FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

LAB SHEET
POWER STATIONS
EET4116
TRIMESTER I (2012/2013)

PS1: Overcurrent Protection of a Substation Power Transformer

PS2: Coordination of Hydro-Thermal Power System

*Note: On-the-spot evaluation may be carried out during or at the end of the
experiment. Students are advised to read through this lab sheet before doing
experiment. Your performance, teamwork effort, and learning attitude will count
towards the marks.

Experiment # 1
Overcurrent Protection of a Substation Power Transformer
Instructions:
1. Read this lab sheet carefully and understand the procedure of performing the
experiment before coming to the laboratory.
2. Do not switch on the power supply unless permitted by the teacher.
3. Do not make or break any connection with the power supply on.
4. Handle the equipment with care.
5. Complete the experiment and submit the report before leaving the laboratory.
Objective

To design an overcurrent protection including earth fault protection of a threephase substation power transformer with overcurrent relays and current
transformers.
To test the protection scheme designed using the Workstation and Protective
Relay Control Station available in the Lab.

Introduction
For economic considerations, small-three-phase power transformers (less than 100
kVA) are usually protected with fuses. The main disadvantage of using fuses to
protect power transformers is their long operating time under low overcurrent
conditions. This delays transformer disconnection, and in certain cases, provides little
protection to the transformer and rather protects the system disconnecting the faulty
transformer after the fault has reached an advanced stage.
The protection schemes for large power transformers usually include differential
protection and/or restricted earth fault protection. In this case, transformer
disconnection is achieved through circuit breakers, and overcurrent relays can be
added to the protection schemes to provide overcurrent protection. This additional
protection serves as a general backup protection in case of a failure of the main
protection system.
Figure 1 shows overcurrent and earth fault protection system of a three-phase power
transformer implemented with protective relays. In this system, the power transformer
primary currents are measured through three CTs (current transformers) and the
secondary currents of the CTs are connected to the overcurrent relays. The earth fault
relay is connected in the neutral circuit of the CT secondaries. This arrangement
allows the measurement of each of the line currents by the overcurrent relays and the
vector sum of the line current by the earth fault relay. Note that the earth fault relay
must be of low impedance type to allow measurement of the line currents by the
overcurrent relays.

Design of Protection Scheme

A simplified diagram of an overcurrent and earth fault protection system is shown in
Fig. 1.
Assume that the current set point of the Three-Phase Overcurrent Relay is
approximately 200% of the nominal full-load current of the power transformers.
Based on the above information, compute the transformation ratio of the current
transformers.
Design the values of the load resistances to be connected in star for full load current
of the transformer. Complete the design and fill up all the details in the simplified
diagram given.

Fig.1 Simplified diagram of an overcurrent and earth fault protection system

Equipment to be used for testing the protection system
Mobile Workstation, Protective Relay Control Station, Transmission Grid A,
Interconnection Module, Universal Fault Module, Power Supply, Faultable
Transformer, Resistive Loads, Current Transformers, AC Ammeter, AC Voltmeter,
Three-phase Overcurrent Relay, AC/DC Current Sensitive Relay, and Connection
Leads.
Testing procedure and observations
1. Ensure that the Protective Relay Control Station is connected to a three-phase
power source. Make sure that the DC Power Supply to the Protective Relay
Control Station is turned off. Also, make sure that all fault switches on the
Three-phase overcurrent relay and AC/DC current sensitive relay are set to O
(off) position.
2. Make the following settings on the Universal Fault Module:
TD1 time delay
1s
SST1 time interval
3s
SST2 time interval
10 s
(Note: These settings have already been done by the Lab technician)
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3. Make sure that the Transmission Grid A, Interconnection Module, Universal

Fault Module, Power Supply, Faultable Transformer, Resistive Loads (2), Current
Transformers, AC Ammeter, and AC Voltmeter are installed in the EMS
Workstation. See that the Power Supply is turned off and its voltage control knob
is set to the O position.
4. On the Current Transformer module, make sure that all the switches are set to the
I (close) position to short-circuit the secondaries of the current transformers.
5. Connect the equipment as shown in Figs. 2 and 3.
6. Make the following settings:
On the Faultable Transformers
Transformer T1 Fault switches (FS1 to FS3) - - - - - O
Transformer T3 Fault switches (FS1 to FS3) - - - - - O
On Transmission Grid A
Switch S1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - O

Fig. 2 Connection diagram of the equipment in EMS Workstation

Fig. 3 Connection diagram of the equipment in the Protective Relay Control Station
On the AC/DC Current Sensitive Relay
INPUT switch - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - AC
MODE switch - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - OVER CURRENT
On the Universal Fault Module
INITIATE FAULT button - - - - - - - - released position
FAULT DURATION switch- - - - - - - - - - - 0.3 30 s
On the Current Transformer Module
Current transformers CT1, CT2 and CT3 - - - O (open)
7. Set the current set point of the Three-Phase Overcurrent Relay to approximately
200% of the nominal full-load current of the power transformers, taking into
account the transformation ratio of the current transformers.
8. Set the time delay of the Three-Phase Overcurrent Relay to approximately 5 s.
Adjust the set point and hysteresis of the AC/DC Current Sensitive Relay to
100mA and 5%, respectively.
9. Turn on the DC Power Supply of the Protective Relay Control Station.
10. On Transmission Grid A, set switch S2 to O (open) position to open the
contactor CR2. This will prevent operation of the protection system and allow the
operation of the protective relays to be observed.
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11. Turn on the Power Supply and set the voltage control knob to the 100% position.
Set the primary line current (indicated by ammeter I1) should be approximately
equal to the full-load current of the power transformers by adjusting the resistive
loads.
12. On the Universal Fault Module, depress the INITIATE FAULT button to shortcircuit one phase of the three-phase load. While doing this, observe the circuit
currents and voltages as well as tripping indicator (red LED) on the Three-Phase
Overcurrent Relay and AC/DC Current Sensitive Relay. Record the current and
voltages in the blank spaces.
(Note: You may have to initiate this fault a few times to record the circuit
currents and voltages)
I1 = . A
I2 = A
I3 = A
E1 = V

E2 = V

Describe what happens when this fault is initiated.

Is the earth fault protection stable when the current through one phase of the
three-phase power transformer is high?
Yes
No
On the Universal Fault Module, place the INITIATE FAULT button in the release
position.

13. On the Faultable Transformers, set the fault switch FS1 on the transformer T1 to
the position I to insert an earth fault near the middle of the primary winding of
transformer T1. While doing this, observe the circuit currents and voltages as
well as the tripping indicator on the Three-Phase Over Current Relay and AC/DC
Current Sensitive Relay.
Record the currents and voltages in the following blank spaces.
I1 = . A

I2 = A

E1 = V

E2 = V

I3 = A

Describe what happens when this fault is initiated.

On the Faultable Transformers, set the fault switch FS1 on the transformer T1 to
the position O to remove the earth fault
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14. On the Transmission Grid A, set switch S2 to the I (close) position to close
contactor CR2. This will allow operation of the protection system.
15. On the Universal Fault Module, depress the INITIATE FAULT button to shortcircuit one phase of the three-phase load. While doing this observe the circuit
currents and the tripping indicator on the Three-Phase Overcurrent Relay.
Describe what has happened.

Has the large fault current been cleared by the overcurrent protection system?

Yes

No

On the Universal Fault Module, place the INITIATE FAULT button in the
released position.
16. On Control Relays 1 of the Protective Relaying Control Station, press the RESET
button of control relay CR1 to reset the protection system.
On the Faultable Transformer, set fault switch FS1 of transformer T1 to I position
to insert an earth fault near the middle of the primary winding of transformer T1.
While doing this, observe the circuit currents and the tripping indicator on the
AC/DC Current Sensitive Relay.
Describe what has happened.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Has the earth fault at the primary winding of the power transformer been cleared
by the earth fault protection in the overcurrent protection system?

Yes

No

On the Fautable Transformer, set fault switch FS1 of transformer T1 to the O

position to remove the fault.
17. Turn off the DC Power Supply of the Protective Relaying Control Station.
Remove all leads.

Exercise
1. Discuss what do you have learned from this experiment
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2. Explain how the overcurrent protection of a transformer acts as a backup

protection.

Marking Scheme for Experiment 1

Max Assessment
Mark
Components
10
Hands-On & Efforts
(2.5)
On the Spot
Evaluation (2.5)
Lab Report
(5)

Details
The hands-on capability of the students and their efforts
during the lab sessions will be assessed.
The students will be evaluated on the spot based on the
theory concerned with the lab experiments and the
observations.
Each student will have to submit his/her lab discussion
sheet and recorded experimental data on the same day of
performing the lab experiments.

Experiment #2
8

Development of a Computer Programme for Coordination of HydroThermal Power System

(MATLAB program to do this experiment has to be prepared by the students.
The details will be discussed in the class. After the program has been approved
by the teacher the student will carry out the experiment using PC. The PC
available in the Energy System Lab may be used for this purpose.)

Marking Scheme for Experiment 2

Max Mark (10)

Assessment Components
Development of Program and flow chart (3)
MATLAB coding and testing (4)
Report (3)