A variable is a quantity that changes in value.

A variable is usually represented by an alphabet,

for example x, y.

EXAMPLES
The number of participants in a competition can be
represented by n.

The output of eggs at a poultry can be represented

by x.

A constant is a quantity of a fixed value.

EXAMPLES
1 m = 100 cm
1 kg = 1000 g

The values of a variable can be expressed in the form

of integers, fractions and decimals.
EXAMPLES
31 km
50.75 g

7.2 FORMULAE

A formula is an equation that relates a few variables.

The value of a variable in a formula can be

determined if the values of other variables are
given.

Subject of a formula is a variable to be expressed in

term of other variables.

EXAMPLE
a is the subject of the formula in
terms of t, u and v.

Expressing a certain variable as the subject of the formula is

a process of rewriting a formula so that one of the variables
becomes the subject of the formula.

This often involves

- the operations of addition, subtraction, multiplication and division.

- the operations of indices.

If a variable occurs at both sides of an equation, the variable

is NOT a subject.

EXAMPLE
Then, a is not the subject.

EXAMPLES
Express x as the subject of the formula for each formula below.

CHAPTER 8
SOLID GEOMETRY III

8.1 RIGHT PRISM AND RIGHT CIRCULAR CYLINDER

A prism is a solid which has two or more parallel

and congruent polygons as faces.

A right prism is a prism where the two end-faces

are polygons that are at right angles to the other
rectangular surface.

A cylinder is a solid with two circular ends and

uniform cross section of circular shape.

A right circular cylinder with its axis perpendicular

to both its ends.

Axis of a cylinder is the line connecting the centre

of both of its ends.

Volume of a right prism.

Volume of a right circular cylinder.

8.2 RIGHT PYRAMID AND RIGHT CIRCULAR CONE

A pyramid is a solid with its base in the form of a

polygon and other surfaces in the form of triangles
with a common vertex.

A right pyramid is a pyramid with its vertex

situated vertically above the centre of the base.

A right circular cone is a solid in the form of a right

pyramid, but its base is in the form of a circle and
has only one curved surface.

Volume of a right pyramid.

Volume of a right circular cone.

8.3 SPHERE

A sphere is a solid where all the points on its

surface are the same distance from a fixed point.

The fixed point is known as the centre of the

sphere.

Hemisphere

Volume of a sphere.

Volume of a hemisphere.

8.4 COMPOSITE SOLID

Volume of a composite solid can be calculated by

identifying each solid and finding their volumes
separately.

Then, total up the volumes of all parts.

EXAMPLE

CHAPTER 9
SCALE DRAWINGS

9.1 SCALE DRAWINGS

A scale drawing is a drawing that represents a real

object with its size reduced or enlarged according
to a given ratio.

Scale of a drawing

A scale is a ratio that compares a length on a drawing

in relation to its actual length.
(i) The scale is normally in the form of 1 : n where
n = 1, 2, 3, 4 and so on.

(ii) For a scale of 1 : n,

(a) If n = 1, the size of the drawing is the same as
the size of the actual object.
(b) If n > 1, the size of the drawing is smaller than
the size of the actual object.
(c) If n < 1, the size of the drawing is bigger than
the size of the actual object.

In the diagram below, CD is the scale

drawing of AB.

EXAMPLE 1
Find the scale used.
Solution:
Scale = 4cm : 12 cm
= 4 : 12
=1:4

In the diagram, draw trapezium P, using

the scale of 1 : 2.

EXAMPLE 2
Solution:

EXAMPLE 3

Draw the above shape to the scale of

1 : 5.
Solution:

CHAPTER 10
TRANSFORMATIONS II

10.1 SIMILARITY

The word similar implies a comparison between

objects which have the same properties in common.

Similar figures have the same shape but the sizes

may be different.

Two shapes are similar if the

- corresponding angles are the same.
- pair of corresponding sides are in a constant ratio.