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PESTAnalysis
APESTanalysisisananalysisoftheexternalmacroenvironmentthataffectsall
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firms.P.E.S.T.isanacronymforthePolitical,Economic,Social,andTechnological
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factorsoftheexternalmacroenvironment.Suchexternalfactorsusuallyare
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beyondthefirm'scontrolandsometimespresentthemselvesasthreats.Forthis
reason,somesaythat"pest"isanappropriatetermforthesefactors.However,
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changesintheexternalenvironmentalsocreatenewopportunitiesandtheletters
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sometimesarerearrangedtoconstructthemoreoptimistictermofSTEPanalysis.
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ManymacroenvironmentalfactorsarecountryspecificandaPESTanalysiswill
needtobeperformedforallcountriesofinterest.Thefollowingareexamplesof
someofthefactorsthatmightbeconsideredinaPESTanalysis.
PoliticalAnalysis
Politicalstability
Riskofmilitaryinvasion
Legalframeworkforcontractenforcement
Intellectualpropertyprotection
Traderegulations&tariffs
Favoredtradingpartners
Antitrustlaws
Pricingregulations
Taxationtaxratesandincentives
Wagelegislationminimumwageandovertime
Workweek
Mandatoryemployeebenefits
Industrialsafetyregulations
Productlabelingrequirements
EconomicAnalysis
Typeofeconomicsystemincountriesofoperation
Governmentinterventioninthefreemarket
Comparativeadvantagesofhostcountry
Exchangerates&stabilityofhostcountrycurrency
Efficiencyoffinancialmarkets
Infrastructurequality
Skilllevelofworkforce
Laborcosts
Businesscyclestage(e.g.prosperity,recession,recovery)
Economicgrowthrate
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PESTAnalysis
Discretionaryincome
Unemploymentrate
Inflationrate
Interestrates
SocialAnalysis
Demographics
Classstructure
Education
Culture(genderroles,etc.)
Entrepreneurialspirit
Attitudes(health,environmentalconsciousness,etc.)
Leisureinterests
TechnologicalAnalysis
Recenttechnologicaldevelopments
Technology'simpactonproductoffering
Impactoncoststructure
Impactonvaluechainstructure
Rateoftechnologicaldiffusion
Thenumberofmacroenvironmentalfactorsisvirtuallyunlimited.Inpractice,the
firmmustprioritizeandmonitorthosefactorsthatinfluenceitsindustry.Evenso,it
maybedifficulttoforecastfuturetrendswithanacceptablelevelofaccuracy.In
thisregard,thefirmmayturntoscenarioplanningtechniquestodealwithhigh
levelsofuncertaintyinimportantmacroenvironmentalvariables.
StrategicManagement>PESTAnalysis
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