Pollution

The litter problem on the coast of Guyana, 2010

Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into the natural environment that cause adverse change.
[1]
Pollution can take the form of chemical substances or energy, such as noise, heat or
light. Pollutants, the components of pollution, can be either foreign substances/energies or naturally
occurring contaminants. Pollution is often classed as point source ornonpoint source pollution.
Ancient cultures
Air pollution has always accompanied civilizations. Pollution started from prehistoric times when
man created the first fires. According to a 1983 article in the journal Science, "sootfound on ceilings
of prehistoric caves provides ample evidence of the high levels of pollution that was associated with
inadequate ventilation of open fires."
Urban pollution
The burning of coal and wood, and the presence of many horses in concentrated areas made the cities
the cesspools of pollution. The Industrial Revolution brought an infusion of untreated chemicals and
wastes into local streams that served as the water supply.
Forms of pollution
The Lachine Canal in MontrealCanada, is polluted.
The major forms of pollution are listed below along with the particular contaminant relevant to each
of them:Air pollution: the release of chemicals and particulates into the atmosphere. Common gaseous
pollutants

include carbon

monoxide, sulfur

dioxide, chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)

and nitrogen

oxides produced by industry and motor vehicles. Photochemical ozone and smog are created as
nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons react to sunlight. Particulate matter, or fine dust is characterized by
their micrometre size PM10 to PM2.5.
Pollutants
A pollutant is a waste material that pollutes air, water or soil. Three factors determine the severity of a
pollutant: its chemical nature, the concentration and the persistence.
Cost of pollution
Pollution has cost. Manufacturing activities that cause air pollution impose health and clean-up costs
on the whole society, whereas the neighbors of an individual who chooses to fire-proof his home may
benefit from a reduced risk of a fire spreading to their own houses. If external costs exist, such as
pollution, the producer may choose to produce more of the product than would be produced if the
producer were required to pay all associated environmental costs
EffectsHuman health

Overview of main health effects on humans from some common types of pollution. [36][37][38]Adverse air
quality can kill many organisms including humans. Ozone pollution can cause respiratory
disease,cardiovascular disease, throat inflammation, chest pain, and congestion.

Role of Government
The IT infrastructures significance to the country has gained visibility in the recent years due to cyber
attacks and rapid growth in identity theft and financial frauds. These events have made it increasingly
clear that the security of the IT infrastructure has become a key strategic interest to the Government.
Although the industry now making investments in security-related infrastructure, their actions are
directed primarily at short-term efforts driven by market demands to address immediate security
problems.
The Government has a different but equally important role to play in cyber security assurance in the
form of long-term strategies. In this direction, the deliberations of the National Information Board (NIB),
National Security Council (NSC) have stressed the importance of a national strategy on cyber security,
development

of

national

capabilities

for

ensuring

adequate

protection

of

critical

information

infrastructures including rapid response and remediation to security incidents, long term investments in
infrastructure facilities, capacity building and R&D. Governments responsibilities in long-term investment
and fundamental research will enable development of new concepts, technologies, infrastructure
prototypes, and trained personnel needed to spur on next-generation security solutions.
Government leadership catalyzes activities of strategic importance to the Nation. In cyber security
assurance, such leadership can energize a broad collaboration with private-sector partners and
stakeholders to generate fundamental technological advances in the security of the Nations IT
infrastructure. First, in support of national and economic security, the Government should identify the
most dangerous classes of cyber security assurance threats to the Nation, the most critical IT
infrastructure vulnerabilities, and the most difficult cyber security assurance problems. Second, the
Government can use these findings to develop and implement a coordinated R&D effort focused on the
key research needs that can only be addressed with such leadership. While these needs will evolve over
time, this Cyber Security Strategy provides a starting point for such an effort.
Public-private partnership is a key component of Cyber Security Strategy. These partnerships can
usefully confront coordination problems. They can significantly enhance information exchange and
cooperation. Public-private engagement will take a variety of forms and will address awareness, training,
technological improvements, vulnerability remediation, and recovery operations.

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