7 Compression Tanks.95110342

Energy Efficient Building Design
College of Architecture
Illinois Institute Of Technology (IIT), Chicago
Pressurization Tank Sizing

Project Name
Project No.
System Type
Chilled Water
Date
Tank Identif. / Name
Tank Description
Cylindrical / Horizontal
Location (building)
Penthouse Equipt Room
Volume System Equipt
Properties of Water
Equipt Dscr
Volume
Temp
(replace/edit)
(cu.ft.)
T deg F
20
35
Chillers - Evap
Chillers - Cond
40
Cooling Towers
50
CHW Pumps
10
60
CW Pumps
70
Boilers - WT
80
HW Pumps
90
Heat Exchangers
100
Cooling Coils
50
110
Heating Coils
120
Radtrs, Convtrs
130
Fan Coil Units
30
140
Terminal Equipt
150
Miscell Equipt
10
Equip Vol (ft3)
120
System Vol (ft3) =
270
Contigency Factor ( %) =
10
Sys Vol + % age (ft3 ) = Vs
297
Equiv lbs of Water = Vp
18,555
Equiv gals of Water = Vg
2,226
E = Net Pressurization Factor for diaphragm tanks

T
90
0.004
110
0.008
130
100
0.006
120
0.010
140
Sizing Data (Enter as required by tank type & sizing method)

Maxim Water Temp - Tmax (F)
T2
% Exp of Water fr 35 F to T2
Tank Material (Steel / Copper)

Coeff of Exp of Tank Material
Tank Type (Open / Closed)

Closed Type (Normal / Diaphragm)
Tank Size (% of System Volume)
Default Diameter (inches)
Locatn w.r.t Pump (Suctn/Dischge)

System Height above Tank (ft)
Pr. Loss fr Tank to Pump (ft.Wtr)
Instructor: Varkie C. Thomas, Ph.D., P.E.
Skidmore, Owings Merrill LLP
276368672.xls

Pump Head (ft Wtr)

PH
276368672.xls

Volume of Pipes in System
Color Codes
Nom
User Input
Size
Calculated
(ins)
Reference Data
3/8
1/2
3/4
1
1 1/4
1 1/2
2
Sp.Vol
V ft3/lb
Temp Sp.Vol
2 1/2
% exp T deg FV ft3/lb % exp
0.01600
160
###
2.44
3 1/2
0.01602
0.12
170
###
2.81
0.01602
0.12
180
###
3.19
0.01604
0.25
190
###
3.56
0.01605
0.31
200
###
3.94
0.01607
0.44
210
###
4.38
10
0.01610
0.62
220
###
4.81
12
0.01613
0.81
230
###
5.25
14
0.01617
1.06
240
###
5.75
16
0.01620
1.25
250
###
6.25
18
0.01625
1.56
260
###
6.75
20
0.01629
1.81
270
###
7.44
22
0.01634
2.13
280
###
7.88
24
26
e = % Expansion of Water from 35 F to t
28
e = 100*( Vt - 0.016 ) / 0.016
30
t = Max temp of water (deg F)
32
Vt = Sp. Vol at temp t (ft3/lb)
34
a = Coeff of Exp of Steel (in / in) = 0.0000065
36
a = Coeff of Exp of Copper (in / in) = 0.0000095
Total Volume of Pipes (ft3) =

E = Net Exp of water (gals) heated from T1 to T2
0.012
150
0.018
0.015
160
0.021
T
e=
100
120
0.006
0.010
E = exp 13.4
22.3
200
Average Operating Temp (F
T
T1
3.94
Minim Water Temp - Tmin (F
Steel
Maxim Water Temp - Tmax (
T2
0.0000065
Specific Volume at Tmin (ft3
V1
Open
Specific Volume at Tmax (ft
V2
System Volume (ft3)
Vs
Normal
5
Min Press at Highest Point (
P1
24
Max Press to open Safety Va
P2
Suction
Atmospheric Pressure (psia)
Pa
90
Atmospheric Pressure (ft.Wt
A, Pa'
20
Venting Pressure (ft.Wtr)
V
276368672.xls

70
Maxim Operating Pressure (f
Po
276368672.xls
Inside
Volume
Length Volume
Diam
per ft
per size per size
(ins)
(cu.ft.)
0.49
0.001
0.62
0.002
0.82
0.004
20
0.07
1.05
0.006
30
0.18
1.38
0.010
1.61
0.014
30
0.42
2.07
0.023
20
0.47
2.47
0.033
30
1.00
3.07
0.051
20
1.03
3.55
0.069
4.03
0.088
5.05
0.139
6.07
(ft)
(cu.ft.)
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
30
2.65
0.201
50
10.03
7.89
0.340
30
10.19
10.02
0.548
11.94
0.777
20
15.55
13.13
0.940
15.00
1.227
16.88
1.553
18.81
1.931
0.00
20.75
2.348
0.00
22.64
2.796
0.00
25.25
3.477
0.00
27.25
4.050
0.00
29.25
4.666
0.00
31.25
5.326
0.00
33.25
6.030
0.00
35.25
6.777
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
70
###
0.00
150.3
rom T1 to T2
150
200
280
0.018
0.034
0.070
40.1
75.7
155.8
200
dt = T2-T1 =
160
40
(V2/V1 - 1) =
0.044
200
Pa / P1 =
0.588
0.0160
Pa / P2 =
0.368
0.0167
P1 / P2 =
0.625
297
Pa' / Po =
0.097
25.0
3*a*dt =
0.003
40.0
psi x
2.31
= ft
14.7
" Hg x
1.33
= ft
33.9
ft3 x
7.5
12
gals x
8.334
= gals
= lbs
276368672.xls

350
ft3 x
62.4
= lbs
276368672.xls
Pressurization Tank Sizing

Open Tank Sizing
Sizing assumes Open Tank is: (1) vented to atmosphere, (2) at

Vt
Basis of Sizing
(1) As a Percentage of Syst
Weight Volume
Tank Size
3' above highest point of system, & (3) connected to pump suc
gallons
lbs
ft3
D (in)
L (ft)
Vt =
Minimum Volume of Expansion Tank (gals)
111
928
15
24.0
4.7
Vt =
Vs * (% of System Volume / 100)
(2) Using Min, Max Temp, Exp 96
804
13
24.0
4.1
Vt =
Vs * (e/100) * 1.1
Exp Vol + 10%
from ASHRAE Systems 20 181
1508
24
24.0
7.7
Vt =
2 * Vs * [ (V2/V1 - 1) - (3ASHRAE 2000
Closed Tank Sizing
V = +ve venting pressure (= 12 ft if unknown)
Fill Pressure (Pf): The tank location w.r.t. the piping system affects the initial fill or
F=
minim
frictional
pressloss
at the
from
tank.
tank to pump in order to
The tank can be at three possible locations with respect to the system as shown maintain +ve venting pressure (ft)
Pf = Initial or
Pf
Pa/Pf
A = atmospheric pressure (ft)
Min
Pa/Pf
Pf/Po 1-Pf/Po
Fill
Pressure
Location of Tank
ft H2O
- Pa/Po
H = system static head (ft) = distance between
(ft)
(1) Tank is above the piping Pf = V + F + 65.9 0.51
0.42
0.19 0.81
tank and highest point of system
(2) Tank is on suction side o
Pf = V + H + 135.9
0.25
0.15
0.39
0.61
(3) Tank is on discharge sid
Pf = V + PH + 115.9
0.29
0.20
0.33
0.67
110
Vs =
297
(1) Closed Tank:: T <= 16 T2 =
150
dt =
V2 at T2 0.016
Location of Tank
Denom Vt gals
E = e*Vs
40
Lbs
ft3
D (ft)
(1) Tank is above the piping
0.42
96
798
13
24.0
4.1
0.15
262
2185
35
24.0
11.1
0.20
204
1704
27
24.0
8.7
Using ASHRAE HdBk Syst 0.22
193
1608
26
24.0
8.2
Vs =
297
(2) Closed Tank:: 160 <= T <= T2 =
200
DenomGallons
Lbs
ft3
D (ft)
0.42
189
###
25.2
24.0
8.0
0.15
517
###
69.0
24.0
22.0
0.20
403
###
53.8
24.0
17.1
410
3419
55
24.0
17.4
(3) Closed Chilled Water Tank
T=
Vs =
297
(0.00041 x T - 0.0466) 79
Location of Tank
DenomGallons
Lbs
ft3
D (ft)
L (ft)
0.81
97
809
13
24.0
4.1
0.61
129
1074
17
24.0
5.5
0.67
118
982
16
24.0
5.0
205
1709
27
24.0
8.7
297
(4) Closed Diaphragm Water Ta T =
120
Vs =
E=
0.01
Num = E*Vs = 22
Location of Tank
DenomGallons
Lbs
ft3
D (ft)
L (ft)
0.19
118
985
16
24.0
5.0
0.39
57
478
24.0
2.4
0.33
67
560
24.0
2.9
241
2010
32
24.0
10.3
References: (1) 1987 ASHRAE Handbook, pp. 13.11 - 13.15

Minim Volume of Pressurization Tank (gals)
Vt =
ASHRAE 1987
(Pa/Pf) - (Pa/Po)
for T <= 160 F
E = Net expansion of water (gals) heated from 40 F to
Vt =
Vs *
[(V2/V1) - 1] - (3* ASHRAE

(Pa/P1) - (Pa/P 2000
L (ft)
90
at the top of the system
L (ft)
(0.00041 x T - 0.0466) 79
Location of Tank
Vt =
PH = pump head (ft) reqd to maintain +ve press
Vt =
(0.00041*T - 0.046 ASHRAE 1987

( Pa/Pf) - (Pa/P 160 <= T <= 280
(1) Tank Size is half of a hot water tank operating at 200

Vt =
(0.00041*T - 0.0466) * Vs
2 * [(Pa/Pf) - (Pa/Po)]
ASHRAE 1987
(2) Tank Size can be estimated from:

Vt =
Vt =
Vt =
(0.00041*T - 0.0466) * Vs
1 - (Pf/Po)
E * Vs
ASHRAE 1987
[ 1 - (Pf/Po) ]
for T <= 160 F
Vs *
[(V2/V1) - 1] - (3*a
ASHRAE
[ 1 - (P1/P2) ] 2000
(2) 2000 ASHRAE Handbook pp. 12.3 - 12.5
276368672.xls
276368672.xls
mosphere, (2) at least
ted to pump suction
2 ft if unknown)
pump in order to
stance between
aintain +ve press.
Tank (gals)
ed from 40 F to T
operating at 200 F
276368672.xls
276368672.xls
Illinois Institute of Technology (IIT), Chicago
PRESSURIZATION TANKS
Pressurization tanks include expansion tanks and compression tanks. The term expansion tank is used with low
pressure systems where the tank is located at the highest point of the piping system (open or closed) and the ta
water surface is at atmospheric pressure. The height location of the expansion tank determines the static press
head available to the terminal equipment. The term compression tank applies to pressurized closed piping syste
Make-up water is supplied through the pressurization tank.
Pressurization tank types include (1) Open and (2) Closed
Closed pressurization tank construction can be:
A regular tank where the pressurizing air or gas is in contact with the liquid.
A diaphragm tank where the air charge and liquid are permanently separated by a diaphragm to prevent
corrosion of the tank or contamination of the fluid.
System Volume
Pressurization tank size is based on the volume capacity of the system. System volume consists of:
the physical inside volume of all the pipe sections in the system. The pipe volume is converted into gallon
liquid using the density of the liquid.
the liquid storage capacity of all the equipment in the system. The physical volume storage capacity of th
terminal equipment, primary equipment and miscellaneous equipment, etc., that is converted to liquid
volume using liquid density.
Open Tank Sizing
Open tank sizing assumes that the tank is:
vented to the atmosphere
at least three feet above the highest point in the piping system
connected to the suction side of the pump
Tank Volume
The tank volume size in gallons is estimated as a percentage of the total system volume The minimum reco
volume is 6% in accordance with 1987ASHRAE Handbook. An alternative to sizing the tank based on percenta
system volume, the system liquid expansion volume can be used to determinethe tank size. This expansion
is the difference in volumes at the maximum temperature of the piping system and at the minimum temperatur
Closed Tank Sizing

Fill Pressure: The tank location with respect to the piping system affects the initial fill or minimum pressure Pf
at the tank. The tank can be at three possible locations with respect to the system.
(1)
(2)
(3)
Pf = V + F + A
Pf = V + H + A
Pf = V + PH + A
Tank is above the piping system

V
= positive venting pressure; (assumes 12 ft of liquid if not known)
F
= frictional pipe losses from tank to pump that must be overcome in order to
obtain positive air venting pressure (ft of liquid as specified in input)
A
= atmospheric pressure (ft of liquid)
Tank is on suction side of the pump

H
= system static head = distance between tank and highest point of piping syste
Tank is on discharge side of the pump

PH = pump head (ft of liquid) required to maintain positive pressure attop of system
In all three cases, the atmospheric pressure A is added to obtain absolute pressure
You must specify either the initial fill pressure Pf or the system static head H.
276368672.xls
Tank Sizing Equations (closed tanks)
is used with low

losed) and the tanks
Vt =
s the static pressure
osed piping systems.
[( ) ( ) ]
Vt =
Pa
Pf
Pa
Po
(1) Tank with operating temperatures below 160 F

Vt = minimum volume of pressurization tank (gal)
E
= net pressurization of water in the system when heated from min to max temp (gal)
Pa = pressure in tank when water first enters tank (ft of water absolute); At atmos.press.
Pf = initial fill or minimum pressure of tank (ft of water absolute)
Po = maximum operating pressure of tank (ft of water absolute)
( 0 . 041 x T - 0 . 0466 ) x V s
[( ) ( )]
Pa
Pf
gm to prevent
( 0 . 041 x T - 0 . 0466 ) x V s
Vt =
[ ( )]
verted into gallons of
ge capacity of the
onverted to liquid
Vt =
Pa
Po
e Vs
[ ( )]
1-
Pf
Po
Pf
Po
(2) Tank with operating temperatures between 160 F and 280 F

T
= maximum average operating temperature (oF)
Vs = system volume calculated from the piping system dimensions (gal)
Error: Denominator is Pa/Pf - Pa/Po
(3) Chilled Water Tank

Error: Denominator is 1 - Pf/Po
Tank sizing for chilled water systems will result in tanks of very small size
because of the low pressurization coefficients (40 F to 90 F temperature range). Fo
reason, closed compression tanks applied to chilled water systems are sized as follo
(1) regular tank size is half the equivalent hot water size
(2) the piping system is considered to be operating from 70 F to 200 F
(4) Diaphragm Water Tank
Specific Volume of Water

(ASHRAE Chapter-6, Table-4)
e = net pressurization factor for water Tmp

F
0
The lowest temperature of chilled water equals the mini 32

design temperature. This can be assumed to be 35 o 40
inimum reco The highest temperature is the highest anticipated ambie 50
ed on percentaThe net pressurization factor e is obtained from table be 60
his expansion Source: 1987 ASHRAE Handbook, Table 2, p. 13.15
70
mum temperature.
80
Net Pressurization Facto Typical make-up water su 90
for Diaphragm Water Ta and expansion tank piping100
plain steel tanks
110
psia
ft3 / lb
0.0185
0.0886
0.0174
0.0175
0.1217
0.1781
0.2564
0.0160
0.0160
0.0160
0.3633
0.5074
0.0161 1.6667
0.0161 1.7500
0.0161 2.0000
0.0161 2.1667
0.6989
0.9503
Press.
120
1.2765
1.6947
F
90
Factor
e
0.004
130
140
2.2257
2.8926
100
110
0.006
0.008
150
160
3.7228
4.7469
120
130
0.010
0.012
170
180
190
5.9994
7.5194
9.3495
140
150
0.015
0.018
200
210
11.5375
14.1358
160
0.021
220
230
17.2010
20.7960
240
250
24.9873
29.8462
260
280
35.4502
49.2260
300
67.0350
Highest
um pressure Pf Temp
me in order to
Sp.Vol Expansion
ft3 / (F.lb)
* 1,000,000
Press
nt of piping system
e attop of system
0.0162 2.4286
0.0162 2.5000
0.0163 2.7778
0.0163 2.9000
0.0163 3.0909
0.0164 3.2500
0.0165 3.4615
0.0165 3.6429
0.0166 3.8000
0.0166 3.9375
0.0167 4.1176
0.0168 4.2778
0.0168 4.4211
0.0169 4.6000
0.0170 4.7619
0.0171 4.9091
0.0173 5.2500
0.0175 5.5769
276368672.xls
to max temp (gal)

e); At atmos.press.
ensions (gal)
erature range). For that

ms are sized as follows:
Sp.Vol
Exp: ft3
ft3 / gal
/ (F.gal)
* 1,000,000
* 1,000,000
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
8.6900
10.6845
###
###
13.5480
15.4570
###
###
18.0111
18.8850
###
###
###
21.4167
22.6086
24.3415
###
###
25.7855
27.6485
###
###
29.2453
30.6292
###
###
31.8401
33.3988
0.1398
0.1403
34.7843
36.0240
0.1410
0.1417
37.5564
38.9429
0.1423
0.1438
0.1454
40.2033
43.1035
45.8781
276368672.xls
PROPERTIES OF LIQUIDS
Liquid
Water
Glycol
Brine
Diesel
Petrol
Properties
-30
Density (lb/cu ft)

Specific Gravity ( = Density / 6
Kinematic viscosity (sq ft/sec)
Specific heat (Btu/lb oF)
Density (lb/cu ft)
67.98
Specific Gravity ( = Density / 6 1.09
Kinematic viscosity (sq ft/sec) ###
0.70
Density (lb/cu ft)
78.59
0.66
Density (lb/cu ft)
59.20
0.47
Density (lb/cu ft)
46.10
Kinematic viscosity (sq ft/sec) 11.00
0.47
67.55
1.08
190.00
0.73
78.21
1.25
77.50
0.67
57.40
0.92
161.50
0.48
45.50
0.73
9.80
0.48
Temperature
30
60
100
150
62.42
62.37
62.00
61.20
1.00
1.00
0.99
0.98
0.00
12.17
7.39
4.76
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
67.11
66.55
65.74
64.68
1.08
1.07
1.05
1.04
85.40
48.60
22.60
12.50
0.76
0.78
0.81
0.85
77.71
77.21
76.09
1.25
1.24
1.22
34.70
21.80
8.90
0.68
0.69
0.71
56.10
54.90
53.00
51.10
0.90
0.88
0.85
0.82
80.70
48.30
29.10
7.50
0.49
0.50
0.51
0.52
44.90
44.70
44.30
42.40
0.72
0.72
0.71
0.68
8.80
7.00
5.50
3.00
0.49
0.50
0.51
0.52
PROPERTIES OF HIGH TEMPERATURE HOT WATER

Temp
deg F
212
220
240
260
280
300
350
400
450
Satur.
Press
psig
0
2.5
10.3
20.7
34.5
52.3
119.9
232.6
407.9
Density Specific Kinem Sp. Heat

lb/cu ft Gravity = ViscosBtu/lb oF
Density/62.4sq ft/sec
0.96
1.006
59.81
3.2
0.96
1.007
59.63
3
0.95
1.01
59.1
2.7
0.94
1.015
58.51
2.5
0.93
57.94
2.3
1.02
0.92
57.31
2.1
1.26
0.89
55.59
1.9
1.044
0.86
53.65
1.7
1.067
0.83
51.55
1.5
1.095
210
59.81
0.96
3.20
1.01
63.12
1.01
6.40
0.88
Increase in Frictional Pressure Loss

due to Pipe Age
Hydraulic Handbook by Colt Industries
Multipliers
Pipe Age
Years
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
60
Small
1 - 3
1
1.4
2.2
3.6
5
6.3
7.25
8.1
8.75
9.25
9.6
10
Medium Large
4 to 12 14 - 48
1
1
1.35
1.3
1.9
1.6
2.7
1.8
3.5
2
4.2
2.1
4.73
2.2
5.2
2.3
5.58
2.4
5.93
2.6
6.23
2.86
7
3
276368672.xls
ressure Loss
olt Industries
276368672.xls

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Energy Efficient Building Design

Illinois Institute Of Technology (IIT), Chicago

Pressurization Tank Sizing

Penthouse Equipt Room

Volume System Equipt

Fan Coil Units

Equip Vol (ft3)

System Vol (ft3) =

Sys Vol + % age (ft3 ) = Vs

Equiv lbs of Water = Vp

Equiv gals of Water = Vg

E = Net Pressurization Factor for diaphragm tanks

Sizing Data (Enter as required by tank type & sizing method)

Tank Material (Steel / Copper)

Tank Type (Open / Closed)

Locatn w.r.t Pump (Suctn/Dischge)

Pr. Loss fr Tank to Pump (ft.Wtr)

Instructor: Varkie C. Thomas, Ph.D., P.E.

Skidmore, Owings Merrill LLP

Energy Efficient Building Design

Instructor: Varkie C. Thomas, Ph.D., P.E.

Skidmore, Owings Merrill LLP

Illinois Institute Of Technology (IIT), Chicago

Energy Efficient Building Design

Illinois Institute Of Technology (IIT), Chicago

% exp T deg FV ft3/lb % exp

e = % Expansion of Water from 35 F to t

e = 100*( Vt - 0.016 ) / 0.016

Vt = Sp. Vol at temp t (ft3/lb)

a = Coeff of Exp of Steel (in / in) = 0.0000065

a = Coeff of Exp of Copper (in / in) = 0.0000095

Total Volume of Pipes (ft3) =

Average Operating Temp (F

Minim Water Temp - Tmin (F

Maxim Water Temp - Tmax (

Specific Volume at Tmin (ft3

Specific Volume at Tmax (ft

System Volume (ft3)

Min Press at Highest Point (

Max Press to open Safety Va

Atmospheric Pressure (psia)

Atmospheric Pressure (ft.Wt

Venting Pressure (ft.Wtr)

Instructor: Varkie C. Thomas, Ph.D., P.E.

Skidmore, Owings Merrill LLP

Energy Efficient Building Design

Instructor: Varkie C. Thomas, Ph.D., P.E.

Skidmore, Owings Merrill LLP

Energy Efficient Building Design

per size per size

Illinois Institute Of Technology (IIT), Chicago

Instructor: Varkie C. Thomas, Ph.D., P.E.

Skidmore, Owings Merrill LLP

Energy Efficient Building Design

Instructor: Varkie C. Thomas, Ph.D., P.E.

Skidmore, Owings Merrill LLP

Illinois Institute Of Technology (IIT), Chicago

Energy Efficient Building Design

Illinois Institute Of Technology (IIT), Chicago

Pressurization Tank Sizing

Sizing assumes Open Tank is: (1) vented to atmosphere, (2) at

Minimum Volume of Expansion Tank (gals)

Vs * (% of System Volume / 100)

(2) Using Min, Max Temp, Exp 96