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‫)*‪%‬م &‪١٤٢٣/١٢/٢٢ 67 -8‬هـ؛ و*‪١٤٢٤/٧/١٠ 67 -8& 9:‬هـ(‬

‫‪<<C ../‬ر ﺏ‪-‬ﻥ< ‪<< A B‬ﺏ‪ 6‬ﺏ <<‪%?2‬ام ﻥ><( ا << ت ا =‪-‬ا‪%<<02 GIS <<7‬ی‪-‬‬ ‫‪/0' 1/‬‬ ‫ ‪/2‬‬
‫ا‪  2A‬ت  ‪ E‬ا ‪-‬ي ‪ 67‬ا ‪ 5‬ا ‪-‬ﺏ ا )دی‪ .‬أﻥ ا ‪%< I< J<K:‬ة ‪-‬ا‪ ،9<A‬ﺏ<‪%‬أت‬
‫ﺏ ‪/<<<K‬ل <<<‪ I‬ﺥ‪-‬ی‪-Q:C <<<L‬ا‪ 6<<<7 <<<5 <<<7‬ﺹ<<<= ور*<<< ﺏ‪ <<<0‬س ر<<<( *<<<‪%‬ر‪E‬‬
‫‪ ،٤٠٠٠٠٠٠:١‬و‪ X‬ﺙ<( <)‪ U<V 'K‬وﺕ‪K‬ی'< إ <‪ I‬ﺥ‪-‬ی‪ <L‬ر*<‪ ،‬ورﺏ‪ <'L‬ﺏ‪ <K‬ور‬
‫ا ‪ 5:8‬ا ‪ &C‬ا دی) ‪ .5‬آ ﺕ‪ XY‬ا <‪ 9‬ا ‪/<K‬ل <‪ I‬ا ‪ :‬ﻥ< ت ا =‪-‬ا‪<7‬‬
‫ ‪ LK‬ت ا‪Z‬رﺹ د ا ی ا ‪ 2‬ﺏ <زارة ا را< )ا را< وا < ‪ < E‬ﺏ‪ ( 0‬ا ‪%< \ <:‬ده ‬
‫‪ ،<<LK ٥٢‬وﺕ*'<< <<‪ I‬ا ?‪-‬ی‪ <<L‬ا ‪ .<<*-‬آ<< ﺕ<<( ا ‪/<<K‬ل <<‪ I‬ا ‪ :‬ﻥ<< ت ا & ﺥ<<‬
‫ ^ ‪ LK‬ت ا‪Z‬رﺹ د وإ<‪%‬اده ﺏ <‪/‬رة ا ]‪ <U‬ورﺏ‪ <'L‬ﺏ ?‪-‬ی‪ <L‬ا ‪ ،<*-‬وذ <‬
‫ `‪-2‬ة <‪ < X‬م ‪١٩٨٤‬م إ <‪ < I‬م ‪٢٠٠٠‬م‪ .‬أ‪ b<0‬ذ < إ<‪%‬اد وﺏ‪ <-‬ا &< ذج ا ‪-‬ی ‪<V‬‬
‫ا <<)‪ 6<<7 %?2‬إ<<‪-‬اء ا << ت ا ‪ )<<K‬ﺏ ا ]ز<< ‪%<<02‬ی‪ -‬ا‪ << 2A‬ت << ‪ E‬ا <<‪-‬ي ﺏ‪-L‬ی‪<<0‬‬
‫‪2‬ا‪%<<<< * ^<<<< <<<<07‬ة ا <<<< ت ا =‪-‬ا‪g .<<<<7‬ﺥ<<<<‪f‬ا ‪ 6<<<<7‬ا‪ <<<<:2e‬ر  <<<<‪ 9‬ا ‪/<<<<K‬ل‪،‬‬
‫وا‪  2Ae‬ت ا  ‪ 9)= U‬ا ‪-2‬ﺏ ‪ X‬ا‪]Z‬ح ا ا‪%U‬ة‪ .‬و ‪7‬ا*‪ E < %‬ا <‪-‬ي‪ ،‬ی<‪ X< (2‬ﺥ<]ل‬

‫‬
 ‫‪%:‬ا ‪ 6 XA-‬ا ‪f‬ﺏ و‪g‬ﺥ‪-‬ون‬ ‫‬
‫ﺏ‪-‬ﻥ ‪% * B‬ة ا  ت ا =‪-‬ا‪ 67‬ا ‪L‬ر ‪ )A‬ب ا‪  2A‬ت  ‪ E‬ا ‪-‬ي ا ‪/<K <5‬ل‬
‫ا <<‪-‬اد زرا‪ 6<<7 l<<2‬ا &‪ <<0L‬أو ا &<< ‪ kC‬ا ‪ 6<<2‬ی<<‪ (2‬ﺕ‪%K‬ی<<‪%‬ه <<‪ I<< X‬ا ?‪-‬ی‪ <<L‬ا ‪<<*-‬‬
‫ ‪ ،5‬ﺏ‪ %‬أن ی‪ (2‬ﺕ‪%0‬ی‪ -‬ا ‪
-?:‬ﻥ‪ m2‬ا ‪ 6-‬ﺏ ‪%?2‬ام ﻥذج ﺏ& ن
ﻥ‪ .J<2‬رو<‪6‬‬
‫‪ 67‬ﺕ‪% * (/‬ة ا  ت ا =‪-‬ا‪ 7‬ﺕ‪ XC‬ا ‪ &02‬وأن ﺕ‪5‬ن ' ا‪%?2e‬ام‪ JA ،‬ﺕ<(‬
‫ﺕ<<‪ (/‬وﺏ‪ <<-‬ا ا'<< ت ﺏ =<< ا ‪-‬ﺏ<<‪ << ،‬ی<<) ه(
ﺏ<<‪o‬ذن ا‪ 6<<7
n‬إ‪ <<L‬ء ‪-7‬ﺹ<<‬
‫ا‪%?2<<<e‬ام ‪Z‬آ‪%<<< -<<<:‬د <<<‪ X‬ا <<<)‪%`2‬ی‪ ،X‬و<<<‪ X‬ا ‪ ^<<<*2‬أن ی<<<) ه( ه<<<‪f‬ا ا <<<‪% )<<< 6<<<7 9‬ة‬
‫ا )‪p‬و ‪ X‬ذوي ا ‪ 67 A]/‬اﺕ? ذ آ‪ X< -3‬ا ‪-<0‬ارات ذات ا ]*< ﺏ < ‪ E‬ﺏ<‪/‬رة  <‪،‬‬
‫و ‪ E‬ا ‪-‬ي ﺏ‪/‬رة ﺥ ﺹ ‪ 67‬ا ‪ 5‬ا ‪-‬ﺏ ا )دی‪.‬‬

‫ ‪/‬‬
‫ﺕ‪ ^0‬ا ‪ <5‬ا ‪-‬ﺏ< ا <)دی ‪ 6<7‬ﻥ‪ <L‬ق ا &< ‪ kC‬ا <‪-K/‬اوی ا ‪ ،<A 0‬و <‪f‬ا‬
‫‪o7‬ﻥ' ﺕ ﻥ‪ X 6‬ﻥ‪ A s0‬د ‪ 67‬آ ودة ا  ‪ ،E‬وﺕ‪ r&/‬ا ‪ X 5‬ا <‪%‬ول‬
‫ا `‪-0‬ة  ‪ U‬؛ ﻥ>‪-‬ا ‪%K‬ودی< ا <ارد ا  ‪ . <'7 <U‬آ< أن ا &<‪ 8‬ط ا را<‪6‬‬
‫‪ 67‬ا ‪ 5‬ی‪ %2‬ﺏ‪ 958‬أ ‪ I 6‬ا < ‪ E‬ا ‪ -<Q <7‬ا ‪ 0‬ﺏ< ‪%2‬ی<‪ %‬ا ‪6<2‬‬
‫ﺕ‪<<<A 9<<<3‬ا ‪ /<<< 9<<< X<<< %٧٥ 6‬در <<< ‪ E‬ا <<<‪-‬ي ]‪o7  f<<< .[١‬ﻥ<<<‪X<<< l‬‬
‫ا ‪-Y‬وري ا‪%?2‬ام  ‪ E‬ا ‪-‬ي ﺏ‪ I/*x‬آ` ءة‪ ،‬أو ﺏ‪ :‬رة أﺥ‪-‬ى ﺕ>( إﻥ‪< 2‬‬
‫و‪%A‬ة ا  ‪ .E‬إن ا ‪-2‬ﺵ‪ 67 %‬ا‪]'2‬ك  ‪ E‬ا ‪-‬ي ی)‪%< I %&2‬د <‪ X‬ا ا<‪9‬‬
‫وا ‪-<<=2‬ات داﺥ<<‪ 9‬وﺥ<< رج ا ‪ 9<<0K‬ا <<‪-‬وي‪ X<< ،‬أه'<< ‪ ،‬ﺕ‪%<<0‬ی‪ -‬ا‪ << 2Ae‬ت‬
‫ا  ‪/K U‬ل ا ‪ 62‬ی‪  ' kL‬دة ‪ mL/‬ا ‪
-?:‬ﻥ‪.m2‬‬
‫‪ 6>A‬ﺕ‪%0‬ی‪ -‬ا‪  2Ae‬ت ا  ‪ K U‬ﺹ<‪ 9‬ا را< ﺏ ه‪ <2‬م آ‪X< -<3‬‬
‫ا ‪ X3A <<:‬وا ?‪Z X/<<2‬ه‪ < 2‬ا ‪/<<0‬ى ‪ 6<<7‬ا ‪ I<< <<>7 K‬ا ‪-<<3‬وة ا  ‪،<<U‬‬
‫وﺕ‪ X)K‬ا|ﻥ‪  2‬ا ‪  /K‬آ وﻥ< ‪ J<A ،‬أ<‪-‬ي ا ‪%‬ی<‪ X< %‬ا ‪ <2‬رب‬
‫ا ‪ <<<<0K‬وا ‪%‬را<<<<ـ ت ا &>‪-‬ی<<<< ‪%<<<<02‬ی‪ -‬ا‪ <<<< 2Ae‬ت ا  ‪ K <<<<U‬ﺹ<<<<‪،9‬‬
‫وآ ن ‪ X [٢،٣] Briggs and Shantz‬أوا‪ 9U‬ا ‪3A :‬ـ‪ ،X‬وی‪ [٤] Penman %‬و‪Budyako‬‬

‫]‪ [٥‬أﺹ‪ K‬ب ‪ 67 k:‬ﺕ‪%: k:L‬أ "اﺕان ا ‪%02 "Energy balance * L‬ی‪ -‬ا ‪-<?:‬‬
‫‬ ‫ ‪%02‬ی‪ -‬ا‪  2A‬ت  ‪ E‬ا ‪-‬ي‪...‬‬ ‫‪GIS‬‬ ‫ﺏ‪-‬ﻥ ‪ B‬ﻥ>(  ت =‪-‬ا‪7‬‬

‫‪L X‬ح ا &‪ :‬ﺕ ت‪ ،‬وآ ن ‪ ،٦] Penman‬ص‪ [١٢٥‬ه أول ‪ ^ X‬ﺏ‪ X‬اﺕان‬
‫ا ‪ * L‬واﻥ‪ 02‬ل ا ‪  67 "Mass transfer" 25‬د  وا‪%A‬ة  ا  د  ا ‪-‬آ‪،:‬‬
‫و‪ 7 7-‬ﺏ‪ %‬ﺏـ د  ﺏ&< ن ا ‪-‬آ‪ ،<:‬وا<‪ I< %?2‬ﻥ‪ <L‬ق وا<^ ‪6<7‬‬
‫أﻥ‪ K‬ء ‪ X *-`2‬ا  (‪ .‬ﺥ<]ل ا ?<) ‪<0‬د ا  ‪  <>A <V‬د < ﺏ&< ن‬
‫ﺏ‪ &)K2‬ت ‪%‬ة وأ‪-‬ي ' ﺕ‪%‬ی]ت ?‪ ،`2‬ﺥ ﺹ <‪-C X‬ی<‪Doorenbos k‬‬

‫‪ ،٧] and Pruitt‬ص‪١٧٩‬؛ ‪ ،٨‬ص‪ X<< [١٥٦‬ﺥ<<]ل &><< ا‪fQe‬ی<< وا را<<‬

‫)‪ <<<7‬و(‪ ،‬و‪ ،٩] Monteith‬ص ص‪ .[٢٣٤
٢٠٥‬ا<<<‪  %?2‬د <<< ﺏ&<<< ن
‪ <<<7‬و‬
‫‪ I‬ﻥ‪ L‬ق أو^ ‪  X‬د < ﺏ&< ن
ﻥ‪J<2‬؛ ﻥ><‪-‬ا < ﺕ‪ l<:L2‬ا‪Z‬ﺥ<‪-‬ة <‪X‬‬
‫& ﺹ‪% -‬ی‪%‬ة و‪ )<A‬ﺏ ت د*‪ I< ]Y<7 <0‬ا‪2A‬ا‪ I< <'U‬ﺏ<€ ا ‪-<=2‬ات‬
‫ا ‪ 62‬ی‪ b/‬ﺕ‪%0‬ی‪-‬ه ‪ ،‬ﺥ ﺹ< < ‪ 0 6‬و< ا '<اء ‪ ،ra‬و‪ 0‬و< ا <)‪،rs mL‬‬
‫وا<‪ L2‬ع ‪ [١٠] Allen et al.‬ﺕ‪<L‬ی‪ <*] -‬ت ری ‪ <V‬أ‪ X< X<5‬ﺥ] '< ﺕ‪%<0‬ی‪-‬‬
‫ﺕ ا ا‪ 9‬آ‪%‬وال ﺥ‪ L‬و ‪ Q‬رﺙ ‪ 67‬ارﺕ` ع ا ‪/K‬ل‪ .‬و*‪ %‬ﺏ‪Jensen et X‬‬

‫‪ ،١١] al.‬ص ص‪ [١٠٠١٧
٢٣٩٨‬و‪ ،١٢] Allen et al.‬ص‪ [٣٠٠‬أن أ‪9Y<<7‬‬

‫‪-C‬ی‪%<<02 <<0‬ی‪ -‬ا‪ << 2Ae‬ت ا  ‪ K <<U‬ﺹ<<‪ 9‬ه<<‪  6‬د < ﺏ&<< ن
ﻥ‪.J<<2‬‬
‫و ‪x2‬آ‪] X %‬ء ه‪f‬ا ا &ذج >‪-‬وف ا ‪ ،5 ‚:‬أ<‪-‬ى ‪[١٣] Alazba‬‬
‫‪ 0‬رﻥ ﺏ‪ X‬ﺹ\ ?‪  X `2‬د  ﺏ& ن ا ‪-‬آ‪  '&V X :‬د  ﺏ&< ن
‬
‫ﻥ‪ ،J2‬وﺕ‪ X X:‬ا ‪%‬را ]ء  د < ﺏ&< ن
ﻥ‪-<> J<2‬وف ا ‪<‚:‬‬
‫ ‪ <5‬إ <<‪ %<<A I‬آ‪ ،-<:‬و <‪52<  f‬ن ه<‪ 6‬ا &<ذج ا ‪-‬ی ‪ 6<<V‬ا <<)‪%?2‬م ‪6<<7‬‬
‫ا ‪ )<K JK:‬ب <‪%‬ل ا ‪
-<?:‬ﻥ<‪/<K m2‬ل ا ‪ ،6<-‬و<‪ X‬ﺙ<( ا‪ < 2A‬ت‬
‫ ‪ E‬ا ‪-‬ي ‪ 67‬ا ‪ 5‬ا ‪-‬ﺏ ا )دی‪.‬‬
‫‪ I‬ا ‪ * X (Q-‬ا‪Z‬ﺏ‪ <K‬ث وا ‪%‬را< ت ا ‪ 6<2‬أ‪-‬ی< ‪ < 6<7‬ل ﺕ‪%<0‬ی‪-‬‬
‫ا‪ <<< 2Ae‬ت ا  ‪ K <<<U‬ﺹ<<<‪ I<<< 9‬ا <<<)‪2‬ى ا ‪ 0 6<<<K‬رﻥ<<< ﺏ ‪Z‬ﺏ‪ <<<K‬ث‬
‫وا ‪%‬را <ـ ت ا  <<‪ ،‬إ‪ e‬أن <<‪%‬دا <<‪ X‬ا ‪ X3A <<:‬ا ‪ X<<K‬آ<< ن '<<( '<<دا‬
‫ ‪ 67‬ه‪f‬ا ا  ﻥ‪ .b‬و‪ X‬ﺥ]ل ا )‪ m‬ا‪Z‬دﺏ<‪ 6‬اﺕ<‪ mY‬أن ‪X< [١٤] Saeed‬‬
 ‫‪%:‬ا ‪ 6 XA-‬ا ‪f‬ﺏ و‪g‬ﺥ‪-‬ون‬ ‫ ‬
‫أوا‪ <* X 9U‬م ﺏ‪%‬را< ا‪ < 2Ae‬ت ا  ‪ <0L& 6<7 <U‬ا ‪-‬ی< ض‪ J<A ،‬أ<‪-‬ى‬
‫ﺕ‪-‬ﺏ<< ‪ << <<0A‬ی‪-‬ة <<‪%‬د <<‪ X‬ا << د‪e‬ت ا ‪-‬ی ‪ <<V‬ا <<)‪ 6<<7 %?2‬ﺕ‪%<<0‬ی‪-‬‬
‫ا‪ << 2Ae‬ت ا  ‪/<<K <<U‬ل‪ ،‬آ<< *<<‪%‬م ‪ 6<<7‬ذ << ا <<‪ 9‬ﺏ<<€ ا ‪%<<02‬ی‪-‬ات‬
‫ا‪Z‬و   ‪/K 9‬ل ا ‪ .m0‬و ‪ %0‬ا‪%?2‬م ‪[١٥] Abo-Ghobar and Mohammad‬‬
‫ﺙ]ﺙ )‪-2‬ات ‪ 0‬س ا ‪
-<?:‬ﻥ<‪ m2‬ا `<‪/<K 6‬ل ا ‪ 6<7 (<-:‬ا ر<‬
‫ا ‪ 2‬ﺏ‪ 5‬ا را‪   ،‬ا < <د‪ ،‬و*<‪ %‬ﺕ<( إی< د  <‪ 9‬ا‪e‬رﺕ‪ <:‬ط‬
‫ﺏ‪ X‬آ‪ X 9‬ا ‪
-?:‬ﻥ‪ m2‬ا ‪ 0‬س وا ‪)<K‬ب <‪  X‬د < ﺏ&< ن و&<)‪ –X‬ه<‬
‫وآ‪ X  f‬ـ‪e%‬ت ا ‪A X -?:2‬ض ا ‪) -?:‬ﺹ&‪ r‬أ(‪ .‬آ * س ‪Mohammed‬‬

‫]‪ [١٦‬ا ‪
-<<?:‬ﻥ<<‪ m2‬ا ‪/<<K 6<<-‬ل ا ‪ X<< (<<-:‬ﺙ]ﺙ<< <<)‪-2‬ات <<‪%‬ة‬
‫< ‪ ،X <<22 X‬آ<< ﺕ<( ﺕ‪%<<0‬ی‪ -‬ا ‪
-<<?:‬ﻥ<<‪ m2‬ﺏ <‪%?2‬ام <<‪ << -8‬د‪e‬ت ﺵ<< ‪U‬‬
‫ا‪ 2<<e‬ل <<&`… ا `‪-<<2‬ة ا &<< ﺏ‪ << e%‬ﺏ<<€ ا ‪ :‬ﻥ<< ت ا & ﺥ<<‪ ،‬وﺕ<<( *<< س‬
‫ا ‪<<A X<< -<<?:‬ض ا ‪) -<<?:‬ﺹ<<&‪ r‬أ(‪ ،‬وﺏ<<‪ %‬ذ << ﺕ<<( إی<< د  <<‪ 9‬ا‪e‬رﺕ‪ <<:‬ط‬
‫ا ‪%2‬د ﺏ‪ X‬آ‪ X 9‬ا ‪
-?:‬ﻥ‪ m2‬ا ‪f‬ي ﺕ( ﺕ‪%0‬ی‪ X E-‬ا  د‪e‬ت وا ‪ -<?:‬ا ‪ <0‬س‬
‫‪A X‬ض ا ‪ ^ -?:‬ا ‪ – -?:‬ﻥ‪ m2‬ا `‪ 6‬ا ‪ 0‬س =‪-‬ض ا  ی‪-‬ة‪ JA ،‬و<‪%‬‬
‫أن أ‪ 9  9Y7‬ارﺕ‪ :‬ط ﺕ( ا ‪/<K‬ل <‪ l‬ه< <‪<A X‬ض ا ‪ .-<?:‬وو<‪ %‬أن‬
‫<<ـ د  ﺏ&<< ن ه<<‪ 6‬ا‪9Y<<7Z‬؛ ‪Z‬ن  <<‪ 9‬ا‪e‬رﺕ‪ <<:‬ط '<< ه<< ا‪ I<<Z‬ﺥ<<]ل‬
‫ا <<)&‪ ،X2‬وا ‪ (<<0‬ا ‪ <<' 9/<<K2‬ی‪ X<<5‬أن ﺕ<<)‪%?2‬م ﺏ‪%<<02 <<*%‬ی‪ -‬ا ‪
-<?:‬ﻥ<<‪m2‬‬
‫ا ‪ 6-‬ﺕ‪ K‬ا >‪-‬وف ا & ﺥ ا ‪ K‬ا  ‪ .7‬ا‪%?2‬م ‪  [١٧] Alazba‬د ‬
‫ﺏ&<< ن
ﻥ‪%<<02 J<<2‬ی‪ -‬ا‪ << 2Ae‬ت ا  ‪%<< 6<<7 9<<?& <<U‬د <<‪ X‬ا &<< ‪kC‬‬
‫ا ‪-'28‬ة ﺏرا ا &?<‪ ،9‬وﺕ<‪ -7‬ه<‪ Ef‬ا ‪%‬را< ا &>‪-‬ی< إ <‪  I‬ﻥ<‪ b‬ا‪Z‬ﺏ‪ <K‬ث‬
‫ا ‪ 0:L2‬ا‪Z‬ﺥ‪-‬ى ا ) ﺏ‪ 0‬ا ‪f‬آ‪ -‬ﺏ& ﺕ‪ 7- 2K‬ا &'‪ B‬ا ‪ 6‬ا ‪67 mK/‬‬
‫ﺕ‪%0‬ی‪ -‬ا‪  2Ae‬ت ا  ‪ K U‬ﺹ‪ I 9‬ا )‪2‬ى ا ‪.6K‬‬
‫
‬ ‫ ‪%02‬ی‪ -‬ا‪  2A‬ت  ‪ E‬ا ‪-‬ي‪...‬‬ ‫‪GIS‬‬ ‫ﺏ‪-‬ﻥ ‪ B‬ﻥ>(  ت =‪-‬ا‪7‬‬

‫ی‪ k:  mY2‬أن ﺕ‪ &0‬ﻥ>( ا  ت ا =‪-‬ا‪ ( (GIS) 7‬ﺕ)‪%?2‬م ‪X‬‬

‫*‪ 67 9:‬ﺕ‪%0‬ی‪ -‬ا‪  2Ae‬ت ا  ‪ 6<7 U‬ا ‪ <5‬ا ‪-‬ﺏ< ا <)دی‪ I< ،‬ا <‪(Q-‬‬
‫<‪ X‬أﻥ<<‪&<< f<& l‬ات ﺏ<<‪%‬أ ا<‪%?2‬ا'  << ‪ 6<<7‬ا ‪ <0:L2‬ت ا را<< ا ?‪<<`2‬‬
‫ﺏ<<‪/‬رة  <<‪ ،‬و‪ 6<<7‬ﺕ‪%<<0‬ی‪ -‬وإدارة << ‪ E‬ا <<‪-‬ي ﺏ<<‪/‬رة ﺥ ﺹ<<‪ %<<07 .‬ا<<‪ `2‬د‬
‫‪ X< [١٨] Thiruvengadachari and Conley‬ﺕ‪ k<:L‬ﻥ>< م ا‪ 8<2e‬ر <‪ X‬ﺏ<‪ %‬و<‪X‬‬
‫ﺕ‪ &0‬ت ﻥ>( ا  ت ا =‪-‬ا‪ 67 7‬ﺕ?‪ 8< †<L‬ری^ ا <‪-‬ي ا ‪%‬ی<‪%‬ة وا <‪(5K2‬‬
‫‪ 67‬ا ‪ 8‬ری^ ا ‪ * .U 0‬م ‪ [١٩] Papajorgji et al.‬ﺏ‪%K2‬ی‪ %‬ﺕزی^ ا  ‪  2Ae E‬ت‬
‫ا ‪-‬ي ا را‪ 67 6‬و‪e‬ی< ‪7‬ری<‪%‬ا ﺏ ‪e‬ی< ت ا ‪%<K2‬ة ﺏ&>< م ا <)‪ m‬ا =‪-‬ا‪6<7‬‬
‫وا <<‪f‬ي ﺕ‪ b<<L‬ا<<‪ 2‬ل ﺏ ﻥ<< ت إداری<< وﻥ><<( << ت =‪-‬ا‪ .<<7‬آ<< ‪<<C‬ـر‬
‫‪-C [٢٠] Knox et al.‬ی‪ I 0‬ه‚< ﺥ<‪-‬ا‪ (<>&2 †U‬ا ‪2‬زی<^ ا ‪ <5‬ﻥ‪ <:L2 6‬ت‬
‫ ‪ E‬ا ‪-‬ي ‪/K‬ل ا ‪ 6<7 …C <L:‬إﻥ‪-<2‬ا ووی< ﺏ <‪%?2‬ام ﻥ><( ا < ت‬
‫ا =‪-‬ا‪.7‬‬
‫ا<<ـ‪%?2‬م ‪ [٢١] Ahmed et al.‬ﺹ<<را ‪7‬ﺕ‪-Q‬ا‪ A )<< <<7‬ت ا را<<‬
‫وﺹ<<&`' ‪ 6<<7‬ﺥ<<‪-‬ا‪ †U‬ر*<< وﺕ<<( ا<<‪%?2‬ا' ‪ 6<<7‬ﻥ><<( ا << ت ا =‪-‬ا‪<<7‬‬
‫ ‪%K2‬ی‪ :L2 %‬ت ا ‪/K‬ل ‪ X‬ا  ‪ ،E‬و‪C‬ر ‪ [٢٢] Moon et al.‬ﻥ> م  ت‬
‫=‪-‬ا‪ 67‬ی) ‪ %‬ا )‚ ‪ I X‬ﺕ‪ 9K‬ﻥ>(  ت ا‪%?2‬ام ا < ‪ E‬وا ><‪-‬وف‬
‫ا & ﺥ<‪ .‬آ< ا<‪%?2‬م ‪ ،٢٣] San-Payo et al.‬ص ص‪ <' [٢٠٨
١٩٩‬زا ‪ L)<:‬‬
‫ ازﻥ ا < ‪ ^< E‬ﻥ><( ا < ت ا =‪-‬ا‪%<02 <7‬ی‪ -‬ا‪ < 2Ae‬ت ا  ‪6<7 <U‬‬
‫درا أ* &<ب ا ‪-:‬ﺕ=< ل‪ ،‬و<‪ I< [٢٤] Carreira et al. 9‬ﺕ‪%<0‬ی( وﺹ<‪r‬‬
‫ﺕ‪ 6 5‬ﺏ‪ X‬ﻥذج )‪ ^ (ISAREG‬ﻥ>( ا  ت ا =‪-‬ا‪ (GIS) 7‬ﺏ'<‪%‬ف ﺕ‪%<0‬ی(‬
‫‪- 9‬ن |دارة  ‪ E‬ا ‪-‬ي ‪ I‬ا )‪2‬ى ا|*‪ 6‬وی<‪ 9‬ﻥذ< )‪(ISAREG‬‬

‫‪% 9 I‬اول ري وﺕ‪%< (<0‬اول ا <‪-‬ي ا ‪ ،<U 0‬و*< م ‪[٢٥] Carvalho et al.‬‬
‫ﺏ‪o‬ﺕ م  ت ‪ )A‬ب ‪  2Ae‬ت ا <‪-‬ي و‪<C‬ل ا <‪%‬ورات ا|ﻥ‪/<K < 2‬ل‬
 ‫‪%:‬ا ‪ 6 XA-‬ا ‪f‬ﺏ و‪g‬ﺥ‪-‬ون‬ ‫‬
‫ا <‪f‬رة ﺏ‪-‬ی<‪-7‬د &< س <‪-‬ی…
ا ‪-:‬ازی<‪-C X< 9‬ی<‪ ^< k‬ا ‪ :‬ﻥ< ت <<‪٨ X‬‬
‫‪ LK‬ت ^ أﻥ> ا  ت ا =‪-‬ا‪.7‬‬
‫ا‪%?2‬م ‪% [٢٦] Sousa et al.‬دا ‪ LK X‬ت ا‪ LZ‬ر وا ‪ <LK‬ت ا ی<‬
‫‪ 0L& 67‬ﺕ‪-‬اس ‪ 67‬ا ‪-:‬ﺕ= ل‪ XV ،‬ﻥ<ذج ‪ K‬آ< ة ‪%‬و < ا <‪-‬ي ‪/<K‬ل‬
‫‪ I‬ﺕ‪%0‬ی‪ -‬ا‪  2A‬ت ا ‪-‬ي ‪/K‬ل ا ‪ ،…C L:‬وﺕ( ‪ X‬ﺥ] ‪ l‬ﺕ‪%0‬ی‪ -‬ا ‪
-?:‬‬
‫ﻥ‪ m2‬ا ‪ 6-‬ﺏ ‪%?2‬ام  د  ﺏ& ن ﻥ‪ b)A J2‬ا &'‪ B‬ا ‪<>& 6<7 ^:2‬‬
‫ا‪fQZ‬ی ا   ‪ .FAO56‬آ * م ‪ [٢٧] Weatherhead et al.‬ﺏ‪L2‬ی‪-C -‬ی‪p<:&2 0‬‬
‫ﺏ & ا )‪ 67 bL 6:02‬ا ‪-‬ي ﺏ ‪%‬ول ا ‪ 62‬ﺕ‪ 98‬أﻥ> ري ﺕ‪%0‬ی‪J<A ،‬‬
‫ا‪%?2‬م ‪ '7‬ﻥ>( ا  ت ا =‪-‬ا‪ ^<V <7‬ا ‪ (<-‬ا ‪f<' 6<LL?2‬ا ا &<‪،‬‬
‫و*<<‪ %‬ﺕ<<( ﺕ‪%<<0‬ی( ﺥ<<‪-‬ا‪ †U‬ﺕ‪ m<<V‬ا ‪ -<<=2‬ا ‪ 6<<7 ^<<*2‬ا ‪2‬زی<<^ ا <<ي ‪ <<:L2‬ت‬
‫ا <<‪-‬ي ﺏ<<‪ X‬ا‪<<Z‬ام ‪٢٠٢١
١٩٩٦‬م و‪ <<:L2‬ت ا <<‪-‬ي ا &>‪-‬ی<< ?‪ << †<<L‬م‬
‫ ف ^ ا ‪ K‬ﺹ‪ 9‬ا ‪-‬وی ‪  67‬م ‪٢٠٢١‬م‪ .‬وا‪%?2‬م ‪ [٢٨] Shih‬ﺏ ﻥ ت‬
‫ﻥ‪ 9<<0‬ا <<‪/‬رة ذات ا ‪ 9<<K2‬ا << ‪ X<< …<<0L 6‬ا ‪ -<<0‬ا <<‪% Noaa 6 &/‬را<<‬
‫ﺕزی<<^ ا &‪ :‬ﺕ<< ت ‪ ،Everglades 6<<7‬آ<< ا<<‪%?2‬م دا << ا‪e <<2Ae‬ت آ<<‪x‬داة ﺕ‪<<5‬‬
‫ `‪ sK‬ﻥ† ﺕزی^ د ‪ 9‬ا &‪ :‬ﺕ ت ا ‪ :L‬ﺕ‪-<> :‬وف ا<‪%?2‬ا ت ا‪Z‬رض‪،‬‬
‫و*‪ %‬ﺕ( ﺕ‪ -‬ه‪ Ef‬ا ‪ (0‬وﺕ?ی&' ‪%< * 67‬ة ﺏ ﻥ< ت ‪-‬ﺕ‪ <L:‬ﺏ<&>( ا < ت‬
‫ا =‪-‬ا‪ (GIS) <<7‬ی‪ I<< '<<V- X<<5‬ﺵ ﺵ<< أو ‪ m<<V2 <<'2 :C‬ا ‪2‬زی<<^‬
‫ا ‪ 5‬ﻥ‪ ،6‬وه‪ Ef‬ا ‪%‬را ذات أه ﺥ ﺹ ‪%?2<e‬ا' ‪ 6<7‬ﺕ‪%<0‬ی‪ -‬ا‪ < 2Ae‬ت‬
‫ا  ‪/K U‬ل‪.‬‬
‫‪ I‬ا ‪ X (Q-‬ا‪e‬ﻥ‪ 8<2‬ر ا ا<^ ‪%?2<e‬ام ﻥ><( ا < ت ا =‪-‬ا‪،<7‬‬
‫‪o7‬ن ا ‪ k:L2‬ا ‪ e ' 6K‬یال ‪%K‬ودا اء ‪ 67‬ا < ل ا را<‪ 6‬أو ‪E-<Q‬‬
‫‪ X‬ا  ‪e‬ت‪ ،‬ورﺏ ی‪ [٢٩] AlWagdany 9 -:2‬ا ‪ 6<7 9<32‬إﻥ<‪ 8‬ء ﺥ<‪-‬ا‪†U‬‬
‫ر*<< ‪-<<=2‬ی‪ X‬ا '<<‪%‬رو ‪ ،X‬وه<< ا ‪ -<<L‬ودر<< ا ‪-<<K‬ارة‪ X<< ،‬أوا‪9<<U‬‬
‫ا ‪ 67 X3A :‬ﺕ‪ k:L‬ﺕ‪ &0‬ا < ت ا =‪-‬ا‪ 6<7 <7‬ا ‪ ،<5‬و ‪ X<5‬ا ‪(< J<K:‬‬
‫‬ ‫ ‪%02‬ی‪ -‬ا‪  2A‬ت  ‪ E‬ا ‪-‬ي‪...‬‬ ‫‪GIS‬‬ ‫ﺏ‪-‬ﻥ ‪ B‬ﻥ>(  ت =‪-‬ا‪7‬‬

‫ی‪-<<L2‬ق إ <<‪ I‬ﺕ‪%<<0‬ی‪ -‬ا‪ << 2Ae‬ت ا  ‪ ،<<U‬ﺏ<<‪/‬رة  <<‪ ،‬و<< ‪ E‬ا <<‪-‬ي ﺏ<<‪`/‬‬
‫ﺥ ﺹ<<‪%<< X<< ]Y<<7 ،‬م ﺕ=‪ & l<<2L‬ﺹ<<‪ -‬ا & ﺥ<< ا‪Z‬ﺥ<<‪-‬ى ‪ 9<<3‬ا ‪C-‬ﺏ<<‬
‫ا &)‪ ،:‬و‪ -‬ا ‪-‬ی ح‪ ،‬وا|ﺵ ع ا ‪ ،6)8‬ا ‪ 62‬ﺕ‪%‬ﺥ‪ )A 67 9‬ب ا‪  2A‬ت‬
‫ ‪ E‬ا ‪-‬ي‪o7 ، f .‬ن ه<‪f‬ا ا ‪ J<K:‬ی'<‪%‬ف إ <‪ I‬ﺕ‪<L‬ی‪ -‬ﺏ‪-‬ﻥ< ‪< A B‬ﺏ‪ 6‬ی‪%<2‬‬
‫<<‪ I‬ﺕ‪ <<&0‬ﻥ><<( ا << ت ا =‪-‬ا‪%<<02 <<7‬ی‪ -‬ا‪ << 2Ae‬ت ا  ‪ K <<U‬ﺹ<<‪9‬‬
‫ا را ‪ 67‬ا ‪ 5‬ا ‪-‬ﺏ ا )دی‪.‬‬

‫  ‪
4 56 7-89‬‬
‫ ‬
‫ﺕ‪ b<<L‬إﻥ<< ز ا <<‪ 9‬ا<<‪%?2‬ام <<‪%‬دا <<‪ X‬ا‪<<'Z‬ة و ا ‪-<<:‬ا‪ B‬ا ‪<< K‬ﺏ‬
‫‪ 9<3‬ا  <ـ‪ m‬ا <‪ ،6UY‬وﺏ‪-‬ﻥ< ‪ ،Map Info B‬وﺏ‪-‬ﻥ< ‪ ،Map X B‬وﺏ‪-‬ﻥ< ‪Visual B‬‬

‫‪ ،Basic‬وﺏ‪-‬ﻥ<< ‪ .Access B‬آ<< ﺕ‪ b<<L‬ا <<‪ 9‬ﺥ‪-‬ی‪ <<L‬ور*<< ‪ <<5‬وﺏ ﻥ<< ت‬
‫=‪-‬ا‪ 7‬و& ﺥ ‪ LK‬ت ا ‪-‬ﺹ‪ %‬ا ‪ 2‬ﺏ زارة ا را< )ا را< وا < ‪E‬‬
‫ ﺏ‪ .( 0‬آ ن ‪ X 95‬ه‪ Ef‬ا ‪-:‬ا‪ B‬دورا أ  ‪ 67‬إ‪%‬اد ه<‪f‬ا ا <‪ J<A ،9‬ﺕ<(‬
‫ﺏا<<<‪ <<<  '2L‬ا ?‪-‬ی‪ <<<L‬ا ‪ ،<<<*-‬وﺕ<<<‪* (/‬ا<<<‪ %‬ا ‪ :‬ﻥ<<< ت ا‪،<<< Z‬‬
‫وإ<<‪-‬اء ا << ت ا ‪ )<<K‬ﺏ‪ ،‬و<<‪ 9‬ا ا'<< ت ا ‪ ،)<<U-‬وﺵ ﺵ<< ت ا ‪،J<<K:‬‬
‫وﺵ ﺵ<< ت ا ‪ <<02‬ری‪ ،-‬وﺵ ﺵ<< ت ا ‪%<<K2‬ی‪ ،J‬وی<<‪ %‬ﺏ‪-‬ﻥ<< ‪ Map Info B‬أ‪ %<<A‬ا <<&>(‬
‫ا ‪<<< K‬ﺏ  <<< ا ?<<<‪-‬ا‪ †U‬ا =‪-‬ا‪ I<<< <<<7‬ا‪<<<'Z‬ة ا ‪ ،/<<<?8‬وی<<<‪-7‬‬
‫إ‪ 5‬ﻥ<< ت  << ‪-<< 6<<7‬ض ا ?<<‪-‬ا‪ †U‬وﺕ‪ 9<<K‬ا ‪ :‬ﻥ<< ت‪ ،‬وإ‪ 5‬ﻥ<< ا <<‪-‬ﺏ† ﺏ<<‪X‬‬
‫*ا<<‪ %‬ا ‪ :‬ﻥ<< ت ا ]‪ Oracle 9<<3 < 0U‬و‪ .Access‬ﺕ‪<<52‬ن ﺥ<<‪-‬ا‪X<< Map Info†U‬‬
‫ ‪ X‬ا ` ت ﺕ‪ *.MAP 98‬وه ‪ :‬رة ‪  X‬ت =‪-‬ا‪ 7‬ه&‪%‬‬
‫ ‪5‬ﻥ ت ا ?‪-‬ی‪ ،L‬و‪ *.DAT‬وه ‪ :‬رة ‪ X‬ﺏ ﻥ ت وﺹ` ‪%‬و  و‪-‬ﺕ‪<L:‬‬
‫ﺏ ?<<‪ sU /‬ا‪<< << Z‬ـ ‪ ،Map Info‬و‪ *.ID‬وه<< ‪ <<:‬رة <<‪-<<'7 X‬س ‪ :‬ﻥ<< ت‬
‫ا ‪ ،-‬و‪ *.TAB‬وه ا ‪ r‬ا‪  6 Z‬ت ‪ Map Info‬و‪-‬ﺕ‪ †:‬ﺏ ` ت‬
 ‫‪%:‬ا ‪ 6 XA-‬ا ‪f‬ﺏ و‪g‬ﺥ‪-‬ون‬ ‫ ‬
‫ا <<) ﺏ‪ ،0‬و‪ *.DBF‬وه<< ‪ <<:‬رة <<‪ X‬ﺏ ﻥ<< ت ‪%‬و << ﺏ <<‪%?2‬ام *ا<<‪ %‬ا ‪ :‬ﻥ<< ت‬
‫‪ ،DBASE‬و‪ *.IND‬وه<<< ‪ <<<:‬رة <<<‪-<<<'7 X‬س ا <<< ت ‪ :‬ﻥ<<< ت ا ‪%‬و <<<‬
‫)ا ﺹ`(‪ .‬و*‪ %‬ﺕ( ا‪%?2‬ام ‪ -7<2 Map Info‬ا ?<‪-‬ا‪ †U‬ا‪ < Z‬ا ‪ 6<2‬اﺵ<‪2‬‬
‫<<‪ I‬ﺥ‪-‬ی‪ <<L‬ا ‪ <<5‬ا ‪-‬ﺏ<< ا <<)دی‪ ،‬وا*<<^ ا <<‪%‬ن ا ‪ )<<U-‬وا <<‪%‬ن‬
‫ا <<<‪-=/‬ة وا ‪-<<<0‬ى‪ ،‬وا*<<<^ ‪ <<<LK‬ت ا ‪-‬ﺹ<<<‪ %‬ا & ﺥ<<<‪ ،‬وا*<<<^ ا ‪-<<<L‬ق‬
‫وا >اه‪ -‬ا ?‪ 93 L‬ا‪Z‬ودی‪.‬‬
‫أ ﺏ‪-‬ﻥ ‪ : '7 Map X B‬رة <‪<A X< < X‬م ا <‪ (5K2‬ا ‪<-:‬‬
‫)‪ ActiveX (OCX‬ا ‪ 62‬ﺕ‪ X5‬ا ‪-:‬ا‪ B‬ا ‪ X 0:L2‬ا ‪ ^ 9 2‬ا ?‪-‬ا‪ †U‬و‪ 'V-‬‬
‫‪ Map‬إ‪ 5‬ﻥ<< وا<< <<‪<<A X‬م ا <<‪ (5K2‬و =<< ت‬ ‫‪X‬‬ ‫و ‪ <<'2‬ﺏ<<)' ‪ ،‬وی<<‪-7‬‬
‫ا ‪ -:‬ا ‪K‬ـ‪%‬ی‪ Visual Basic) 9<3 3‬و‪ ،(C++‬و<‪ X‬ﺥ<]ل ﺏ‪-‬ﻥ< ‪ Visual Basic B‬ﺕ<(‬
‫‪Map‬‬ ‫ا‪ `2e‬دة ‪  X‬ا ‪K‬م ا ‪ 6<2‬ی‪-7‬ه< ‪ ،Map X‬و&'< ‪ <A‬ا <‪(5K2‬‬
‫‪Info Map X v4‬؛ وذ  ‪-‬ض ا ?‪-‬ی‪ XV L‬ﺵ ﺵ ا ‪ JK:‬ا ‪ /‬ﺏ ‪%?2‬ام‬
‫‪ Map‬إ‪ 5‬ﻥ<<< ا <<<‪-‬ﺏ† ﺏ<<<‪ <<<= X‬ت ا ‪<<<-:‬‬ ‫‪X‬‬ ‫‪ ،Visual‬آ<<< ی<<<‪-7‬‬ ‫‪Basic‬‬ ‫ =<<<‬
‫‪-8<< Map‬ا‪ mU‬ا ?<<‪-‬ا‪ X<< †U‬ﺥ<<]ل ﺕ‪-‬ی<<‪ r‬ا <<‪-8‬ا‪ mU‬ﺏ <<‪%?2‬ام‬ ‫‪Info‬‬ ‫وﺕ‪-‬ی`<< ت‬
‫ا <<‪-‬ف ‪ ،Object‬إ‪ 7 <<V‬إ <<‪ I‬ﺥ‪-<< <<%‬ض ا ‪ <<02‬ت ا ‪ 6<<2‬ا<<‪6<<7 %?2‬‬
‫‪-‬ض ﻥ‪ BU 2‬ا  ت ا ‪ )K‬ﺏ )‪ I (ETref-Etc-IWR‬ا ?‪-‬ی‪ L‬وذ < ﺏ< ‪-‬ﺏ†‬
‫ﺏ‪ X‬ﻥ‪ 2‬ا  ت ا ‪ )K‬ﺏ و*^ ا ‪ X LK‬ﺥ]ل ﺥ ﺹ ا ‪%‬ا  ا ‪-K‬آ‬
‫<<< أﺥ<<<‪-‬ى <<<‪ X‬أدوات و‪<<<A‬م ا <<<‪(5K2‬‬ ‫‪MapX‬‬ ‫‪ .Annotations‬آ<<< ی<<<‪-7‬‬
‫ﺏ< ?‪-‬ا‪ †U‬ا  < ﺏا<‪ L‬ﻥ>< م ‪ X<5 %<0 .[٣٠] Map Info‬ه<‪f‬ا ا ‪-:‬ﻥ< ‪X< B‬‬
‫ﺕ‪L‬ی‪ -‬ا ‪-:‬ﻥ ‪ B‬ا ‪ K‬ﺏ‪ 6‬ﺏ = ا ‪-‬ﺏ‪ JA ،‬إن ‪ Map Info‬ا ‪g -72‬ﻥ‪f‬اك <(‬
‫ی‪ -7‬ﺕ ا ?‪ 67 .%‬ا ‪ 0‬ﺏ‪o<7 ،9‬ن ﺏ‪-‬ﻥ< ‪ Visual Basic B‬ی‪-7 m<2‬ﺹ< ا ‪<-:‬‬
‫ا ‪ U-‬ﺏ ‪%?2‬ام ا = ا ‪-‬ﺏ ﺏ &)‪ :‬ا' ت وﺕ<‪ (/‬ا <‪ 8‬ﺵ ت‪f< .‬ا آ< ن‬
‫ ‬ ‫ ‪%02‬ی‪ -‬ا‪  2A‬ت  ‪ E‬ا ‪-‬ي‪...‬‬ ‫‪GIS‬‬ ‫ﺏ‪-‬ﻥ ‪ B‬ﻥ>(  ت =‪-‬ا‪7‬‬

‫‪ XV X‬ا ‪-:‬ا‪ B‬ا )‪| %?2‬ﻥ ز ه‪f‬ا ا ‪ 9‬ﺏ‪-‬ﻥ ‪ Visual Basic B‬وه< <‪X‬‬
‫ =<< ت ا ‪ <<-:‬ا ‪%K‬ی‪ <<3‬وﺕ<<( ا<<‪%?2‬ا' ‪<<L2‬ی‪ -‬ا ‪-:‬ﻥ<< ‪ B‬ا ‪%<< 0 6<<0:L2‬ة‬
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‫‪Map‬‬ ‫ﺕ( إ‪%‬اده ﺏ ‪%?2‬ام ﺏ‪-‬ﻥ ‪ ،Access B‬وا ?‪-‬ا‪ †U‬ا ‪ 6<2‬ﺕ<( إﻥ<‪ 8‬ؤه ﺏا<‪L‬‬
‫‪ X‬ﺥــ]ل ا‪Z‬دوات ا ‪ 62‬ی‪7‬ــ‪-‬ه ‪ Map X‬آ ذآــ‪ .9:* X -‬أ ﺏ &)‪:‬‬ ‫‪Info‬‬

‫ ‪-:‬ﻥ ‪ %07 Access B‬ا‪?2‬ـ<ـ‪%‬م ‪`A 6<7‬ـ<ـˆ ﺏ ﻥ< ت ا ‪LK‬ـ<ـ ت ا ‪ 3‬ﺏ‪2‬ـ<ـ وا ‪ :‬ﻥ< ت‬
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‫ز&( ﺏا‪ L‬ﻥ> م ا ‪-‬ي ا )‪%?2‬م ا ‪ 62‬ی‪ 2K‬ج ' ا &‪ :‬ت ا'< ا ‪
-<?:‬‬
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‫ﺥ<<]ل << ا &‪ 9<<0‬وأﺙ&<< ء ﺕزی<<^ ا << ‪ E‬داﺥ<<‪ 9‬ا ‪ 9<<0K‬ا <<‪-‬وي‪ .‬وﺕ<<( ‪ )<<A‬ب‬
‫ا‪  2Ae‬ت ا  ‪- U‬ي ‪ X‬ﺥ]ل ا  د  ا ‪-‬ی ‪ V‬ا ‪:  2‬‬
‫‪ET c‬‬
‫‪IWR‬‬ ‫=‬
‫) ‪E i ( 1 − LR‬‬
‫)‪(١‬‬
‫‪:JA‬‬
‫ا‪  2Ae‬ت ا  ‪ U‬ا ‪.5‬‬ ‫‪IWR‬‬

‫‪%‬ل ا ‪
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‫آ` ءة ا ‪-‬ي )آ)‪-8 -‬ي(‪.‬‬ ‫‪Ei‬‬

 ‫‪%:‬ا ‪ 6 XA-‬ا ‪f‬ﺏ و‪g‬ﺥ‪-‬ون‬ ‫ ‬
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‫ﺕ( ﺕ‪%0‬ی‪% -‬ل ا ‪
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‫‪Etc = Kc × ETref‬‬
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‫‪ 9  Kc‬ا ‪/K‬ل‪.‬‬
‫‪% ETref‬ل ا ‪
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‫‪ ،١٢] FAO56 67‬ص‪ >A] ^ ،[٣٠٠‬أﻥ‪ l‬ﺕ<( ا‪ <:2‬ر *<( ‪ Kc‬ﺥ<]ل ‪<A-‬‬
‫ا ‪L2‬ر )ا ‪ A-‬ا ‪ 3‬ﻥ<(‪ ،‬و‪ <A-‬ا &<‪ BY‬وا ‪ /<K‬د )ا ‪ <A-‬ا ‪-‬اﺏ<( *<(‬
‫ﺙ ﺏ‪ <<<2‬آ<<< ‪ ^:2‬ﺏ &<<<)‪ Kc (<<<0 :‬ﺥ<<<]ل ‪ 6<<<2A-‬ا|ﻥ‪ <<<:‬ت )ا ‪ <<<A-‬ا‪Z‬و <<<‪(I‬‬
‫وا|ﺙ<< ر )ا ‪ <<A-‬ا ‪ .(<<3 3‬وی‪ m<<V‬ا <<‪ 958‬ر*<<( )‪ (١‬ا ‪-L‬ی‪ <<0‬ا ‪6<<7 <<:2‬‬
‫‪ )<<A‬ب *<<(  <<‪ 9‬ا ‪/<<K‬ل ‪ Kc‬ﺥ<<]ل ا `‪-<<2‬ات أو ا ‪-‬ا‪ 9<<A‬ا‪Z‬رﺏ<<^ &<<‬
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‫‪ A- 67‬ا|ﺙ ر )‪ ،(Kcmid‬أي أن‪:‬‬

‫‪Kc ini + Kc mid‬‬
‫= ‪Kc 2‬‬
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‫‪ L2‬آ ‪:6 2‬‬
‫‪Kc mid + Kc end‬‬
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‫‪2‬‬
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‫‪.L 2  8 L Kc EFG @

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‫ﺏ &<)‪ 9<  :‬ا ‪/<K‬ل ﺥ<]ل ‪ <A-‬ا|ﻥ‪ <:‬ت )‪ (Kc1‬وﺥ<]ل ‪<A-‬‬

‫ا|ﺙ ر ‪ %07 Kc3‬أﺥ‪f‬ت *‪ ) '2‬وی ‪ Kcini (0‬و‪ I< ،Kcmid‬ا ‪<2‬ا ‪ .6‬وی‪X<5‬‬
‫ا ‪/K‬ل ‪ Kcini (* I‬و‪ ،Kcmid‬و‪- X Kcend‬ا^ ﺙ‪ ASCE70 93 0‬و‪FAO56‬‬

‫]‪ ،١١‬ص ص‪١٠٠١٧‬؛ ‪ ،١٢‬ص‪ ،[٣٠٠‬أو *( ﻥ‪ BU 2‬ﺕ رب ‪6<7 < <0A‬‬
‫ﻥ`… ا &‪ 0L‬ا ‪-‬اد ‪ )A‬ب ا‪  2Ae‬ت ا  ‪ K U‬ﺹ<‪ 9‬ا ‪ 6<2‬ی<‪-‬اد زرا‪ <'2‬‬
‫‪ 67‬ﺕ ا &‪ I .0L‬ا )‪%?2‬م أن ی‪%‬رك ‪%‬ى ا‪e‬رﺕ‪ :‬ط ا <‪]2‬زم ﺏ<‪Kc (<* X‬‬

‫وﺏ‪ X‬ا ‪/K‬ل ا ‪ 6-‬ا <)‪%?2‬م ‪ 6<7‬ﺕ‪%<0‬ی‪ -‬ا ‪
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‫إن ‪ Kc‬ﺕ‪ I<< b)<<K‬أ<< س أن ا ‪/<<K‬ل ا ‪ 6<<-‬ه<< ا ‪ (<<-:‬أو ا <<‪.b8‬‬
‫‪  A 6`7‬ر‪ :Q‬ا <)‪%?2‬م ﺕ‪%<0‬ی‪ -‬ا ‪
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‫‪ b<<7‬ا<<‪%?2‬ام *<<(  <<‪ 9‬ا ‪/<<K‬ل ا ‪ 6<<2‬ﺕ<<( ا ‪/<<K‬ل '<< <<‪ I‬أ<< س‬
‫ا ‪.b8‬‬
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‫ ‪%<<02‬ی‪%<< -‬ل ا ‪
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‬
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‫وی‪ X5‬آ‪ 2‬ﺏ‪ '2‬ﺏ ‪ =/‬ا ‪-‬ی ‪ V‬ا ‪ ،٢٣]  2‬ص ص ‪:[٢٠٨
١٩٩‬‬
‫∆ ‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫)‪(٥‬‬ ‫‪ETref = λ−1 ‬‬ ‫*‬
‫‪(Rn − G ) + γ * K (es − ea )‬‬
‫‪ ∆ + γ‬‬ ‫‪∆+γ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪:JA‬‬
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‫ا ‪-K‬ارة ا ‪] L2‬آ ﺏ ‪ 5‬ل‪/‬م‪.[°‬‬
‫‪ γ‬ﺙ ﺏ ' ز * س ا ‪C-‬ﺏ ]آ ﺏ ‪ 5‬ل‪/‬م‪.[°‬‬
‫‪ Rn‬ﺹ ‪ 67‬ا|ﺵ ع ]‪ 0‬ل‪)/‬م‪.٢‬یم([‪.‬‬
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‫‪ )A 9  K‬ﺏ‪ 0] 6‬ل‪)/‬م‪.٢‬یم‪.‬آﺏ ‪ 5‬ل([‪.‬‬
‫‪ †=V es‬ا ‪ ?:‬ر ا ‪] ^:8‬آ ﺏ ‪ 5‬ل[‪.‬‬
‫‪ †=V ea‬ا ‪ ?:‬ر ا ‪] 600K‬آ ﺏ ‪ 5‬ل[‪.‬‬
‫ ‪ )<<K‬ب ا ‪-<<=2‬ات ا <<) ﺏ‪ ،0‬اﺕ‪ <<:‬ا &'<< ا ‪،١٢] FAO56 9<<:* X<< <<A-20‬‬
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‫‪%K‬دة ی‪0‬م ا )‪%?2‬م ﺏ‪o‬دﺥ ' إ ‪ I‬ا ‪-:‬ﻥ ‪ B‬ا ‪ K‬ﺏ‪ ،6‬و‪%  A 67‬م إدﺥ< ل‬
‫ا )‪%?2‬م ا ‪ 0‬ا ‪L‬ﺏ<‪o<7 ،‬ن ا ‪-:‬ﻥ< ‪ B‬ی<)‪%?2‬م *< ا‪-27‬ا‪ <V‬ﺕ<) وي ‪٠,١‬‬
‫و‪ X 95 ٠,٧‬ا‪  2Ae‬ت ا =) وآ` ءة ا ‪-‬ي‪ I ،‬ا ‪2‬ا ‪.6‬‬
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‫ﺏ<<‪ %‬ا ‪/<<K‬ل <<‪ I‬ﺥ‪-‬ی‪ <<L‬ور*<< ‪-Q:C‬ا‪ <<5 <<7‬ﺏ‪ <<0‬س ر <(‬
‫‪ X<<<<< ٤,٠٠٠,٠٠٠:١‬إدارة ا <<<<<) ‪ A‬ا <<<<<)‪-5‬ی ا ‪ 2‬ﺏ<<<<< <<<<<زارة ا <<<<<‪ 7%‬ع‬
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‫وا ‪-<L‬ان‪ ،‬ﺕ<( <‪ 9‬ا <)‪ m‬ا <‪-? 6UY‬ی‪ <L‬ﺏ‪ ٤٠٠ <*%‬ﻥ‪ 6<7 <L0‬ا ‪:‬ﺹ<<‬
‫ﺏا‪ ' L‬ز  <‪ 6U<V m‬ﺏ ‪ <2‬ون <^ *<)( ا <) ‪A‬ـ ‪ 6<7‬وزارة ا <‪‚8‬ن‬
‫ا ‪%:‬ی وا ‪-0‬وی‪ .‬وﺕ( ﺏ<‪ %‬ذ <  < ا ?‪-‬ی‪ <L‬وﺕ''< ورﺏ‪-= <'L‬ا‪ <7‬‬
‫ﺏ ‪ 5:8‬ا ‪Z U] m:/2 &C‬ﺥ<‪ f‬ا < ت ا‪Z‬ر‪ <V‬ا ‪-2‬ی< &'< ‪،‬‬
‫وذ  ﺏ ‪ 2‬ون ^ ه&‪ %‬ا )ـ ‪ A‬ﺏـ  ا  ـد‪ ،‬وﺕ( ‪ ˆ`A‬ا ?‪-‬ی‪<L‬‬
‫ا ‪ <<<*-‬ﺏ‪-L‬ی‪2 <<<0‬ا‪ <<<07‬و]‪ ^<<< <<<U‬ﺏ‪-‬ﻥ<<< ‪ B <<< B‬ا ?<<<‪-‬ا‪Map Info †U‬‬

‫ا )‪%?2‬م ‪ 67‬ه‪f‬ا ا ‪.9‬‬

‫ﺏ‪ %‬ا ‪/K‬ل ‪ I‬ا ‪ :‬ﻥ ت ا =‪-‬ا‪ LK 7‬ت ا‪Z‬رﺹ د ا ]ز< <‪9‬‬
‫* ‪%‬ة ا  ت ا =‪-‬ا‪-C X< 7‬ی<‪- k‬آ< ا ﺙ< ‪ kU‬وا < ت ﺏ ‪k)<&2‬‬
‫<<^ *<<)( ا '<<<‪%‬رو  ا ‪ <<2‬ﺏ^ |دارة ﺕ&<<< <<ارد ا <<< ‪ E‬ﺏ<<زارة ا را<<<‬
‫)ا را<< وا << ‪ << E‬ﺏ‪ ،( 0‬وﺕ‪ 6<<7 9<<32‬ا ‪ <<LK‬ت ا & ﺥ<< ا ‪ 2‬ﺏ<< <<زارة‬
‫و‪%‬ده ‪ LK ٥٢‬رﺹ‪ %‬ز ‪ ^ 67‬أﻥ‪ K‬ء ا ‪ <5‬ا ‪-‬ﺏ< ا <)دی‪.‬‬
‫وﺕ(   ا*^ ه‪ Ef‬ا ‪ LK‬ت وإ‪ I 'C 0‬ﺥ‪-‬ی‪ L‬ا ‪x2 5‬ﺥ‪ 5 f‬ﻥ'< ‬
‫ا =‪-‬ا‪ 67‬ا ‪ ،mK/‬وﺕ ه‪ Ef‬ا   ‪-<:2? 6<7‬ات ه&‪ <%‬ا <) ‪ A‬ﺏ‪()<0‬‬
‫ا '&‪ <<%‬ا ‪%‬ﻥ<< ﺏ << ا << <<د‪ .‬و*<<‪ %‬اﺵ<<‪ 2‬ا ‪ :‬ﻥ<< ت ا & ﺥ<< <<‪I‬‬
‫در ت ا ‪-K‬ارة ا >‪ I‬وا ‪-=/‬ى‪ ،‬وا ‪C-‬ﺏ ا &)‪ :‬ا ><‪ I‬وا <‪-=/‬ى‪،‬‬
‫وا|ﺵ<< ع ا ‪ ،6)<<8‬و<<‪ -‬ا ‪-‬ی<< ح‪ ،‬و<<  ت ا <<)‪L‬ع ا ‪ ،6)<<8‬وا ‪،-<<?:‬‬
‫وآ ت ا‪ LZ‬ر‪ .‬وآ ﻥ ا ‪ :‬ﻥ ت ا & ﺥ ا ‪ 62‬ﺕ( ا ‪/K‬ل ' ﺕ=‪6<7 6L‬‬
‫>' ا `‪-2‬ة ‪  X‬م ‪١٩٨٤‬م إ ‪  I‬م ‪٢٠٠٠‬م‪ .‬آ اﺵ‪ 2‬ا ‪ :‬ﻥ ت أی<‪ Y‬‬
‫‪ I‬ارﺕ` ع أ'ة ا ‪ 0‬س ‪ 67‬ﺕ ا ‪ LK‬ت‪.‬‬

‫
‪     M
  9 5O M‬‬
‫ﺕ‪ %2‬ﻥ><( ا < ت ا =‪-‬ا‪ <7‬ا‪ <2‬د أ < <‪ I‬ا < ت ا ‪6<2‬‬
‫ﺕ‪2K‬ی' وه‪ 6‬ا *د ا ‪-K‬ك ا ‪f‬ي ﺏ‪%‬وﻥ‪ e l‬ی‪ X5‬أن ﺕ‪ 9‬ه‪ Ef‬ا &>(‪ .‬آ أن‬
 ‫‪%:‬ا ‪ 6 XA-‬ا ‪f‬ﺏ و‪g‬ﺥ‪-‬ون‬ ‫ ‬
‫آ` ءة ود* ه‪ Ef‬ا &>( ﺕ‪x2‬ﺙ‪ : -‬وإی ﺏ ﺏ&ع ا  ت ودﺕ' ا ‪ 62‬ﺕ=<‪f‬ى‬
‫ﺏ'<<< ه<<<‪ Ef‬ا <<<&>(‪ .‬وﺕ‪ ()<<<0‬ا <<< ت ‪ 6<<<7‬ﻥ><<<( ا <<< ت ا =‪-‬ا‪ <<<7‬إ <<<‪I‬‬
‫ا  ت ا '&‪ %‬وﺕ‪ 67 932‬ا  ت ا ‪ *-‬ا ‪ 5‬ﻥ ا ‪ 62‬ی‪ X5‬وﺹ`' ‬
‫‪ I‬أﻥ' ا ?‪-‬ا‪ †U‬ا| ‪-25‬وﻥ< وا <‪/‬ر و‪-Q‬ه< < ی‪ …<5‬وی‪ -<:‬وی‪ <K‬آ‪6‬‬
‫<<< ( ا ا*<<<^ ا =‪-‬ا‪ ،6<<<7‬وا <<< ت ا ﺹ<<<` أو ا ‪ :‬ﻥ<<< وﺕ<<<‪ 98‬آ ‪<<<<7‬‬
‫ا  ت ا ‪ 62‬ﺕ‪ I ^V‬ه‚ ﻥ‪/‬ص ر* أو أ‪-A‬ف ه ‪% * 67 U‬ة‬
‫ﺏ ﻥ ت ﺙ& ‪ <U‬ا‪Z‬ﺏ< د ﺕ<‪-‬ﺕ‪ †:‬ﺏ< >اه‪ -‬ا =‪-‬ا‪ <7‬ا ‪ X< <3‬ﺥ<]ل ا ?<‪-‬ا‪†U‬‬
‫ا| ‪-25‬وﻥ<<‪ .‬ی<<‪ b‬ا ‪&2‬ی<<‪ l‬ه&<< ﺏ‪x‬ﻥ<<‪ l‬ﺕ<<( إ<<‪-‬اء ﺏ<<€ ا ‪%<<2‬ی]ت وا|‪ 7 <<V‬ت‬
‫ا‪ I  Z‬ﺏ‪-‬ﻥ ‪ B‬ﻥ> م ا  ت ا =‪-‬ا‪ X 67‬أ‪ 9‬ﺕ)'‪ 9‬ا ‪^< 9< 2‬‬
‫ا << ت ﺏ<<‪ 958‬ی‪ …<<5‬ا ا*<<^ <<‪ I‬ﻥ‪ <<K‬ﺹ<<‪ J<<A ،mK‬إن ا‪ b<<Q‬ا ‪-<<:‬ا‪B‬‬
‫ا )‪ 67 %?2‬ﻥ>( ا  ت ا =‪-‬ا‪ 7‬ﺕ‪5‬ن   و‪x' -Q‬ة ‪^< 9< 2‬‬
‫ا  ت ا ‪ .&C‬و ‪7  f‬ء '( ‪ X‬ﺕ‪ XC‬ه‪ Ef‬ا ‪ <&02‬ی‪ 6<7 X<5‬ﺕ'‚<‬
‫ه‪ Ef‬ا ‪-:‬ا‪ B‬ﺏ‪ 958‬ی‪ ^ b &2‬ا ‪ 5:8‬ت ا ‪ &C‬ا دی) و'< <)‪72‬‬
‫ <<‪-8‬وط ا ? ﺹ<< ﺏ&‪ 9<<0‬ا ‪ <<K‬ور و<<) *† ا ?<<‪-‬ا‪ †U‬ا <<)‪ 6<<7 %?2‬ا ‪<<5‬‬
‫ا ‪-‬ﺏ<< ا <<)دی‪ ،‬و*<<‪ %‬ﺕ<<( ه&<< إ‪ 7 <<V‬ﺥ<<‪ sU /‬ا ‪ <<L0‬ع ا &<< *‪ s‬ا‪Z‬ه<<‪6‬‬
‫ ‪ 5‬وه ه ی`ر‪ ،‬وأدﺥ ‪-‬ا^ ا ‪ 5:8‬ا ‪ &C‬ا ‪X ^- 67 32‬‬
‫ا ‪ %<:‬ا|<& دي‪ ،‬وا‪2)< †<2 -<:2‬ى <‪ mL‬ا ‪ -<K:‬ه< ا ‪ ^<-‬ا ‪-‬أ<<‪.6‬‬
‫ه‪ Ef‬ا  ت ﺏ‪52 -‬ن ء ‪ X‬أ  ت ا ـ ‪ GIS‬ا )‪%?2‬م وا ‪9<32‬‬
‫‪ 67‬ﺏ‪-‬ﻥ ‪ B‬ا ـ ‪ Map Info‬وردی`<‪ ،Map X l‬وﺏا<‪ L‬ه<‪f‬ا ا ‪-:‬ﻥ< ‪ B‬أ‪ X<5‬إ<‪ 0‬ط‬
‫‪ LK‬ت ا ‪-‬ﺹ‪ %‬ا & ﺥ ‪ I‬ا ?‪-‬ی‪ L‬ا ‪ 5 )U-‬ا ‪-‬ﺏ ا )دی‪.‬‬

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‫ی‪ X<<<:‬ا <<<‪ 958‬ر*<<<( )‪ (٢‬أول ﺵ ﺵ<<< ﺕ>'<<<‪ -‬أ<<< م ا <<<)‪%?2‬م‪ ،‬وﺕ‪m<<<V‬‬
‫ا ?‪-‬ی‪ <<L‬ا ‪ <<5 )<<U-‬ا ‪-‬ﺏ<< ا <<)دی‪ ،‬و <<‪f‬ا << ﺏ<<‪ 8‬ﺵ ا ?‪-‬ی‪<<L‬‬
‫ا ‪ .)<U-‬ﺕ<<‪ -7‬ﺵ ﺵ< ا ?‪-‬ی‪ <<L‬ا ‪ )<U-‬إ‪ 5‬ﻥ<< <‪-‬ض ا ?‪-‬ی‪ <<L‬ا‪<< Z‬‬
‫ ‪ <<5‬ا ‪-‬ﺏ<< ا <<)دی *<< '<< ا <<‪%‬ن ا ‪ )<<U-‬وا <<‪%‬ن ا <<‪-=/‬ة‬
‫وا ‪-<<0‬ى وا ‪ <<LK‬ت ا & ﺥ<<‪ ،‬وی<<‪ X<< (2‬ﺥ] '<< ا ‪ J<<K:‬وﺕ‪%K‬ی<<‪ %‬ا ‪ <<LK‬ت‬
‫ا ‪L‬ب إ‪-‬اء ا ‪ )K‬ﺏ ت &‪%‬ه ‪.‬‬

‫‪.   Q > 5O R

R .(S) >? @A‬‬

‫آ ﺕ‪2K‬ي ه‪ Ef‬ا ‪ 8‬ﺵ ‪ X  I‬ا‪Z‬ی‪0‬ﻥ ت ‪ <'& 9<5‬ﺥ ﺹ<‬
‫ﺕ&`<<‪ ،X<< 9<< f‬وﺕ>'<<‪ -‬ا &‪ I<< BU <<2‬أ<< س ﻥ><< م ا ‪-‬ﺏ<< ت‪ .‬آ<< أن ه<<‪Ef‬‬
‫ا ‪ 8‬ﺵ ﺕ‪- I 928‬ﺏ^ ‪-‬د ﺵ‪-‬ا‪ mU‬ا ‪%K2 JK:‬ی‪ %‬واﺥ‪ <2‬ر ﺵ<‪-‬ی‪ K‬ا ‪J<K:‬‬
‫ا ‪<L‬ب ا ‪ ، <' 9<< 2‬وه<< ی‪<<2K‬ي <‪ I‬ﺵ<<‪-‬ا‪ mU‬ا <‪%‬ن ا ‪ )<<U-‬وا <<‪%‬ن‬
‫ا ‪-:5‬ة‪ ،‬وا ‪%‬ن ا ‪-=/‬ة‪ ،‬وا ‪ LK‬ت‪ .‬و‪ X‬ﺥ‪ sU /‬ا ‪ 8‬ﺵ ا ‪ )<U-‬أی<‪ Y‬‬
 ‫‪%:‬ا ‪ 6 XA-‬ا ‪f‬ﺏ و‪g‬ﺥ‪-‬ون‬ ‫ ‬
‫‪-‬ﺏ^ إ‰' ر ﻥ‪ BU 2‬ا ‪-< (2 JK:‬ض أي ﻥ‪ BU <2‬ی<‪ (2‬ا‪]2<e‬م &'< ﺏا<‪L‬‬
‫أی‪0‬ﻥ<< ت ا ‪ ،J<<K:‬و‪-‬ﺏ<<^ إ‰'<< ر <<‪%‬د <<]ت ﻥ‪ BU <<2‬ا ‪%<< <<7- J<<K:‬د‬
‫ا )]ت ا ‪ 62‬ﺕ( ‪- 67 'V-‬ﺏ^ إ‰' ر ﻥ‪ BU 2‬ا ‪.JK:‬‬
‫ی‪ X:‬ا ‪ 958‬ر*<( )‪ (٣‬ﺵ ﺵ< ا ‪ J<K:‬ا ‪ )<U-‬ا ‪ 6<2‬ﺕ>'<‪%?2)< -‬م ﺏ<‪%‬‬
‫ا <<‪ I<< †=Y‬أی‪0‬ﻥ<< إ<<‪-‬اء ا ‪ J<<K:‬ﺏ<<‪ %‬ﺕ‪%K‬ی<<‪ %‬ا *<<^ ا =‪-‬ا‪ 6<<7‬ﺏ <<‪%?2‬ام‬
‫و ‪ 9U‬ا ‪) JK:‬ا(‪ ،‬ﻥ‪ ،L0‬دا‪-U‬ة(‪ ،‬آ ذآ‪ .9:* X -‬وﺕ‪ 82‬ﺏ‪ l‬ه‪ Ef‬ا ‪ 8‬ﺵ ^‬
‫ﺵ ﺵ<< ا ?‪-‬ی‪ <<L‬ا ‪ )<<U-‬إ <<‪ %<<A I‬آ‪ ،-<<:‬وﺕ?‪<<'‰ 6<<7 <<'& r<<2‬ر أی‪0‬ﻥ<< ت‬
‫إ‪-‬اء ا ‪ )K‬ﺏ ت ا ‪ 62‬ﺕ‪52‬ن ‪ X‬اŠﺕ‪:6‬‬

‫‪. 5 

< UP U9 Q .0' R
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‫‪
١‬أی‪0‬ﻥ ت ا ‪%‬ﺥل  ت ا ‪ )K‬ﺏ وﺕ‪:98‬‬

‫ ‬ ‫ ‪%02‬ی‪ -‬ا‪  2A‬ت  ‪ E‬ا ‪-‬ي‪...‬‬ ‫‪GIS‬‬ ‫ﺏ‪-‬ﻥ ‪ B‬ﻥ>(  ت =‪-‬ا‪7‬‬

‫) أ ( أی‪0‬ﻥ ا ‪
-?:‬ﻥ‪ m2‬ا ‪ 6-‬ا ‪ 62‬ﺕ‪ X5‬ا )‪%?2‬م ‪ X‬ا ‪%‬ﺥل‬

‫إ ‪ I‬ﺵ ﺵ ‪ )A‬ب ‪%‬ل ا ‪ -?:‬ﻥ<‪ m2‬ا ‪) 6<-‬ا <‪ 958‬ر*<( ‪ (٤‬ﺏ<‪%‬‬
‫ا ‪ ' †=Y‬ﺏ ‪p‬ﺵ‪.-‬‬
‫)ب( أی‪0‬ﻥ ا ‪
-?:‬ﻥ‪/K m2‬ل ا ‪ 62‬ﺏ‪ %‬ا ‪ ' †=Y‬ﺏ ‪p‬ﺵ<‪-‬‬
‫ی‪ (2‬ا <‪%‬ﺥل إ <‪ I‬ﺵ ﺵ< ‪ )<A‬ب <‪%‬ل ا ‪
-<?:‬ﻥ<‪/<K m2‬ل‪)،‬‬
‫ا ‪ 958‬ر*( ‪.(٥‬‬
‫)ـ( أی‪0‬ﻥ ا‪  2Ae‬ت ا  ‪ U‬ا ‪ <5‬ا ‪ X< 6<2‬ﺥ] '< ی<‪ (2‬ا <‪%‬ﺥل‬
‫إ ‪ I‬ﺵ ﺵ ا‪  2Ae‬ت ا  ‪ U‬ا ‪) 5‬ا ‪ 958‬ر*( ‪ (٦‬ﺏ‪ %‬ا ‪†=Y‬‬
‫' ﺏ ‪p‬ﺵ‪.-‬‬
‫‪
٢‬أی‪0‬ﻥ ا ‪ 02‬ری‪ -‬وﺕ‪%K‬ی‪ J‬ا ‪ :‬ﻥ< ت ا ‪ X< 6<2‬ﺥ] '< ی<‪ (2‬ا‪e‬ﻥ‪ <02‬ل <‪X‬‬
‫ﺵ ﺵ ا ‪ JK:‬ا ‪ )U-‬إ ‪ I‬ﺵ ﺵ ت ا ‪ 02‬ری‪ -‬وا ‪ )K‬ﺏ ت ا ‪ /`2‬وا  ت‬
‫ا‪ LK  Z‬ت ا‪Z‬رﺹ< د ا & ﺥ<‪ ،‬ﺏ |‪ 7 <V‬إ <‪ I‬ﺵ ﺵ< ﺕ‪%<K‬ی‪ J‬ا ‪ :‬ﻥ< ت‬
‫ا & ﺥ ا ‪ 62‬ﺕ‪ %‬ذو أه إذ إن  ا ‪%K2‬ی‪  X J‬ت ا ‪-:‬ﻥ ‪ B‬ا ‪.2‬‬
‫وی<<‪ b‬أن ﻥ‪ m<<V‬ه&<< ﺏ<<‪x‬ن << ا ‪%<<K2‬ی‪ e J‬ﺕ<<‪ (2‬إ‪ X<< e‬ﺥ<<]ل آ<< <<‪-‬‬
‫ <<‪ Y‬ن <<‪%‬م ﺕ=<<‪ -‬ا ‪ :‬ﻥ<< ت ا & ﺥ<< << ی<<‪p‬دي إ <<‪ I‬ﻥ‪ BU <<2‬ﺥ ‪ e <<‚C‬ﺕ‪k<<0K‬‬
‫ا '‪%‬ف ا &‪8‬د ‪ X‬ه‪f‬ا ا ‪ 9‬وه ا ‪-2‬ﺵ‪ 67 %‬ا  ‪.E‬‬
‫ون‬-‫ﺥ‬g‫ﺏ و‬f ‫ ا‬6 XA- ‫ا‬%: 

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‫‬ ‫ ‪%02‬ی‪ -‬ا‪  2A‬ت  ‪ E‬ا ‪-‬ي‪...‬‬ ‫‪GIS‬‬ ‫ﺏ‪-‬ﻥ ‪ B‬ﻥ>(  ت =‪-‬ا‪7‬‬

‫‪.  Q



[ =
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R.(Z) >? @A‬‬

‫‪IWR-Etc-ETref‬‬ ‫‪=

R
R‬‬
‫ی‪ X:‬ا ‪]58‬ن ر*‪ (٦ ،٤) 6‬ﺵ ﺵ ‪ )A‬ب ا ‪
-?:‬ﻥ‪ m2‬ا ‪،ETref 6-‬‬
‫وﺵ ﺵ<< ‪ )<<A‬ب ا ‪
-<<?:‬ﻥ<<‪/<<K m2‬ل ‪ ،ETc‬وﺵ ﺵ<< ‪ )<<A‬ب ا‪ << 2A‬ت << ‪E‬‬
‫ا ‪-‬ي ا ‪ I ،IWR 5‬ا ‪2‬ا ‪ .6‬ﺕ‪-28‬ك ه‪ Ef‬ا ‪ 8‬ﺵ ت ‪ 67‬ا  ت ا ? ﺹ<‬
‫ﺏ *^ ا ‪-‬اد إ‪-‬اء ا ‪ )<K‬ب &<‪ 9<3 E%‬ر*<( وا<( ا ‪ ،<LK‬و<‪ I‬ﺥ< ﻥ‪X2‬‬
‫ ‪%K2‬ی<<‪ %‬ا <)&ات ا <<)‪ 6<<7 %?2‬ا ‪) p<<:&2‬ا ‪%:‬ای<< وا &' ی<<(‪ .‬آ<< ﺕ<<‪-28‬ك ‪6<<7‬‬
‫ا  ت ا ? ﺹ ﺏ&<ع ا ‪/<K‬ل ا ‪) 6<-‬ا ‪ (<-:‬أو ا <‪ ،(b8‬و<‪I‬‬
‫ﺥ ﻥ<< اﺥ‪ <<2‬ر ا ‪/<<K‬ل ا <<‪-‬اد زرا‪ X<< l<<2‬ﺏ<<‪ X<< << X‬ا ‪ K‬ﺹ<<‪9‬‬
‫)‪:A‬ب‪ ،‬وﺥ‪-Y‬وات و‪7‬اآ<‪ ،l‬وأ<]ف(‪ .‬وﺕ‪<2K‬ي أی<‪ l<7 9<0A I< Y‬ی<‪(2‬‬
‫ﺕ‪%K‬ی<<‪ A )<< %‬ا ‪ 9<<0K‬ا <<‪-‬اد زرا‪ l<<2‬ﺏ '‪ <<25‬ر‪ ،‬و<<‪- I‬ﺏ<< ت ﺕ‪%K‬ی<<‪&<< %‬‬
‫ا را‪ ،‬و‪%‬د أی م )‪<C‬ل( ا <(‪ ،‬وأرﺏ<^ ‪-<27‬ات ﻥ<‪ ،‬ا ‪ 6<2‬ﺕ‪<2K‬ي <‪I‬‬
‫‪%‬ة ‪0A‬ل ‪e‬ﺏ‪ '‚ X %‬ﺏ  ت ا ‪-Y‬وری |<‪-‬اء ا < ت ا ‪ )<K‬ﺏ‪،‬‬
‫وﺕ‪ :98‬ﺏ‪%‬ای وﻥ' ی ‪-<27‬ة ا &< ﺏ< م وا <‪&)< -'8‬ات ا ‪%<K‬دة <)‪ 0:‬آ< ‬
‫ﺕ‪2K‬ي ‪ I‬ا‪e‬رﺕ` ع ا ?‪-Y‬ي ‪/K‬ل ا ‪ 6<-‬وا <‪f‬ي ی<‪ (2‬ﺕ‪%K‬ی<‪%<& E%‬‬
‫اﺥ‪ <<<2‬ر ﻥ<<<ع ا ‪/<<<K‬ل ا ‪ 6<<<-‬ا <<<‪f‬ي *‪ l<<<2‬ا‪-27e‬ا‪ <<<V‬ه<<<‪(<<< ١٢ 6‬‬
‫ ‪/K‬ل ا <‪ b8‬و‪/<K (< ٥٠‬ل ا ‪ ،(<-:‬وی‪%?2)< X<5‬م إدﺥ< ل *<(‬
‫?‪ .`2‬وﺕ‪2K‬ي ﺕ ا ‪ 8‬ﺵ ت <‪ I‬ﻥ‪ BU <2‬ا < ت ا ‪ )<K‬ﺏ‪ ،‬وه<‪†<2 6‬‬
‫‪ k‬ا‪ 2Ae‬ج ا  ‪ ،6U‬و‪ k‬و‪ (A‬ا‪ 2Ae‬ج ا < ‪ 6U‬ا ‪ .6<5‬آ< ﺕ<‪ 928‬ه<‪Ef‬‬
‫ا <<<‪ 8‬ﺵ ت <<<‪ I‬أی‪0‬ﻥ<<< <<<‪ X‬ﺥ] '<<< ی‪ X<<<5‬ا <<<‪%‬ﺥل إ <<<‪ I‬ا ‪ <<<02‬ری‪ -‬وﺕ‪%<<<K‬ی‪J‬‬
‫ا  ت‪ ،‬وأی‪0‬ﻥ ا دة أو ا ‪-‬ع إ ‪ I‬ﺵ ﺵ ا ‪ JK:‬ا ‪ LK )U-‬ت‪.‬‬
 ‫‪%:‬ا ‪ 6 XA-‬ا ‪f‬ﺏ و‪g‬ﺥ‪-‬ون‬ ‫ ‬
‫ی‪ X:‬ا ‪ 958‬ر*( )‪ (٥‬ﺵ ﺵ ‪ )<A‬ب <‪%‬ل ا ‪
-<?:‬ﻥ<‪/<K m2‬ل ا ‪6<2‬‬
‫ﺕ?‪ << X<< r<<2‬ﺏ‪ 6<<7 '20‬و<<د ‪-‬ﺏ<< ت ﺥ ﺹ<< ﺏ <<‪ 9‬ا ‪/<<K‬ل `‪-<<2‬ات‬
‫ا &<<ـ ا ?‪ .< `2‬وی<<‪<<>A] b‬ـ أن <<‪ I‬ا <<)‪%?2‬م إدﺥ<< ل *<<( ا ‪/<<K‬ل‬
‫ا ‪]3‬ث وه‪ ،Kcini 6‬و‪ ،Kcmid‬و‪- Kcend‬ا‪ 9<A‬ا &< ا ?‪ .<`2‬وی‪ X<:‬ا <‪ 958‬ر*<(‬
‫)‪ (٦‬ﺵ ﺵ<<< ‪ )<<<A‬ب ا‪ <<< 2Ae‬ت ا  ‪ <<<U‬ا ‪ <<<5‬ا ‪ 6<<<2‬ﺕ‪<<<2K‬ي <<<‪ I‬ﺥ<<< ﻥ‪X2‬‬
‫إ‪ X<< 9<<5 X27 <<V‬ﻥ<<)‪ :‬ا‪ << 2Ae‬ت ا =<<)‪ ،‬وآ`<< ءة ا <<‪-‬ي‪ .‬وی]‪X<< ˆ<<A‬‬
‫ا <<‪ 958‬ر* <( )‪ (٦‬و<<د ﺥ<< ﻥ‪ 62‬ﻥ<<)‪ :‬ا‪ << 2Ae‬ت ا =<<) وآ`<< ءة ا <<‪-‬ي ‪6<<7‬‬
‫<<^ ‪-‬ا‪ 9<<A‬ا &<< ا‪Z‬رﺏ<<^‪ ،‬وذ << |‪ <<L‬ء ‪-7‬ﺹ<< ا<<‪%?2‬ام *<<( ﺕ?‪X<< r<<2‬‬
‫‪Z <<<A-‬ﺥ<<<‪-‬ى‪ ،‬إذ <<<‪ X‬ا ‪ ^<<<*2‬اﻥ?`<<< ض آ`<<< ءة ا <<<‪-‬ي وزی<<< دة ا‪<<<Z‬ـ]ح‬
‫ا ‪-2‬اآ ‪ 67‬ا ‪-2‬ﺏ ‪ 67‬ﻥ' ی ا ( &' ‪ 67‬ﺏ‪%‬ای ا (‪.‬‬
‫‪5O ] $ Q
8 \$ R
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‫ی‪ m<<V‬ا <<‪ 958‬ر*<<( )‪ (٧‬ﺵ ﺵ<< <<‪-‬ض ا &‪ I<< BU <<2‬ا ?‪-‬ی‪ <<L‬ا ‪<<*-‬‬
‫ ‪ .5‬وآ ی‪ X mY2‬ا ‪ 958‬ر*( )‪o7 ،(٧‬ن ا &‪ BU 2‬ا ‪ 62‬ی‪ X<5‬ا‪-2‬ا‪ '<V‬‬
‫<<‪ I‬ا ?‪-‬ی‪ <<L‬ه<<‪%<< †<<2 (<<* 6‬ل ا ‪
-<<?:‬ﻥ<<‪ m2‬ا ‪<< ETref 6<<-‬اء‬
‫ا ‪ (-:‬أو ا ‪ ،b8‬وا ‪
-?:‬ﻥ‪/K m2‬ل ا ‪-‬اد زرا‪ ،ETc l<2‬وا‪ < 2A‬ت‬
‫ ‪ E‬ا ‪-‬ي ا ‪ .IWR 5‬آ ی‪ X mY2‬ا ‪ 958‬ر*( )‪ (٧‬أن ه& ك ﺙ]ث أی‪0‬ﻥ< ت‬
‫ ‪ 67 (5K2‬إ‰' ر وإﺥ` ء ﻥ‪ BU 2‬ا ‪ )K‬ﺏ ت ‪ I‬ا ?‪-‬ی‪ <L‬ﺏ &<)‪
-<?: :‬ﻥ<‪m2‬‬
‫ا ‪ ،6-‬وا ‪
-?:‬ﻥ‪/K m2‬ل‪ ،‬وا‪  2Ae‬ت ا  ‪ U‬ا ‪.5‬‬
‫ی<‪ b‬ا ‪&2‬ی<‪ l‬ه&< ‪ ،‬أﻥ<<‪ l‬ﺕ<( ‪ 6<7‬ه<‪f‬ا ا ‪-:‬ﻥ<< ‪ B‬ﺕ‪<L‬ی‪%< -‬د <‪ X‬ا <<‪ 8‬ﺵ ت‬
‫ا ‪ <<02‬ﺏ‪%<<K2‬ی‪ J‬ا ‪ :‬ﻥ<< ت ا =‪-‬ا‪ <<7‬وا & ﺥ<<‪ ،‬و<<‪%‬د <<‪ X‬ﺵ ﺵ<< ت ا ‪ <<02‬ری‪-‬‬
‫ﺕ<<‪ I<< 928‬ﻥ‪ BU <<2‬ﺕ`<<‪ )<<K /‬ﺏ ت ا ‪
-<<?:‬ﻥ<<‪ m2‬ا ‪ ،6<<-‬وا ‪
-<<?:‬ﻥ<<‪m2‬‬
‫ ‪/<<K‬ل‪ ،‬وا‪ << 2Ae‬ت ا  ‪ <<U‬ا ‪-<<27 9<<5 <<5‬ة <<‪-<<27 X‬ات ا &<< و ‪9<< 5‬‬
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‫‪.> 5O ] $ Q
8 \$ R
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4 0` % _0‬‬
‫ﺕ( ا ‪ X< k0K2‬ﺹ<‪ K‬ﺏ‪-‬ﻥ< ‪ B‬ﻥ><( ا < ت ا =‪-‬ا‪ <7‬ا ‪<L‬ر <‪I‬‬
‫‪ .X2A-‬ﺕ‪ 3‬ا ‪ A-‬ا‪Z‬و ‪ 67 I‬ﺕ‪L‬ی‪ -‬ﺏ‪-‬ﻥ< ‪< A B‬ﺏ‪ 6‬ﺏ <‪%?2‬ام ‪Excel‬‬

‫ا ‪f‬ي ﺕ( ا ‪x2‬آ‪ X %‬ﻥ‪ X lU 2‬ﺥ]ل ‪ 3‬ل ‪K‬ل ﺙ<‪ k‬أﺥ<‪،١٢] FAO56 X< f‬‬
‫ص‪ 6<<<7 .[٣٠٠‬ا ‪ <<<A-‬ا ‪ 3‬ﻥ<<< ﺕ<<<( ا ‪ X<<< k<<<0K2‬ﺏ‪-‬ﻥ<<< ‪ B‬ﻥ><<<( ا <<< ت‬
‫ا =‪-‬ا‪ 7‬ا ‪L‬ر ﺏ ‪%?2‬ام ﺏ‪-‬ﻥ ‪ .Excel B‬ﺕ( ه‪f‬ا ا|‪-‬اء؛ ﻥ>‪-‬ا ‪Z‬ن ا ‪ :‬ﻥ ت‬
‫ا & ﺥ<< ا ?ﻥ<< ‪%<< * 6<<7‬ة ا ‪ :‬ﻥ<< ت وا <<)‪ )<<A 6<<7 %?2‬ﺏ ت ا‪ << 2Ae‬ت‬
‫ا  ‪ K U‬ﺹ‪- 9‬ﺕ‪ L:‬ﺏ *^ ا =‪-‬ا‪ <LK 67‬ا‪Z‬رﺹ< د ا ا*< داﺥ<‪9‬‬
‫ﻥ‪ L‬ق =‪-‬ا‪%K 67‬د‪ ،‬و‪ e‬ی)‪ m‬ا ‪-:‬ﻥ< ‪ B‬ا ‪< K‬ﺏ‪ 6‬ا ‪<L‬ر ﺏ‪o‬دﺥ< ل ﺏ ﻥ< ت‬
‫& ﺥ<<  << ‪ e‬ﺕ<<‪-‬ﺕ‪ †:‬ﺏ<< *^ ا =‪-‬ا‪ 6<<7 .6<<7‬ا ‪ 0‬ﺏ<<‪o<<7 9‬ن ا ‪ :‬ﻥ<< ت ا & ﺥ<<‬
 ‫‪%:‬ا ‪ 6 XA-‬ا ‪f‬ﺏ و‪g‬ﺥ‪-‬ون‬ ‫‬
‫ ‪ 3‬ل ا ‪<K‬ل ‪-‬ﺕ‪ <L:‬ﺏ*<^ =‪-‬ا‪ e 6<7‬ی‪ 6<7 ^<0‬ﻥ‪ <L‬ق ا ‪%<K‬ود ا =‪-‬ا‪<7‬‬
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‫ﺕ<<<‪ <<<L 928‬ت ا ‪ <<<3‬ل ر*<<<( )‪ (١٨‬ا <<<‪x‬ﺥذ <<<‪،١٢] Allen et al. X‬‬
‫ص‪:I [٣٠٠‬‬
‫ا *<<^‪ ٥٠‬در< ‪ ٤٨‬د*‪ <0‬ﺵ<< ‪ ،ًe‬وا‪e‬رﺕ`<< ع <<‪ mL<< X‬ا ‪١٠٠ -<<K:‬‬
‫‪ ،-<<<2‬ودر<<< ا ‪-<<<K‬ارة ا ><<<‪°٢١,٥ I‬م‪ ،‬وا <<<‪-=/‬ى ‪°١٢,٣‬م‪ ،‬وا ‪C-‬ﺏ<<<‬
‫ا &<<<)‪ :‬ا ><<<‪ I‬وا <<<‪-=/‬ى‪ ٨٤‬و‪ I<<< ،%٦٣‬ا ‪<<<2‬ا ‪ ،6‬و<<<‪ -‬ا ‪-‬ی<<< ح‬
‫‪٢‬‬
‫‪/-2 ٢,٠٧٨‬ﺙ ﻥ‪ ،‬وا|ﺵ ع ا ‪ -/* 6)8‬ا  ‪ 0 ٢٢,٠٧‬ل‪-2)/‬‬
‫ی<<<م(‪ ،‬وﺕ<<<‪ k7%‬ا ‪-<<<K‬ارة <<<‪ X‬وإ <<<‪ I‬ا ‪-2‬ﺏ<<< ﺹ<<<`‪ <<<0 -‬ل‪.٢-<<<2) /‬ی<<<م(‪،‬‬
‫وا ‪/K‬ل ا ‪ 6-‬ه ا ‪ b8‬وارﺕ` ‪ l‬ی) وي ‪.(١٥‬‬
‫
= '‪#  X W2‬‬
‫‪ :_/‬ا <<‪=Y‬ـ† ‪ ١٠٠,١ = P‬آـ<<ـ ﺏ <<‪ 5‬ل‪ ،‬ودر<<‬ ‫‪/c  E
/‬‬ ‫‪/b  Q
/‬‬ ‫‪/‬‬
‫ا ‪K‬ـ<<<<<ـ‪-‬ارة ا ‪< <<<L2‬ـ = ‪°١٦,٩‬م‪ ،‬و∆ = ‪ ٠,١٢٢‬آ<<<<< ﺏ <<<<<‪ 5‬ل‪°/‬م‪ ،‬و‪= γ‬‬
‫‪ ٠,٠٦٦٦‬آ<< ﺏ <<‪ 5‬ل‪°/‬م‪ ٢,٥٦٤ = e°(Tmax) ،‬آـ<<ـ ﺏ ـ<<ـ‪ 5‬ل‪ ،‬و)‪= e°(Tmin‬‬
‫‪ ١,٤٣١‬آــ ﺏ ــ‪ 5‬ل‪ ،‬و‪ ١,٩٩٧ = es‬آــ ﺏ ــ‪ 5‬ل‪ ،‬و‪ ١,٤٠٩ = ea‬آ‬
‫ﺏ <<‪ 5‬ل‪ ٠,٥٨٩ = (es-ea) ،‬آ<< ﺏ <<‪ 5‬ل‪ ،‬و*<<^ ا <<م ﺏ &<<)‪= ( J) &)<< :‬‬
‫‪ ،١٨٧‬وا *<<^ ا =‪-‬ا‪ ٥٠,٨٠ 6<<7‬در<<‪ l‬ﺵ<< ‪ ،e‬و‪ <<0 ٤١,٠٩ = Ra‬ل‪/‬‬
‫)م‪.٢‬ی<<<<م(‪ ،‬و‪ 0 ٣٠,٩ = Rso‬ـ<<<<ـل‪)/‬م‪.٢‬ی<<<<م(‪ ،‬و‪ 0 ٣,٧١= Rnl‬ـ<<<<ـل‪/‬‬
‫)م‪.٢‬یم(‪ ،‬و‪ 0 ١٣,٢٨ = Rn‬ل‪)/‬م‪.٢‬یم(‪.‬‬
‫'‪i/ T,gg = ETo #  X W2‬‬
‫‪ ١٠٠,١ = P :Excel 
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//‬آ<< ﺏ <<‪ 5‬ل‪ ،‬ودر <ـ ا ‪< K‬ـ‪-‬ارة‬
‫ا ‪< <<<<L2‬ـ = ‪°١٦,٩‬م‪ ،‬و∆= ‪ ٠,١٢٢‬آ<<<<<< ﺏ <<<<<<‪ 5‬ل‪°/‬م‪ ،‬و‪٠,٠٦٦٦ = γ‬‬
‫= ‪ ٢,٥٦٤‬آﺏ <<<<<<<<<‪ 5‬ل‪ ،‬و)‪١,٤٣١ = (Tmin‬‬ ‫آﺏ <<<<<<<<<‪ 5‬ل‪°/‬م‪e°(Tmax) ،‬‬
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‫و)‪(es-ea‬‬
‫آﺏ ‪ 5‬ل‪ ،‬و‪ ١,٩٩٧ = es‬آﺏ <‪ 5‬ل‪ ،‬و‪ ١,٤٠٩ = ea‬آ< ﺏ <‪ 5‬ل‪،‬‬
‫= ‪ ٠,٥٨٩‬آﺏ <‪ 5‬ل‪ ،‬و‪ ،١٨٧ = J‬وا *<^ ‪ ٥٠,٨٠‬در<‪ l‬ﺵ< ‪ ،e‬وا <ي‬
‫‪ < <0 ٤١,٠٩ = Ra‬ل‪/‬م‪/٢‬ی<<<م‪ < <0 ٣٠,٩ = Rso ،‬ل‪) /‬م‪.٢‬ی<<<م(‪ ،‬و‪= Rnl‬‬
‫‪ 0 ٣,٧١‬ل‪.٢-2) /‬یم(‪ ،‬و‪ 0 ١٣,٢٨ = Rn‬ل‪.٢-2)/‬یم(‪.‬‬
‫'‪i/ T,g^ = ETo #  X W2‬‬
‫‪ :?5  IJ8 0` ?
'a‬ﺕ<( اﺥ‪ <:2‬ر ﺹ<‪ K‬ا ‪-:‬ﻥ< ‪ X< B‬ﺥ<]ل ﺕ&`<‪f‬‬
‫ا <<< ت ا ‪ )<<<K‬ﺏ ‪ <<<LK‬ا‪Z‬رﺹ<< د ا ‪ 2‬ﺏ<<< &‪ <<<0L‬ا ‪-‬ی<<< ض‪ ،‬ﺙ<<<( أﺥ<<<‪f‬ت‬
‫ا ‪ L‬ت ا =‪-‬ا‪ 7‬وا & ﺥ '<‪ Ef‬ا ‪ <LK‬وﺕ<( إدرا'< ‪ 6<7‬ﺏ‪-‬ﻥ< ‪،Excel B‬‬
‫آ ی‪ X mY2‬ا ?‪L‬ات ا ‪: 2‬‬
‫• ر*<<( ا ‪ <<LK‬ا & ﺥ<< = ‪ ،٤٥٢‬ا<<' = ‪ <<LK‬ا ‪-‬ی<< ض‪ ،‬ارﺕ`<< ع‬
‫ا *^ = ‪ ،-2 ٥٦٤‬ﺥ† ا ‪L‬ل = ‪ ٤٦,٧١٦٧‬ﺵ<‪ ، *-‬ﺥ<† ا <‪-‬ض‬
‫= ‪ ٤,٥٦٦٧‬ﺵ ‪.e‬‬
‫• ﻥع ا ‪/K‬ل ا ‪-‬اد زرا‪ = l2‬ا ‪ ،-8‬وا ) ‪ A‬ا ‪-‬اد زرا‪ <'2‬‬
‫= ‪ ٢‬ه‪ <<<25‬ر‪ ،‬و‪<<<C‬ل <<<( ا را<<< = ‪ ١٣٠‬ی<<<م‪ ،‬وا <<< ت‬
‫ا & ﺥ<< ا <<)‪ p<<:&2 %?2‬ﺏ ‪ << 2Ae‬ت ا  ‪ <<U‬ه<<‪ 6‬در<< ا ‪-<<K‬ارة‬
‫)ا ><<<‪ I‬وا < <‪-=/‬ى(‪ ،‬ا ‪C-‬ﺏ<<< ا &<<<)‪) :‬ا ><<<‪ I‬وا < <‪-=/‬ى(‪،‬‬
‫<<‪ -‬ا ‪-‬ی<< ح‪ ،‬ا|ﺵ<< ع ا ‪ 6)<<8‬وذ << <<‪ X‬زرا<<‪ << X‬م‬
‫‪١٩٩٤‬م و<<<<<< م ‪١٩٩٥‬م‪ ،‬و ا ‪/<<<<<<K‬ل ا ‪ = 6<<<<<<-‬ا ‪،(<<<<<<-:‬‬
‫وا‪e‬رﺕ` ع ا ?‪-Y‬ي ‪/K‬ل ا ‪.( ٥٠ = 6-‬‬
‫•  ‪ 9‬ا ‪/K‬ل ا )‪%?2‬م ‪-‬ا‪ 9A‬ا ?‪:`2‬‬
‫‪ <<A-‬ﺏ‪%‬ای<< ا <<( ‪ <<A- ،٠,٣ = Kcini‬و<<† ا <<( ‪= Kcmid‬‬
‫‪ A- ،١,١٥‬ﻥ' ی ا ( ‪.٠,٤ = Kcend‬‬
 ‫‪%:‬ا ‪ 6 XA-‬ا ‪f‬ﺏ و‪g‬ﺥ‪-‬ون‬ ‫ ‬
‫• آ` ءة ا ‪-‬ي = ‪ ،٠,٧‬وا‪  2Ae‬ت ا =) = ‪.٠,١‬‬
‫
‪ †<2 : Excel 
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< Q‬ا ‪ –-<?:‬ﻥ<‪ m2‬ا ‪6<-‬‬
‫)<<(‪/‬ی<<م( = ‪ ،٧,٩٣‬و‪ †<<2‬ا ‪ –-<<?:‬ﻥ<<‪/<<K m2‬ل )<<(‪/‬ی<<م( = ‪،٥,٦٩‬‬
‫و‪ †2‬ا‪  2Ae‬ت ا  ‪ U‬ا ‪/() 5‬یم( = ‪.٩,٠٣‬‬
‫
‪ †<2 : ?/5  :/;
< IJ8 i2;


< Q‬ا ‪ –-<?:‬ﻥ<‪m2‬‬
‫ا ‪/() 6-‬ی<م( = ‪ ،٧,٩٣‬و‪ †<2‬ا ‪ –-<?:‬ﻥ<‪/<K m2‬ل )<(‪/‬ی<م( =‬
‫‪ ،٥,٦٩‬و‪ †2‬ا‪  2Ae‬ت ا  ‪ U‬ا ‪/() 5‬یم( = ‪.٩,٠٣‬‬
‫ی‪ k:  mY2‬أن ه& ك ﺕ‪ L‬ﺏ‪ 67 0‬ﻥ‪ BU 2‬ﺏ‪-‬ﻥ ‪ ، Excel B‬وﻥ‪ BU 2‬ﺏ‪-‬ﻥ ‪B‬‬
‫ﻥ>( ا  ت ا =‪-‬ا‪ 7‬ا ‪L‬ر < ی‪ <:3‬ﺹ<‪ K‬ﻥ‪ BU <2‬ا ‪-:‬ﻥ< ‪ B‬ا ‪<L‬ر‪،‬‬
‫وأن ^ ا  ت ا ‪ )K‬ﺏ ﺕ‪ (2‬ﺏ ‪/‬رة ا ‪L‬ﺏ‪.‬‬
‫ی‪%‬ر ‪ 67‬ه‪f‬ا ا ‪ 0‬م ا ‪ l<:&2‬إ <‪ I‬أن ‪ 9<3‬ه<‪ Ef‬ا ‪-<:‬ا‪ B‬ا ‪< K‬ﺏ ﺕ‪ <2K‬ج‬
‫إ <<‪ I‬ﺕ‪<<L‬ی‪ -‬وﺕ‪-2)<< X)<<K‬ی‪ .X‬و<<‪%‬ی‪ -‬ﺏ <<‪f‬آ‪ -‬أﻥ<<‪ I<< l‬ا <<‪ X<< (Q-‬ا '<<‪%‬‬
‫ا ‪ -:5‬ا ‪f‬ي ﺏ‪f‬ل ‪ 67‬ﺕ]‪ 6<7‬ا <ب ا ‪ ،<-:‬إ‪ e‬أن اآ‪ 8<2‬ف ﺏ<€ ا <ب‬
‫‪ 67‬ا ‪-:‬ا‪ B‬ا ‪ K‬ﺏ ‪ e‬ی>'‪ b Q 67 -‬ا‪ -Z‬إ‪ ^ e‬ا‪%?2e‬ام ا ‪، <' k‬‬
‫ ی&‪ 2A 6‬ا‪-2e‬ار ‪ 67‬ﺕ‪L‬ی‪ -‬ه‪f‬ا ا ‪.9‬‬

‫‪
`9 j
O‬‬
‫ﺕ( ﺕ‪L‬ی‪ -‬ﺏ‪-‬ﻥ ‪ A B‬ﺏ‪ 6‬ﺏ <‪%?2‬ام ﻥ><( ا < ت ا =‪-‬ا‪%<02 <7‬ی‪-‬‬
‫ا‪  2Ae‬ت ا  ‪ K U‬ﺹ‪ 9‬ا را ‪ 67‬ا ‪ 5‬ا ‪-‬ﺏ ا )دی‪ .‬ی‪6<L‬‬
‫ا ‪-:‬ﻥ ‪ B‬ا ‪ K‬ﺏ‪ 6‬ا ‪L‬ر ا )‪%?2‬م ‪-7‬ﺹ اﺥ‪ 2‬ر ا &‪ 0L‬أو ا & ‪ kC‬ا ‪62‬‬
‫ی‪ 7- 67 bQ-‬ا‪  2A‬ت  ‪ E‬ا ‪-‬ي ' ‪ I X‬ا ?‪-‬ی‪ L‬ا ‪.5 *-‬‬
‫ی‪0‬م ا )‪%?2‬م ﺏ‪ %‬ذ  ﺏ‪o‬دﺥ ل ا ‪ :‬ﻥ ت ا ]ز ‪ X‬ﺥ<]ل <‪%‬د <‪ X‬ا <‪ 8‬ﺵ ت‬
‫|‪-‬اء ا  ت ا ‪ )K‬ﺏ‪ ،‬وی‪5‬ن أ م ا )‪%?2‬م ﺙ]ﺙ ﺥ رات‪ ،‬ه‪:6‬‬
‫
‬ ‫ ‪%02‬ی‪ -‬ا‪  2A‬ت  ‪ E‬ا ‪-‬ي‪...‬‬ ‫‪GIS‬‬ ‫ﺏ‪-‬ﻥ ‪ B‬ﻥ>(  ت =‪-‬ا‪7‬‬

‫‪ )<<<A
١‬ب ا ‪
-<<<?:‬ﻥ<<<‪ m2‬ا ‪/<<<K 6<<<-‬ل ا ‪ (<<<-:‬أو ‪/<<<K‬ل‬

‫ا ‪ b8‬ﺏ ‪%?2‬ام  د  ﺏ& ن
ﻥ‪.J2‬‬
‫‪ )<<<A
٢‬ب ا ‪ –-<<<?:‬ﻥ<<<‪/<<<K m2‬ل <<<‪  %?2)<<< X‬د <<< ﺏ&<<< ن
‬
‫ﻥ‪ ،J<<2‬و‪ 6<<7‬ه<<‪ Ef‬ا ‪ << K‬ی‪ X<< b<<L2‬ا <<)‪%?2‬م إدﺥ<< ل ﺏ<<€ ﺥ<<‪sU /‬‬
‫ا ‪/K‬ل‪ ،‬آ‪L‬ل ‪-27‬ات ا & ا ?‪ ،`2‬و*(  ‪ 9‬ا ‪/K‬ل ‪-27 95‬ة‪.‬‬
‫‪ )A
٣‬ب ا‪  2Ae‬ت ا  ‪ U‬ا ‪- 5‬ي‪ ،‬و‪ 67‬ه‪ Ef‬ا ‪  K‬ی‪X< bL2‬‬
‫ا )ـ‪%?2‬م إدﺥ ل ا ‪ :‬ﻥ< ت ا ‪ <02‬ﺏ ‪/<K‬ل ا ‪ 6<-‬وا ‪/<K‬ل ا <‪-‬اد‬
‫زرا‪ ،l2‬ﺏ |‪ 7 V‬إ ‪ I‬ﻥ)‪ :‬ا‪  2Ae‬ت ا =) وآ` ءة ا ‪-‬ي‪.‬‬
‫ﺏ<<‪ %‬ا‪e‬ﻥ‪ <<'2‬ء <<‪ X‬ا << ت ا ‪ )<<K‬ﺏ‪ ،‬ی‪<<0‬م ﺏ‪-‬ﻥ<< ‪ B‬ﻥ><<( ا << ت‬
‫ا =‪-‬ا‪ <<7‬ﺏ<<‪-‬ض ﻥ‪ BU <<2‬ا ‪ –-<<?:‬ﻥ<<‪ m2‬ا ‪ ،6<<-‬وا ‪ –-<<?:‬ﻥ<<‪/<<K m2‬ل‪،‬‬
‫وا‪  2Ae‬ت ا  ‪ U‬ا ‪ I 5‬ا ?‪-‬ی‪ L‬ا ‪ 67 5 *-‬ا ا*^ ا ‪ 6<2‬ﺕ<(‬
‫ﺕ‪%K‬ی<<<‪%‬ه <<<)‪ 9<<<:* X<<< 0:‬ا <<<)‪%?2‬م‪ .‬وی‪ 6<<<L‬ا ‪-:‬ﻥ<<< ‪ B‬ا ‪<<< K‬ﺏ‪ 6‬ا ‪<<<L‬ر‬
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‫]‪ [١‬وزارة ا را وا  ‪p " .E‬ﺵـ‪-‬ات إ‪ X U /A‬ا راـ وا ـ ‪67 E‬‬
‫ا ‪ 5‬ا ‪-‬ﺏ ا )دی"‪ .‬ا ‪-‬ی ض‪ :‬إدارة ا ‪%‬را ت ا‪ /2*e‬دی‬
‫وا|‪ /A‬ء‪ ،‬ا ‪%‬د ا ‪ .-8 J 3‬ا ‪ 5‬ا ‪-‬ﺏ ا )دی‪٢٠٠٠) ،‬م(‪،‬‬
‫‪.٣٥٤‬‬
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E < ‫ < ت‬2A‫ ا‬-‫ی‬%<02 <7‫ا‬-= ‫ة < ت‬% * (/‫ "ﺕ‬.‫م‬.‫ ف‬،B7- ‫[ا‬٣٠]
،‫  < ا < <د‬،<‫< ا را‬%&' ‫ *<)( ا‬،-2)<   ‫ ر‬."‫ي‬- ‫ا‬
.١١٥ ،(‫هـ‬١٤٢٣)،‫ی ض‬- ‫ا‬

A GIS-based Computer Program for Estimating Irrigation Water

Requirements in Saudi Arabia
A.A. Alazba*, A.M. Alkarni**, F.M. Alarfaj***,
*
Agricultural Engineering Department, King Saud University, Riyadh.
**
Civil Engineering Department., King Saud University, Riyadh.
***
Agricultural Technical College, Qaseem

(Received 22/12/1423; accepted for publication 10/7/1424H)

Abstract. Based on the technique of geographical information systems (GIS), a computer program was
developed to estimate the irrigation water requirements in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). Consecutively,
the basic elements and fundamental information and data were identified and collected. A map of KSA with a
 ‫ون‬-‫ﺥ‬g‫ﺏ و‬f ‫ ا‬6 XA- ‫ا‬%: 
scale of 1:4000000 was obtained and scanned with an acceptable resolution. The digitized map was geo-
registered to the national geodic datum. In addition to the geographic locations (coordinates) of stations, the
historically recorded climatic parameters were collected for 52 agro-metrological weather stations distributed
over the entire Kingdom, covering the period from 1984 until 2000. The determination of irrigation water
requirements compromises the calculation of the reference evapotranspiration (ET) using Penman-Monteith
model and the computation of crop water requirements obtained by multiplication of the reference ET and the
crop coefficient. Providing the crop characteristics such as the growing stages and their lengths, in addition to
the leaching requirements and the irrigation efficiency, the developed computer program allows the user to
select one or more zones from KSA digital map for which the irrigation water requirements are to be
determined. The developed computer program was intended to thrust the technology and to be user friendly.
The panels and interfaces were developed and written in Arabic language, to contribute to a wide spectrum of
users. This work is expected to support decision makers in water affairs, specifically in irrigation water, in the
Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. One of the more important requirements of the developed program is the
maintenance and periodic update of the climatic parameters on which the forecast of irrigation water
requirements depends.