Review Material for PHY10 : DO NOT BRING DURING ACTUAL EXAMINATION

PHY10 : Review

A. Vectors
Scalar Quantity - a quantity which only magnitude but no direction
Ex. Speed 40 kph
Vector Quantity - a quantity which has both magnitude and direction
Ex. Velocity- 40 kph due north
Analytical Methods of Finding the Resultant
A. Triangle Method construct a triangle using the 2 given vectors and use concepts of
trigonometry such as Cosine Law, Sine Law or Pythagorean Theorem to solve for
the unknown vector.
B. Vector Resolution Method or Component Method- it is the process of resolving
the vector to its vertical and horizontal components
Resultant, R- is the vector sum of 2 or more vectors whose effect is the same as the given
set of vectors.
Ex:
A small boat travels 80.0 km north and then travels 60.0 km east in 1.0 hr. What is
the boats displacement for one-hour trip? What is the boats average speed during the
one-hour trip?

B. Kinematics
It is the study of how object moves without regard to the cause of motion.
EQUATIONS for motion along a straight
path (x-axis)
VF = VO + at
s = VOt + at2
VF2 = VO2 + 2as

Where:
VF final velocity
VO initial velocity
s horizontal displacement/distance
traveled
a constant acceleration
h vertical displacement/ height

Note : if a = 0 ; V = constant
EQUATIONS for motion along vertical
axis (y-axis)
VF = VO + gt
h = VOt + gt2

g gravitational acceleration = 9.8 m/s 2

Sign Convention (from origin) : s : (+) &
h : (+)
V : (+) OR (+)
a : (+) if speeding up OR (+) , hence g
= 9.8 m/s2

VF2 = VO2 + 2gh

Note : if object is free-fall or dropped VO = 0
EQUATIONS for Projectile Motion (xaxis)
VOX = VO cos
: VOX Horizontal

EQUATIONS for Projectile Motion (y-axis)

Component of VO

VO

VOX = VFX = VnX

Note : Constant Horizontal

VOY = VO sin

: VOY Vertical Component of

VFY = VOY + gt

Velocities

s = Vx t

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h = VOYt + gt2
VFY2 = VOY2 + 2gh
Sign Convention (from origin) : s : (+) & h :
(+)
V : (+) OR (+)

Review Material for PHY10 : DO NOT BRING DURING ACTUAL EXAMINATION

g = 9.8 m/s2
Other Important
Equations
R = [VO 2 sin (2)] /g
tR = R/VOX

Note g = + 9.8 m/s2

H = VOY2/(2g) = (VO sin
2
)/(2g)
tH = VOY /g = (VO sin )/g
= tR/2

Ex:
A projectile is fired from a gun and has initial horizontal and vertical components of
velocity equal to 30 m/s and 40 m/s, respectively.
a. What is the initial speed of the projectile?
b. Approximately how long does it take the projectile to reach the highest point?
c. What is the speed of the projectile at the highest point in its trajectory?
d. Approximately what is the maximum horizontal distance reached by the projectile

C. Forces & Laws of Motion

Newtons Laws of Motion
Newtons First Law of Motion
An object sitting at rest will remain at rest if the sum of all forces acting on the
object is zero. Similarly, if an object is moving and the sum of the forces acting on the
object is zero, then the object will continue to move in the same direction with same
speed. [F = 0]
First Condition of Equilibrium
The body or system at this condition remains at rest or moves in a straight line with
constant velocity. (Translational Equilibrium)
Static Equilibrium refers to all objects at rest.
Dynamic Equilibrium refers to all objects / systems moving at constant velocity
F = R = 0
[FX=0 & FY = 0]
Ex:
A 2-kg picture frame is supported by two wires where each wire makes 30 with the
horizontal. What is the tension in each wire?

Newtons Second Law of Motion (NSLM)

If an unbalanced force acts on a body, it is accelerated by an amount proportional to
the unbalanced force and in the same direction but inversely to its mass. [a = Fnet / m]
or [Fnet = ma]
F =ma where :
FX= maX & FY = 0 (if motion is relatively or purely horizontal)
FX= 0 & FY = maY (if motion is relatively or purely vertical)
Ex: An object moves due to a net force of 37.5 N. It starts at rest and accelerates at 2.5 m/s 2. What
is its mass?

Newtons Third Law of Motion

Whenever one object exerts a force on a second object, the second object exerts a
reaction force of equal magnitude but opposite direction on the first object. It indicates that
forces come in pairs an action force and reaction force
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Review Material for PHY10 : DO NOT BRING DURING ACTUAL EXAMINATION

Friction Force (f) force acting between the body and its surface of contact which
is acting parallel but opposite to the direction of motion

[ fN
or f = N ]
Types:
Static Friction, fs exists when the body is at rest but has the tendency to slide.
Kinetic Friction, fk opposing force when the body is in motion
Ex:
Three identical blocks are pulled or pushed across a horizontal surface by a force F,
as shown in the drawings. The force F in each case has the same magnitude. Which
figure will give the least kinetic frictional force?

Ex:
A 10-kg block is set moving with an initial speed of 6 m/s on a rough horizontal
surface. If the friction force is 20 N, approximately how far does the block travel before
it stops?

D. Circular Motion
Centripetal Force (FC)
The net force that causes object to move in a
circular path rather than a straight one.
Centripetal means towards the center, so this
goes towards the axis of rotation.
Centripetal Acceleration (aC)
The acceleration associated with the centripetal
force. It also goes towards the center of rotation.
Also known as the radial acceleration
EQUATIONS
FC = maC
FC = mv2/R
FC = mR2
FC = 4mR2/T2

aC =
v2/R
v=
/R
=
2/T
T = 1/f

Where:
v linear or tangential velocity (m/s)
angular velocity (rad/s)
T period of rotation, time for 1 complete revolution
(seconds)
f frequency, number of revolutions at a given time (per
second or hertz)

FC = 4mR2f2
Newtons Second Law of Motion Applications
1. Horizontal Circle : FX= maC & FY = 0
Where:
1.1 Flat Curve
v linear or tangential velocity (m/s) : vMAX
vMAX = (SRg)
maximum velocity

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Review Material for PHY10 : DO NOT BRING DURING ACTUAL EXAMINATION

S static coefficient of the road surface
1.2 Banked
Curve
tan = v2/(Rg) R radius of curvature (m)
banking angle ()
= tan 1 [v2/
(Rg)]
2. Vertical Circle (Non Uniform) : FX= 0 & FY = maC
@ Lowest
@ Highest
Point
Point
2
aCmax = vMAX /R
aCmin =
vMIN2/R
FC is maximum FC is
minimum

Ex: A 10 kg garbage bag is whirled into a uniform circular motion. The diameter of this
circle is 50m. If the centripetal force was measured to be 84,100 N, what is the linear
speed of the garbage bag?

E. Newtons Law of Gravitation

-Every particle of matter in the universe attracts every other particle with a force that is
directly proportional to the product of the masses of the particles and inversely proportional
to the square of the distance between them.

F = Gm1m2 / (R2)
Where:
m1 & m2 masses of the two particles
(kg)
R distance between the two
particles (m)

F force of attraction (N)

G gravitational constant = 6.67 x10-11 N m2
/kg2

Determining the Acceleration Due to Gravity, g

1. Consider an object of mass m falling near a planets surface, the force of attraction is
the gravitational pull of the planet toward the object is the weight of the object on that
planet.
F=W
G m MPlanet/ R2 = mg
g = G Mearth/ R2
Ex:
If the earth were three times farther from the sun than it is now, the gravitational
force exerted on it by the sun would be
a.
b.
c.
d.

three times as large as it is now

nine times as large as it is now
one-third as large as it is now
one-ninth as large as it is now

2. Using the size comparison between the planets mass and radius to that of earths

gX = gE(MX/ME)(RE/RX)2
3. To get mass of center planet (M1), radial distance (R) & orbital period (T), the Gravitational
force is equated to the Centripetal force.
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Review Material for PHY10 : DO NOT BRING DURING ACTUAL EXAMINATION

FG = F C

GM1M2/R2 = M2aC
(M2 is the orbiting object)
GM1/R2 = aC
GM1/R2 = 42R/T2
Cross multiply to simplify:

GM1T2 = 42R3

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(From here you can derive most of the needed equations)