oral
Substance
Animal, Route
LD50
{LC50}
LD50 :
g/kg
{LC50 : Refere
g/L}
nce
standardi
zed
rat, intravenous
16.5 mg/kg
0.0165
[36]
Arsenic trioxide
rat, oral
14 mg/kg
0.014
[37]
Metallic Arsenic
0.013
[38]
Sodium cyanide
rat, oral
6.4 mg/kg
0.0064
[39]
White phosphorus
rat, oral
3.03 mg/kg
0.00303
[40]
Strychnine
human, oral
12 mg/kg
(estimated)
0.001
[41]
Nicotine
human, oral
Cantharidin
human, oral
0.5 mg/kg
0.0005
0.48 mg/kg
0.00048
[43]
rat, subcutaneous
134 g/kg
0.000134
[44]
rat, subcutaneous
25 g/kg
0.000025
[45]
Ricin
[46]
2,3,7,8Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin
(TCDD, a dioxin)
rat, oral
20 g/kg
[47]
Sarin
mouse,
subcutaneous
injection
17.23 g/kg
0.0000172 [48]
(estimated)
VX
human, oral,
2.3 g/kg
inhalation,
(estimated)
absorption through
0.00002
[42]
0.0000023 [49]
Substance
Animal, Route
LD50
{LC50}
LD50 :
g/kg
{LC50 : Refere
g/L}
nce
standardi
zed
skin/eyes
Batrachotoxin (from poison
dart frog)
0.000002
Maitotoxin
mouse,
intraperitoneal
0.13 g/kg
0.0000001 [51]
3
Polonium-210
human, inhalation
10 ng/kg
(estimated)
0.0000000 [52]
1
human, oral,
1 ng/kg
injection, inhalation (estimated)
0.0000000 [53]
01
Ionizing radiation
human, irradiation 6 Gy
[50]