Chem 31.

1 Unknown Analysis Cheat Sheet

Test

Reagents

Positive Result

Postive for?

Short Procedure

2,4-DNPH

2,4 DNPH

Yellow/ yellow-orange
precipitate

All carbonyl
compounds

Tollens

Silver mirror

Aldehydes

Brick red precipitate

Aliphatic Aldehydes

Schiffs

Ammoniacal
[Ag(NH3)2]NO3
CuSO4 ,atrate &
NaHCO3
Leucofuchsin

Violet solution

Aldehydes

Iodoform

I2 in KI, NaOH

Light yellow
precipitate

2 alkanols
Methyl Ketones

20 drops. If no
result yet, heat for
5 mins
5 drops then
observe
5 drops then put to
hot water bath
5 drops then
observe after 3-4
minutes
5 drops 10% NaOH
warm to 60
degrees, add I2 in K
until brown, Add
NaOH to make it
colorless and then
cool after 2 min. to
observe result

Test

Reagents

Positive Result

Positive for?

Short Procedure

Lucas

ZnCl2 in HCl

Formation of layers
(may be cloudy)

Water Soluble Alcohol

KMnO4

KMnO4

Decolorization of
KMnO4 and/or
formation of brown
precipitate

FeCl3

FeCl3

Colourful solution

Br2 in H2O

Br2 in H2O

White precipitate

All oxidizable groups

(primary and
secondary alcohols,
phenols, aldehydes
and alkenes)
Phenol and
substituted phenols
Phenols

2 mL reagent then
observe time
required to form
layer
One drop then
shake. Wait for
decolorization

Test

Reagents

Positive Result

Positive for?

Short Procedure

Osazone

Phenylhydrazine,
conc. HCl

Yellow/yellow-orange
precipitate

Monosaccharide and
reducing disaccharide

Molisch

Alpha naphthol &

H2SO4

Red/violet ring at
interface

General carbohydrate

Bials

Orcinol, HCl &

FeCl3

Aldoses

Selliwanofs Test

Resorcinol and
H2SO4

Blue green (pentose)

yellow to brown
(hexose)
Bright red in 20-30
seconds

15 drops DNPH, 3
drops conc. HCl,
heat for 20 mins,
cool afterwards if
no crystals formed
4 drops reagent
then mix. Tilt tst
tube then add 15
drops H2SO4
1 mL reagent then
heat for 30-45 min

Benedicts

Brick red precipitate

Reducing sugars

Barfoeds Test

Na-atrate,
NaHCO3 CuSO4
Cu acetate

Brick red precipitate

monosaccharide

Starch

I2 in KI

Blue complex

starch

Benedicts

Aldehydes and Ketones

Alcohols and Phenols

Rainier Mendoza
2013 38229

Ketoses

One drop reagent

Add drop by drop
while shaking

15 drops reagent
then heat for 15
mins.
1 mL reagent then
heat for 15 mins.
1 mL reagent then
heat for 10 mins.
Add I2 in starch
solution

Chem 31.1 Unknown Analysis Cheat Sheet

Carbohydrates

Test
Hinsbergs

Reagent
Benzenesulfonyl
Chloride and xs
NaOH
HCl

Positive Result
Primary soluble in
NaOH, pt in HCl
Secondary
insoluble in NaOH
and HCl
Tertiary soluble in
NaOH and in

Positive for?
Amines

Short Procedur
5 drops
benzenesulfonyl,
observe, add 4 mL
dropwise NaOH.
Shake after each
addition. Cool and
decant any residu
Test solubility of
residue in water
and HCl

Amines
Aliphatic and Aromatic Compounds

Solubility Class Determination

Test

Reagents

Positive Result

Positive for?

Short Procedure

Flame Test

O2 and Heat

Alkane, alkene and

aromatic compounds

Friedel Crafts
Alkylation

Tert-butyl chloride
and FeCl3

Blue flame (alkane)

Yellow flame (alkene)
Sooty and Yellow
(aromatic)
Yellow/orange
crystals

5 drops sample in
an evap dish then
ignite. Observe
color of flame
2 drops tert-butyl
chloride. Put FeCl3
crystal near mouth
of test tube, make
sure it doesnt drop
then tilt and wet
crystal. Note color
change.

Rainier Mendoza
2013 38229

Aromatic Compounds