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3
6.3A Usando a Denio 6.1.3 ou o Teorema 6.1.9, mostre que as funes dadas so solues
LI da edo indicada.
(a) y1 (x) = sen x; y2 (x) = cos x;
(b) y1 (x) =
y 00 + y = 0;
y 000
x;
y (4)
y 000
y = 0;
y = 0;
6y 00 + 11y 0
6y = 0:
3y 0 + 2y = 0
(c) y 000
6y 00 + 11y 0
(b) y (4) + 4y = 0
6y = 0
(d) 8y 00 + 4y 0 + y = 0
(f) y 000
(g) y 000
(h) y (4) + 2y 00 + y = 0
y 00
y0 + y = 0
3y 00 + 4y 0
2y = 0
6.3C Em cada caso, verique que as funes dadas so solues LI da edo indicada e determine
a soluo geral.
(a) y1 (x) = cos x e y2 (x) = sen x;
y (4)
4y 000 + 7y 00
y (4)
8y 000 + 32y 00
64y 0 + 64y = 0;
y (4)
6y 000 + 19y 00
26y 0 + 18y = 0;
x;
y (5)
y (4)
e y3 (x) = e2x ;
y (6)
4y 0 + 6y = 0;
2y 000 + 2y 00 + y 0
y = 0;
16y 0
32y = 0:
6.3D Qual a soluo geral de uma edo linear homognea com coecientes constantes, cuja
equao caracterstica possui as seguintes razes: 2; 2; 2; 3
4i; 3 + 4i; 3
edo?
6.3E Encontre a edo de segunda ordem com a seguinte famlia de curvas integrais:
(a) y = C1 x + C2 x2
(b) y = C1 e
+ C2 xe
(c) C1 ex + C2 e2x :
6.3F Com o Mtodo dos Coecientes a Determinar (MCD), encontre a soluo geral da edo.
(a) y 00
y0
MPMATOS
2y = 4x2
(b) y 0
5y = (x
1) sen x + (x + 1) cos x
(c) y 00 + 2y 0 + 2y = 1 + x2
(d) y 00 + 4y 0 + 8y = x + ex
(e) y 00 = 9x2 + 2x
(f) y 00
3y 0 + 2y = ex
(h) y 0
5y = x2 ex
(j) y 000
6y 00 + 11y 0
6y = 2xe
(l) y 000
y = 3 sen x
cos x
(g) y 000
(i) y 0
y 00
y 0 + y = x2
y = 1 + xe2x
(k) y (4) + 4y = x2
3x + 2
43
2e2x + sen x
xe5x
x
(b) x2 y 00
3xy 0 + 3y = 0
(c) x2 y 00
(d) x2 y 00
3xy 0 + 3y = ln x, x > 0
(e) x3 y 000
3x2 y 00 + 6xy 0
(f) x2 y 00
6xy 0 = 0
6y = 0
6.3H. Considere as funes y1 (x) = xm sen ln (xn ) e y2 (x) = xm cos ln (xn ), denidas para
x > 0: Calcule o wronskiano w (x) dessas funes e encontre uma edo do tipo Euler de segunda
ordem possuindo y1 e y2 como solues.
6.3I. Com o Mtodo de Variao dos Parmetros (MVP), encontre a soluo geral da edo.
4
(a) y 00 2y 0 + y = x 1 ex
(b) y 0 + y = x4
x
(c) y 00 2y 0 + y = x 5 ex
(d) y 00 + 4y = sen2 2x
(e) y 00
2y 0 + y = ex + 2xex
(g) y 000 + x
2y0
3y
=x
(f) x2 y 00
2 ln x
2y = (x
1) x
1 x
2tx_ + 2x = 0
::
1 x
2tx_ + 2x = 1
t2
t3 x + 3t2 x
= 1:
Verique que as funes x1 (t) = 1; x2 (t) = t e x3 (t) = 1=t; t > 0; so solues LI da edo homognea
associada e, usando o MVP, encontre a soluo geral da edo no homognea.
44
CAP. 6
6.3L Qual a soluo da equao de Euler-Cauchy x2 y 00 2xy 0 +2y = 0 que satisfaz s condies
iniciais y (1) = 1 e y 0 (1) = 4?
6.3M Encontre a soluo da edo x2 y 00 + xy 0 + y = ln x que satisfaz s condies y (1) = 0 e
y 0 (1) = 2:
6.3N Mostre que as funes sen x2 e cos x2 so solues LI da edo xy 00
y 0 + 4x3 y = 0, embora
o wronskiano seja nulo em x = 0: Por que isso no contradiz os fatos tericos (Observao 6.1.10)?
6.3O Verique que no intervalo ]0; 1[ as funes y1 (x) = sen (1=x) e y2 (x) = cos (1=x) so
solues LI da edo x4 y 00 + 2x3 y 0 + y = 0 e encontre a soluo que satisfaz s condies y (1= ) = 1
e y 0 (1= ) =
1:
6.3R Usando o mtodo descrito no exerccio precedente com ' (x) = x ou ' (x) = ex ; deter-
(x + 3) y 0 + 3y = x
(c) 1 + x2 y 00
2xy 0 + 2y = 0
(b) (1
(d) xy 00
x) y 00 + xy 0
y = (1
x)2
(2x + 1) y 0 + (x + 1) y = 0:
MPMATOS
45
(d) y 0 = xy 2 + 1; y (1) = 1
8
< y 00 2xy 0 + x2 y = 0
(d)
: y (0) = 1; y 0 (0) = 1
8
< y 00 + 2xy 0 + y = 0
(f)
: y (0) = 0; y 0 (0) = 1:
2x_ + x = t
(b) 2
x
2t2 x_ + x = 4tet
(d)
2x_ + et x = t2
8
>
>
x_ = 3x1 3x2 + 2x3
>
< 1
(d)
x_ 2 = 2x1 x2
>
>
>
: x_ = x
x2 + x3
3
1
2
x + et x = t
46
CAP. 6
Respostas e Sugestes
Exerccios 6.3
6.3B
(a) y = C1 ex + C2 e2x
(b) y = (C1 ex + C2 e
(d) y = e
(f) y = C1 + C2 x + C3 x2 + C4 e
(g) y = C1 e
+ C2 ex + C3 xex
x ) sen x
+ (C3 ex + C4 e
x ) cos x
+ C2 sen (x=4)]
5x
6.3C
p
p
(a) y = C1 cos 2x + C2 sen 2x e2x + C3 cos x + C4 sen x
(b) y = (C1 cos 2x + C2 sen 2x)e2x + (C3 cos 2x + C4 sen 2x)xe2x
p
p
(c) y = (C1 cos x + C2 sen x) ex + C3 cos 5x + C4 sen 5x e2x
(d) y = (C1 + C2 x + C3 x2 )ex + (C4 + C5 x) e
(e) y = C1 ex + C2 e
2x
+ (C3 + C4 x) e
6.3D
y = C1 + C2 x + C3 x2 e2x +(C4 + C5 x + C6 cos 4x + C7 sen 4x + C8 x cos 4x + C9 x sen 4x) e3x :
6.3E (a) x2 y 00
6.3F
(a) y = C1 e
+ C2 e2x
2x2 + 2x
69 + 78x
cos x + C1 e5x
338
x2
(c) y = (C1 cos x + C2 sen x) e x +
x+1
2
1
x ex
(d) y = (C1 cos 2x + C2 sen 2x)e 2x +
+ +
16 8 13
2
3
4
x
x
3x
(e) y = C1 + C2 x
+
+
2
3
4
(b) y =
71
52x
sen x
338
(f) y = C1 ex + C2 e2x +
(g)y = C1 e
(h) y =
(i) y =
sen x +
3
10
cos x
xex
+ C2 ex + C3 xex + x2 + 2x + 4
1 2 5x
2x e
1
10
1 2
4x
+ 81 x +
e2x + xe2x + C1 ex
1
32
ex + C1 e5x
2xe2x
3y 0 + 2y = 0
1
x
12 xe
(j) y =
13
x
144 e
MPMATOS
+ C1 ex + C2 e2x + C3 e3x
x=2
47
3x
2
C2 cos
6.2G
(a) y = C1 ( x)3=2 + C2 ( x)1=2
+ sen
1
65
3x
2
x2
4
3x 1
+
4
2
sen x + 2 cos x + :
sen ln ( x) +
8
65
cos ln ( x)
4
9
+ 13 ln x + C1 x + C2 x3
(e) y = C1 x + C2 x2 + C3 x3
w (x) =
6.2H
nx2m
(d) y = C1 x + C2 x3
(f) y = C1 + C2 x7
1;
x2 y 00 + (1
2m) xy 0 + m2 + n2 y = 0:
6.2I
(a) y = C1 ex + xex ln jxj + C2 xex
(b) y = C1 x
+ 91 x5
1
12
cos x ln jsec x + tg xj
(e) y = 21 x2 ex + 31 x3 ex + C1 ex + C2 xex
(f) y = C1 x
1
3
+ C2 x2
3
2
4x
+x
6.3I
h
(g) y = C1 x + (x ln x) C2 + C3 ln x +
1 ln x
1
24
(ln x)3
x (t) = C1 t + C2 1 + t2 + t4 =6
x (t) = C1 + C2 t + C3 =t + 2t ln t
y = 3x2
t2 =2:
1
2
ln t
y (x) = 1=
sen (1=x)
ln jcos xj
t=2 + 1=2
6.3N Porque x = 0 um ponto singular.
cos (1=x) :
(c) y = C1 x + C2 x2
(d) y = ex C1 + C2 x2 :
48
CAP. 6
Exerccios 7.4
7.4A
(a) y (x) = 1 + x + x2 + 43 x3 + 76 x4 +
(b) y (x) =
1
1! x
1 3
3! x
5 4
24 x
(c) y (x) = 1 + x2 +
(d) y (x) = 1 +
2
1!
6 4
4! x
1) +
5
2!
1)
1
2!
(x
2 4
4! x
(x
1)2 +
(x
22
3!
1)3 +
(x
7.4B
(a) y (x) = 1 + (x
1 2
2! x
(b) y (x) = 1
(c) y (x) =
(d) y (x) = 1
1) +
3 3
3! x
(x
1)3 +
1
4!
1)4 +
(x
(x
2 4
4! x +
1)2 + 10
3!
4 5
5! x
231 7
7! x
3
2!
1
3!
12 4
4! x
2 3
3! x
(e) y (x) = (x
(f) y (x) = x
6 2
2! x
1+
1)2
1)3 +
(x
34
4!
(x
1)4 +
Exerccios 8.4
8.4A
8
< x_ 1 = x2
(a)
: x_ = x + 2x + t
2
1
2
8.4B x_ 1 = x2 ;
8
< x_ 1 = x2
(b)
: x_ = x + t2 x + 2tet
2
1
2
8
< x_ 1 = x2
(c)
: x_ = et x
2
1
x_ 3 = et x1 + 2x2 + t
x_ 2 = x3 ;
2x2
t2
8.4C A soluo geral do sistema obtida como combinao linear das colunas da Matriz
Soluo exp (tA).
8
< x1 (t) = C1 et + C2 e2t
(a)
: x (t) = C et + 2C e2t
2
6
6
(c) 6
4
e2t + 3et
2e2t + 3et
e2t + 3et
2e
8
< x1 (t) = C1 et + 2C2 e t
(b)
: x (t) = C et + C e t
2
e2t
et
et + e
2e2t
et
et + e
e2t
et
et + 2e
7
6
7
6
7 (d) et 6
5
4
t2
(2t + 1)
2t
t
t2
3t
2 t2 + t
2t + 1
2t2
t2 =2
t2 + 1
7
7
7:
5