268

NORMAL VALUES (REFERENCE RANGES)

Hematology Reference Values
Table 1. Reference Ranges for Complete Blood Cell Count at Various Ages
RBC
Age
Hb(g/dl)
Ht(%)
MCV(fl)
MCH(pg)
(x106/mm3)
Newborn
4.1-6.7
15.0-24.0
44-70
102-115
33-39
1-23 mos
3.8-5.4
10.5-14.0
32-42
72-88
24-30
2-9yrs
4.0-5.3
11.5-14.5
33-43
76-90
25-31
10-17yrs
4.2-5.6
12.5-16.1
36-47
78-95
26-32
Males
4.1-5.3
12.0-15.0
35-45
78-95
26-32
Females
>18yrs
4.7-6.0
13.5-18.0
42-52
78-100
27-31
Males
4.2-5.4
12.5-16.0
37-47
78-1000
27-31
Females
(*Source: Clinical Laboratories of Childrens Hospital of Buffalo)
Carboxyhemoglobin
Delta-aminolevulinic acid
Erythrocytes sedimentation rate (ESR)
Westergren
Male
Female
Wintrobe
Male
Female
Children
Newborn
Erythropoietin (radioimmunoassay -RIA)
Males
Females
Ferritin
Newborn
1 mo
2-5 mos
6 mos - 15 yrs

<5% of total,
1.5-7.5 mg/24-h urine,

0-13 mm/1hr
0-20 mm/1hr
0-10 mm/1hr
0-15 mm/1hr
0-13 mm/1hr
0-2 mm/1hr
17.2 mU/ml
18.8 mU/ml
25-200 ng/ml
200-600 ng/ml
50-200 ng/ml
7-142 ng/ml

PHYSIOLOGY. EXPERIMENTS AND DEMONSTRATIONS

Adult males
20-300 ng/ml
Adult females
15-120 ng/ml
Borderline (males or females)
10-20 ng/ml
Iron excess
> 400 ng/ml
Folate, erythrocyte
<1 yr
74-995 ng/ml
1-11 yrs
96-362 ng/ml
12 yrs
180-600 ng/ml
Folate, serum
3.5 g/l
Free erythrocyte protoporphyrin
< 100 g/dl packed red blood
(FEP)
cells (RBCs)
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD) erythrocyte
2-17 yrs
6.4-15.6 U/g Hb
18 yrs
8.6-18.6 U/g Hb
Haptoglobins
Genetic absence in 1% of population.
Newborns
Absent in 90%; 10 mg/dl in 10%.
Age: 1-6 mos
Gradual increase to 30 mg/dl
6 mos-17 yrs
40-180 mg/dl
Adults
40-270 mg/dl
Hemoglobin, plasma
18 yrs
< 15 mg/dl
Infants and newborns
May be higher,
Hemoglobin electrophoresis:
HbA
0-30 days
10-40%
6 mos to adult
> 95%
HbA2
0-30 days
< 1%
1yr to adult
1.5-3.0%
3-3.5%(bordrline)
HbF
< 2%
Iron, serum
Newborns
100-250 g/dl
Infants
40-100 g/dl
Children
50-120 g/dl
Adults
Male
65-175 g/dl
Females
50-170 g/dl
Iron, urine
100-300 ng/24hrs
Iron-binding capacity
250-450 g/dl
% saturation
14-50%
Plasma iron turnover rate
38 mg/24hrs(0.47mg/Kg)

NORMAL VALUES (REFERENCE RANGES)

Methemoglobin
Red blood cell survival time
(sodium chromat [51Cr])
Reticulocyte count
%
Absolute
Transferrin
Urobilinogen, stool
Urobilinogen, urine
Volume (ml/Kg body weight)
Blood
RBC
Plasma

White cell type

Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
Lymphocytes
Monocytes

269

< 3% of total Hb
Half-life: 25-35 days
0.5-1.85% of erhytrocytes
29-87x109/l
240-480 mg/dl
50-300 mg/24hrs
< 4 mg/24hrs
Male
Females
75
67
30
24
44
43

Table 2. The normal leukocyte values reported at age

Newborn 9 months 3 years
10 years
20 years
10,0004,0004,0005,0004,000-8,000
20,000
15,000
11,000
10,000
6070%
2540%
3550%
4560%
5759%
12%
14%
14%
14%
15%
0.4%
0.2%
0.1%
0.1%
0.5-1%
2025%
5070%
4560%
4050%
2540%
12%
8%
6%
6%
28%

Blood Coagulation Tests - Reference Values

Platelets count
Whole blood clotting time (Lee-White)
Partial Thromboplastin Time, Activated
Howell Time
Prothrombin Time, Quick Time
Fibrinogen
Males
Females

150,000 300,000/ mm3

8-10 min.
25 - 38 sec.
50-120 sec.
12 15 17 sec
180-340 mg/dl
190-420 mg/dl

Blood Chemistries - Reference Values

This values will vary, depending on the individual laboratory as well as the
methods and instruments used. Each clinician should compare the applicability
of this data to their particular situations.
Acetone
Ammonia
Amylase (total)

0.3-0.2 mg/dl
9-33 U/l

270

PHYSIOLOGY. EXPERIMENTS AND DEMONSTRATIONS

< 18 yrs
Adults (> 18 yrs)
Base, excess
Newborns
Infants
Children
Adults
Bicarbonate
Males
Females
1-2 yrs
1-3 yrs
3-4 yrs
4-5 yrs
4-5 yrs
6-7 yrs
6-7 yrs
8-9 yrs
> 8 yrs
> 10 yrs
Bilirubin
Total
< day
1-2 days
3-5 days
> 1 mo
1 mo to adult
Calcium
Total
1-3 yrs
4-11 yrs
12-13 yrs
14-15 yrs
>16 yrs
Males
Females
1-19 yrs
1-17 yrs
> 20 yrs
> 18 yrs
Carbon dioxide
CO2
Partial pressure of carbon dioxide
(pCO2) (whole blood)
Adults
Infants
Chloride
Cholesterol
Cholinesterase
Plasma
RBC
Complement

0-200 U/l
35-115 U/l
-10 to 2 mEq/l
-7 to 1 mEq/l
-4 to + 2 mEq/l
-3 to +3 mEq/l

17-25 mEq/l
18-26 mEq/l
19-27 mEq/l
20-28 mEq/l
21-29 mEq/l
< 5.8 mg/dl
< 8.2 mg/dl
< 11.7 mg/dl
< 1.0 mg/dl
< 0.6 mg/dl
8.7-9.8 mg/dl
8.8-10.1 mg/dl
8.8-10.6 mg/dl
9.2-10.7 mg/dl
8.9-10.7 mg/dl
Ionized
4.9-5.5 mg/dl
4.75-5.3 mg/dl
17-32 mEq/l
32-48 mmHg
27-41 mmHg
96-109 mEq/l
See table 3.
7-25 U/ml
0.65-1.3 pH units

NORMAL VALUES (REFERENCE RANGES)

269

Total complement
25-110 U
Copper
75-145 g/dl
Table 3. Lipid Fractionation: Desirable Levels for Cholesterol and
Triglycerides
Cholesterol (mg/dl)
Triglycerides (mg/dl)
Age
Males
Females
Males
Females
(yrs)
(percentile)
(percentile)
(percentile) (percentile)
5
95
75*
5
95
75*
5
95
5
95
5-9
126-191
172
122-209
173
27-102
34-76
10-14
130-204
179
124-217
174
30-103
33-121
15-19
114-198
167
125-212
175
31-124
32-122
20-24
128-216
185
128-209
181
34-137
32-97
25-29
140-236
202
134-218
190
40-157
33-100
30-34
150-250
216
141-229
199
43-171
35-106
35-39
156-264
226
147-240
209
45-182
38-110
40-44
162-274
235
155-253
219
48-189
40-117
45-49
166-280
242
162-265
229
50-193
41-122
50-54
170-286
246
171-278
241
50-195
43-128
55-59
173-291
250
179-291
253
51-197
45-134
60-64
175-295
253
188-306
265
51-198
47-140
65-69
176-298
255
197-320
278
51-199
50-147
70-74
177-299
256
207-336
291
51-199
52-154
> 74
178-300
257
217-352
306
51-199
54-162
* Seventy-fifth percentile has been recommended as upper limit for serum
cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol.
Tabel 4. Lipid fraction: Desirable Levels for HDL
Cholesterol and LDL Cholesterol
HDL Cholesterol (mg/dl)
LDL Cholesterol (mg/dl)
Age
Males
Females
Males
Females
(yrs)
(percentile)
(percentile)
(percentile)
(percentile)
5
95
75
5
95
75
5
95
75
5
95
75
6-11
30-70
55
34-65
59
60-140
114
60-150
114
12-14
30-65
50
30-65
49
60-140
111
60-150
114
15-19
30-60
53
33-65
47
60-140
113
60-150
118
20-29
30-65
55
34-75
47
60-175
131
60-150
128
30-39
30-70
60
35-80
47
70-190
147
70-170
140
40-49
30-70
63
35-80
47
70-205
160
80-190
150
> 50
30-70
65
35-80
47
80-220
170
80-200
164
HDL = high-density lipoprotein; LDL = low-density lipoprotein.
Kreatin kinase
Males

55-170 U/l

270

PHYSIOLOGY. EXPERIMENTS AND DEMONSTRATIONS

Females
45-135 U/l
Creatine kinase isoenzyme MB
< 5%
(CK-MB)
< 10 ng/ml (mass)
Creatinine
< 1wk
0.6-1.1 mg/dl
1-4 wks
0.3-0.7 mg/dl
1-12 mos
0.2-0.4 mg/dl
> 1yr
0.2-0.7 mg/dl
Males
Females
1-2 yrs
1-3 yrs
0.2-0.6 mg/dl
3-4 yrs
4-5 yrs
0.3-0.7 mg/dl
5-9 yrs
6-8 yrs
0.5-0.8 mg/dl
10-11 yrs
> 9 yrs
0.6-0.9 mg/dl
12-13 yrs
0.6-1.0 mg/dl
14-15 yrs
0.7-1.1 mg/dl
> 16 yrs (adult values)
0.8-1.2 mg/dl
Gamma-gluthamyl transferase (GGT)
1-3 yrs
6-19 U/l
4-6 yrs
10-22 U/l
7-9 yrs
13-25 U/l
Males
Females
10-11 yrs
17-30 U/l
17-28 U/l
12-13 yrs
17-44 U/l
14-25 U/l
14-15 yrs
12-33 U/l
14-26 U/l
16-19 yrs
11-34 U/l
11-28 U/l
Glucose (fasting)
60-120 mg/dl (depends on method)
Ketons
1-6 mg/dl
Lactate
6.3-18.9 mg/dl
Lactate dehydrogenase (LD)
Newborn
160-1500 U/l
Infant
150-360 U/l
Child
150-300 U/l
Adult
100-250 U/l
LD isoenzymes
LD-1
17-28%
LD-2
30-36%
LD-3
19-25%
LD-4
10-16%
LD-5
6-13%
Lead
Adults
< 20 g/dl
< 15 yrs
< 10 g/dl
Lipid fractionation:

NORMAL VALUES (REFERENCE RANGES)

Total plasma lipids

Total cholesterol
Cholesterol esters
Free cholesterol
Phospholipids
Triglycirides
Free fatty acids

269

500-700 mg/dl
150 250 mg/dl,
60-75% (113 175 mg/dl)
25% (37 75 mg/dl).
180-320 mg/dl
50-150 mg/dl
10-35 mg/dl(239-843 Eq/l)
Table 5. Lipoproteins

Components (%)
Density
ELFO
%
(g/ml)
P*
TG Cho**l Ph***
Chylomicrons
0.96
2
90
5
3
Last at start
VLDL
0.96-1.006
10
60
12
18
Pre-beta 10-20
IDL
1.006-1.019 10
40
30
20 Large beta
LDL
1.019-1.063 25
10
50
15
Beta1
50-60
HDL
1.063-1.21
50
5
10
15
Alpha1
25-35
* Proteins; ** Cholesterol; *** Phospholipids
Fraction

Magnesium
ionized
Myoglobin (serum[S])
Osmolality
Osmolarity (Osmotic concentration)
Osmotic pressure
Chryoscopic point
Corrected osmolar activity
Plasma resistivity
Oxygen
Saturatio, arterial
Tension, partial pressure of
Oxygen (pO2), arterial while
Breathing air room
Newborns
< 60 yrs
60 yrs
70 yrs
80 yrs
90 yrs
pH, arterial
pH, venous
Posphatase, alkaline (ALP)
1-3 yrs
4-6 yrs
7-9 yrs
Males

1.7-2.3 mg/dl
1.6-3 mEq/l
< 90 ng/ml
275-295 mOsm/Kg
280-320 mOsm/l
7.6 atm/5450 mmHg
0.56 0.1 oC
282.5 mOsm/l
70-72 ohm
96-100% of capacity

60-75 mmHg
> 85 mmHg
> 80 mmHg
> 70 mmHg
> 60 mmHg
> 50 mmHg
7.35-7.45
7.32-7.38
145-320 U/l
150-380 U/l
175-420 U/l
Females

270

10-11 yrs
12-13 yrs
14-15 yrs
16-19 yrs
Phosphate
Newborns
Adult
Potassium
1-15 yrs
16-59 yrs
> 60 yrs
Proteins,serum
< 5 days
1-3 yrs
4-6 yrs
7-9 yrs
10-19 yrs

PHYSIOLOGY. EXPERIMENTS AND DEMONSTRATIONS

135-530 U/l
200-495 U/l
130-525 U/l
65-260 U/l

130-560 U/l
105-420 U/l
70-230 U/l
50-130 U/l
4.6-8.0 mg/dl
2.8-4.6 mg/dl

Total (g/dl)
5.4-7.0
5.9-7.0
5.9-7.8
6.2-8.1
6.3-8.6

< 1 yr
1-3 yrs
4-9 yrs
10-19 yrs
Electrophoresis
Albumin
Globulin
Alpha 1
Alpha 2
Beta
Gamma
Sodium, ionized
Transaminases
Aspartate aminotransferase (AST/GOT)
1-3 yrs
4-6 yrs
7-9 yrs
10-11 yrs
Males
12-15 yrs
15-40 U/l
16-19 yrs
15-45 U/l
Alanine aminotransferase (ALT/GPT)
1-3 yrs
4-6 yrs
7-9 yrs
Males

3.7-5.0 mEq/l
3.6-4.8 mEq/l
3.9-5.3 mEq/l
Albumin (g/dl)
2.6-3.6
3.4-4.2
3.5-5.2
3.7-5.6
3.7-5.6
Globulin (g/dl)
0.4-3.7
1.6-3.5
1.9-3.4
1.9-3.5
3.1-4.3 g/dl
0.1-0.3 g/dl (4%)
0.6-1.0 g/dl (8%)
0.7-1.4 g/dl (12%)
0.0-1.6 g/dl (16%)
135-145 mEq/l

20-60 U/l
15-50 U/l
15-40 U/l
10-60 U/l
Females
10-30 U/l
5-30 U/l
5-45 U/l
10-25 U/l
10-35 U/l
Females

NORMAL VALUES (REFERENCE RANGES)

269

10-11 yrs
10-35 U/l
10-30 U/l
12-13 yrs
10-55 U/l
10-30 U/l
14-15 yrs
10-45 U/l
5-30 U/l
16-19 yrs
10-40 U/l
5-35 U/l
Troponin I
< 1.6 ng/ml
Troponin T
< 0.1 ng/ml
Ureea nitrogen blood (BUN)
1-3 yrs
5-17 mg/dl
4-13 yrs
7-17 mg/dl
14-19 yrs
8-21 mg/dl
Uric acid
Males (mg/dl)
Females (mg/dl)
10-11 yrs
2.3-5.4
3.0-4.7
16-19 yrs
4.0-8.6
3.0-5.9
Viscosity (correlates with fibrinogen,
high-density lipoprotein cholesterol)
Plasma
1.380.08 relative units
Serum
1.260.08 relative units
Zinc
78-162 g/dl

Gastric secretion Reference Values

Basal Volume
HCl Concentration in Basal Secretion
Basal Acid Output
Stimulated Secretor Volume
HCl Concentration in Stimulated Secretion
Stimulated Acid Output

60-80 ml/h,
20-30 mEq/l,
2-3 mEq/h,
180-250 ml/h,
60-80 mEq/l,
16-20 mEq/h.

Stool, Laboratory Examination Reference Values

Bulk
Water
Total osmolality
pH
Nitrogen
Potassium
Sodium
Magnesium

100-200 g
up to 75%
200-250 mOsm
7.0-7.5 (may be acid with high
lactose intake)
< 2.5 g/day
5-20 mEq/Kg
10-20 mEq/Kg
< 200 mEq/Kg

270

PHYSIOLOGY. EXPERIMENTS AND DEMONSTRATIONS

Coproporphyrin
Trypsin
Urobilinogen
Microscopic examination
RBCs
Epithelial cells
WBCs
Undigested vegetable fibers and muscle fibers
Neutral fat globules (stained with Sudan)

400-1000 mg/24 hrs

20-950 U/g
50-300 mg/24 hrs
absent
present
few present
present
0-2+