Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Gramtica
ndex
1. Adjectives .......................................................................................
1.1. Forma
1.2. Formes del comparatiu i el superlatiu
1.3. Comparatiu digualtat
2. Adverbs ...........................................................................................
8. If clauses......................................................................................... 14
8.1. Tipus I
8.2. Tipus II
9. Linking words .............................................................................. 15
10. Nouns............................................................................................. 15
10.1. Forma
10.2. Plural
10.3. Comptables i incomptables
10.4. Casos especials
11. Numerals ...................................................................................... 17
11.1. Nombres cardinals
11.2. Nombres ordinals
11.3. Fraccions
12. Possessives .................................................................................... 18
12.1. Forma
12.2. Genitiu sax
13. Prepositions................................................................................. 19
13.1. Preposicions de temps
13.2. Preposicions de lloc
13.3. Preposicions de moviment
13.4. Preposicions darrere de verbs
13.5. Since / for
14. Pronouns ...................................................................................... 21
14.1. Pronoms subjecte i complement
14.2. Combinacions de pronoms
14.3. One
14.4. Pronoms reflexius
14.5. Pronoms relatius
14.6. Pronoms relatius en oracions
15. Question tags .............................................................................. 24
16. Question words........................................................................... 24
17. Reply questions .......................................................................... 25
18. Reported speech ......................................................................... 25
19. Some - any - no ........................................................................... 27
19.1. s
19.2. Compostos
Gramtica
20. So / neither.................................................................................. 28
21. Too / enough ............................................................................... 29
21.1. Too
21.2. Enough
22. Verbs: gerund / infinitive ....................................................... 30
22.1. Gerundi
22.2. Infinitiu
23. Verbs: irregular verbs ............................................................... 31
24. Verbs: modal verbs .................................................................... 31
24.1. Habilitat
24.2. Necessitat
24.3. Obligaci
24.4. Suposici
24.5. Perms
24.6. Consell
24.7. Peticions
24.8. Suggeriments
24.9. Oferiments
24.10. Estat o hbit en el passat
25. Verbs: past continuous ............................................................ 34
25.1. s
25.2. Forma
26. Verbs: past perfect .................................................................... 35
26.1. s
26.2. Forma
27. Verbs: phrasal verbs .................................................................. 35
28. Verbs: present continuous ...................................................... 35
28.1. s
28.2. Forma
28.3. Ortografia
29. Verbs: present perfect .............................................................. 37
29.1. s
29.2. Forma
30. Verbs: past simple ..................................................................... 38
30.1. s
30.2. Forma
30.3. Ortografia
30.4. Pronunciaci
Gramtica
Gramtica
Gramtica
1. Adjectives
1.1. Forma
Ladjectiu es colloca davant del substantiu i t la mateixa forma per al singular i plural, mascul i femen.
Ex. a new book
a five-peseta coins
Its 20 cm long.
Gramtica
b) Els adjectius de tres sllabes formen el comparatiu amb more i el superlatiu amb most, davant de ladjectiu.
Ex. interesting This book is more interesting than that one.
Its the most interesting book Ive read this year.
e) Canvis en la grafia
Els adjectius que acaben en -y canvien la y per i abans dagafar el sufix
de comparatiu o superlatiu.
Ex. happy - happier - happiest
Els monosllabs amb una vocal seguida duna consonant doblen la consonant final abans dagafar el sufix de comparatiu o superlatiu.
Ex. big - bigger - biggest
f) Els verbs get i become susen amb les formes comparatives per a expressar la idea de canvi o daugment.
Ex. It will get colder tomorrow.
g) Lestructura del comparatiu s adjectiu comparatiu + than i lestructura del superlatiu s the + adjectiu superlatiu.
Ex. Ann is younger than Jim.
Gramtica
2. Adverbs
2.1. Adverbis de freqncia
a) Els adverbis de freqncia sn always, usually, sometimes, often,
rarely, never, ever.
b) Amb el verb be els adverbis de freqncia es colloquen darrere el verb,
per amb els altres verbs es colloquen davant del verb.
Ex. He is always late.
He always goes there.
I never go to the theatre.
c) Ever susa normalmente en preguntes, per no es pot fer servir en afirmacions en comptes dalways.
Ex. Have you ever been in London?
On Sundays I always go to the cinema. ("On Sundays I ever go to the cinema.")
badly
sad
sadly
Referit a avui es diu this morning / this afternoon / this evening, per,
en canvi, es diu tonight.
Gramtica
10
Alguns adverbis de moviment sn back, forward, ahead, along, backwards, down, up, etc.
Ex. He went back to the kitchen.
Gramtica
11
Gramtica
12
4. Articles
4.1. Article indefinit
a) Davant dun so consonntic susa larticle indefinit a.
Ex. a cat
a hotel
a university (davant de la u es pronuncia el so /j/ com la y de you)
4.3. Usos
a) En angls davant del nom duna professi o ofici susa larticle indefinit.
Ex. Shes an architect.
b) Sovint larticle definit somet davant de school, work, church, university, class, home, bed, hospital, etc.
Ex. I was at school.
Gramtica
13
c) Larticle somet:
abans dels dies de la setmana.
Ex. On Tuesday.
abans de next.
Ex. We are leaving next week.
I love tea.
Sha de tenir en compte, per, que larticle no somet en casos com ara
I like the cinema o I like the theatre.)
d) Darrere de verbs com clean, wash, put on, lobjecte (hands, face, coat)
va precedit dun adjectiu possessiu quan en catal farem servir larticle.
Ex. I wash my hands.
5. Both / neither
b) Neither t un sentit negatiu, per susa en frases amb el verb afirmatiu i en singular.
Ex. Neither is blond.
Neither has got blond hair.
6. Demonstratives
6.1. Demostratius de proximitat
Tant per al mascul com per al femen, per a referir-se a alg o alguna cosa
que s a prop de qui parla, susa this per al singular i these per al plural.
Singular This /s/ (aquest/a)
Tant per al mascul com per al femen, per a referir-se a alg o alguna cosa
que s lluny de qui parla, susa that per al singular i those per al plural.
Singular That / t/ (aquell/a)
Gramtica
14
7. Emphatic forms
7.1. Auxiliar
7.2. What
En frases amb verbs com like, want o need es pot posar ms mfasi en
lobjecte que agrada, es necessita, etc. amb what + subjecte + verb (like,
want, etc.) + verb be.
Ex. I like a comfortable hotel.
What I like is a comfortable hotel.
Ex. I need a good rest.
What I need is a good rest.
7.3. So
8. If clauses
8.1. Tipus I
Gramtica
15
8.2. Tipus II
Les if clauses de tipus II sempre expressen hiptesis. La forma s If + verb
en passat + would / could + infinitiu
Ex. If I had enough money, I would retire.
If I had enough money, I could retire.
Lacci tamb depn del fet que es compleixi la condici o hiptesi, per
en aquest cas la persona que parla sap que s improbable perqu la realitat
s que no t prou diners.
En estil formal i en lexpressi If I were you ... (jo, de tu...) es fa servir
were en lloc de was.
9. Linking words
Els linking words sn paraules que connecten idees dins un text per
a ajudar a fer ms clar el missatge i la funci. Hi ha linking words per a
diferents funcions:
a) per a afegir: and, also, besides, etc.
b) per a expressar seqncia: first, then, later, next, after that, finally, etc.
c) per a expressar contrast: but, whereas, however, etc.
d) per a expressar causa/ra: because, etc.
e) per a expressar conseqncia: so, therefore, etc.
10. Nouns
10.1. Forma
La majoria de substantius no tenen formes diferenciades per al mascul i
per al femen. No obstant aix, hi ha excepcions.
Ex. actor
waiter
actress
waitress
10.2. Plural
a) El plural es forma afegint una s al singular, per quan la paraula acaba
en ss, sh, ch, x safegeix es.
Ex. book
watch
books
watches
Gramtica
16
Gramtica
b) Casos especials:
Ex. knife
tomato
factory
knives
wife
tomatoes
potato
wives
potatoes
factories
c) Plurals irregulars:
woman
tooth
child
Ex. man
men
policeman
women
businesswoman
teeth
foot
policemen
businesswomen
feet
children
books
Les paraules que acaben en -ics (politics, etc.) duen el verb en singular.
Ex. Politics has never interested me.
Els substantius de parells (trousers, glasses, socks, scissors ...) tenen forma
de plural. Per a especificar-ne la quantitat sha de dir a pair of ..., two
pairs of ...
Ex. A pair of socks
17
Gramtica
Dos substantius poden anar plegats, de manera que el primer faci funci
dadjectiu.
Ex. bus stop
taxi driver
11. Numerals
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
one
two
three
four
five
six
seven
eight
nine
ten
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
eleven
twelve
thirteen
fourteen
fifteen
sixteen
seventeen
eighteen
nineteen
twenty
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
twenty-one
twenty-two
twenty-three
twenty-four
twenty-five
twenty-six
twenty-seven
twenty-eight
twenty-nine
thirty
31
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
1,000
1,000,000
thirty-one, etc.
forty
fifty
sixty
seventy
eighty
ninety
a hundred
a thousand
a million
love: en tennis.
Ex. In tennis, love is a score of zero.
18
Gramtica
e) Els milers i els milions se separen amb una coma (,) i els decimals, amb
un punt (.).
Ex. 12,456,879
10.50 (ten point fifty)
first
second
third
fourth
fifth
sixth
seventh
eighth
ninth
tenth
eleventh
twelfth
thirteenth
fourteenth
fifteenth
sixteenth
seventeenth
eighteenth
nineteenth
twentieth
twenty-first
twenty-second
twenty-third
twenty-fourth
twenty-fifth
twenty-sixth
twenty-seventh
twenty-eighth
twenty-ninth
thirtieth
thirty-first, etc.
fortieth
fiftieth
sixtieth
seventieth
eightieth
ninetieth
hundredth
thousandth
millionth
11.3. Fraccions
En les fraccions es fan servir els nombres ordinals.
Ex. 3/8 (three eighths). (Per per a 1/2 es diu a half i per a 3/4, three quarters)
12. Possessives
12.1. Forma
Singular
Adjectius
Pronoms
my
your
his
her
its
mine
yours
his
hers
its
Plural
our
your
their
ours
yours
theirs
21
14. Pronouns
14.1. Pronoms subjecte i complement
Subjecte
Complement
I
you
he
she
it
me
you
him
her
it
Singular
Plural
we
you
they
us
you
them
En catal els pronoms que fan de subjecte sovint someten, per en angls
sempre precedeixen el verb.
Ex. Its very nice (no "is very nice ").
Verb
complement directe
to + complement indirecte
Give
it
to her.
Show
them
to us.
Gramtica
22
14.3. One
One substitueix un substantiu amb article indeterminat.
Ex. I need a car. Im going to buy one.
Where can I find a chemists? There is one on the corner.
One es fa servir per a evitar la repetici dun substantiu que aniria darrere:
dun adjectiu.
Ex. Do you want the big sheet?
No, give me the small one.
de which.
Ex. I would like an ice-cream.
Which one do you want?
de larticle the.
Ex. Which pullover do you want?
I want the one on the table.
dun demostratiu.
Ex. What colour do you like?
I like this one.
Singular
Plural
myself
yourself
himself
herself
itself
ourselves
yourselves
themselves
Gramtica
23
Persones
Coses
Subjecte
Complement
Possessiu
who
that
whom*
that
whose
which
that
which
that
Gramtica
24
Gramtica
Why: ra
Who: persones
Where: llocs
When: temps
Whose: pertinena
Interrogatiu
auxiliar
subjecte
verb
complement
Where
does
she
live
When
did
they
go
home?
25
Interrogatiu
verb
complement
Who
came
yesterday?
What
happened
d) How is Marta? vol dir Com est la Marta?. Si vols preguntar Com s
la Marta?, has de dir What is Marta like?.
A diferncia de la question tag, la reply question no la fa la mateixa persona que diu la frase, sin que s la reacci duna altra persona que contesta.
Com la question tag, la reply question es forma amb lauxiliar i el subjecte. Per, si la primera frase s afirmativa, la reply question s afirmativa. I, si la primera frase s negativa, la reply question tamb s negativa.
Ex. I like cars.
Do you?
Gramtica
26
Fixat que en aquest cas no solament canvia la persona del pronom (I passa a he), sin que tamb canvia el temps del verb de la frase que repetim.
Les variacions que tenen lloc en els temps verbals sn les segents:
Frase original
Present simple
Present continuous
Past simple
Past simple
Past continuous
Past perfect (o past simple quan es
repeteixen fets que continuen essent
certs. Ex. She said she was tall i no pas
"She said she had been tall. ")
Past perfect
would
had to (o must)
could
Present perfect
Will
Must
Can
Els altres modals no varien. Les paraules que sovint canvien quan parlem
en estil indirecte sn:
This
that
now
then
here
there
tomorrow
Gramtica
27
Gramtica
La primera part del missatge s una afirmaci. La segona s una petici que
facis alguna cosa. Fixat que lestructura gramatical s diferent en cada cas.
Tell + X + that + afirmaci
Tell + X + to + infinitiu
Preguntes
Quan volem repetir una pregunta que alg ha fet, fem servir verbs com ask,
want to know, wonder ... per a comenar i desprs repetim la pregunta,
per en forma de frase normal (sense fer la inversi prpia de les preguntes)
i fent tots els canvis de paraules i de temps verbals que has vist abans.
Interrogatiu
auxiliar
subjecte
infinitiu
complement
What time
do
you
begin
your class?
interrogatiu
subjecte
verb
complement
what time
began
my class.
He asked me
28
Gramtica
c) No t un sentit negatiu, per susa en frases amb un verb afirmatiu perqu en angls les frases no poden dur dues negacions.
Ex. Ive got no time.
19.2. Compostos
a) Els compostos de some, any i no sn els segents:
Some
Any
No
Persones
someone
somebody
anyone
anybody
no-one
nobody
Coses
something
anything
nothing
Llocs
somewhere
anywhere
nowhere
20. So / neither
a) So i neither sutilitzen per a evitar repeticions en expressar acord
amb el que diuen altres persones. Tots dos van seguits de lauxiliar i del
subjecte.
Ex. I like cats.
So do I.
I dont like cats.
Neither do I.
Compara els exemples anteriors amb els segents, en els quals els interlocutors no estan dacord i, per tant, no susen ni so ni neither.
Ex. I like cats.
I dont.
I dont like cats.
I do.
29
Lauxiliar depn del temps del verb de la frase del primer interlocutor.
Ex. I can swim.
So can I.
Im a student.
So am I.
I went to Paris.
So did I.
I have cleaned it.
So have I.
21.2. Enough
Un adjectiu + enough indica suficincia.
Ex. She is good enough (to play in the team).
Gramtica
30
c) Darrere de preposicions.
Ex. Before going to school I do some sport.
Hes good at swimming.
Its for opening tins.
This can be solved by planting new trees.
Instead of crying, do something.
22.2. Infinitiu
a) Linfinitiu amb to susa darrere want, plan, intend, hope i would
like.
Ex. I want to go to the park.
She hopes to go to the university next year.
Id like to go to the cinema.
Gramtica
31
Gramtica
Infinitiu
be (am, is, are)
beat
become
begin
bite
blow
break
bring
build
burn
buy
catch
choose
come
cost
cut
do (does /
/)
draw
dream /i/
drink
drive
eat /i/
fall
feel
fight
find
fly
forbid
forget
forgive
freeze
get
give
go (goes)
grow
hang
have (has)
hear //
hide
hit
hold
hurt
keep
know
learn
leave
Passat
was, were
beat
became
began
bit
blew
broke
brought
built
burned
burnt
bought
caught
chose
came
cost
cut
did
drew
dreamed /i/
dreamt /e/
drank
drove
ate /et/
/et/ (AmE)
fell
felt
fought
found
flew
forbade
forgot
forgave
froze
got
gave
went
grew
hanged
hung
had
heard //
hid
hit
held
hurt
kept
knew
learnt
learned
left
Participi
been
beaten
become
begun
bitten
blown
broken
brought
built
burned
burnt
bought
caught
chosen
come
cost
cut
done
drawn
dreamed /i/
dreamt /e/
drunk
driven
eaten /i/
fallen
felt
fought
found
flown
forbidden
forgotten
forgiven
frozen
got
given
gone
grown
hanged*
hung
had
heard //
hidden, hid
hit
held
hurt
kept
known
learnt
learned
left
Infinitiu
lend
let
lie
lose
make
mean /i/
meet
pay
put
read /i/
ride
ring
rise
run
say /e/
(says /ez/)
see
sell
send
set
shine
show
shut
sing
sink
sit
sleep
smell
speak
spell
spend
stand
steal
stick
stink
swell
swim
take
teach
tell
think
throw
understand
wake
wear
win
write
Passat
lent
let
lay
lost
made
meant /e/
met
paid
put
read /e/
rode
rang
rose
ran
said /e/
lent
let
lain
lost
made
meant /e/
met
paid
put
read /e/
ridden
rung
risen
run
said /e/
saw
sold
sent
set
shone
showed
shut
sang
sank
sat
slept
smelt
smelled
spoke
spelt
spelled
spent
stood
stole
stuck
stank
swelled
seen
sold
sent
set
shone
shown/showed
shut
sung
sunk
sat
slept
smelt
smelled
spoken
spelt
spelled
spent
stood
stolen
stuck
stunk
swelled
swollen
swum
taken
taught
told
thought
thrown
understood
woken
waked
worn
won
written
swam
took
taught
told
thought
threw
understood
woke
waked
wore
won
wrote
En angls hi ha uns quants verbs auxiliars que es fan servir per a expressar
idees com les que apareixen a continuaci.
Participi
32
24.1. Habilitat
El verb per a expressar que se sap o que es pot fer alguna cosa s can.
Ex. She can speak English.
El futur de can s be able (no can) amb lauxiliar will, que indica futur.
Ex. Shell be able to speak English. (no pas "will can ")
24.2. Necessitat
Per a expressar una necessitat susa have to i es conjuga com un verb normal, amb lauxiliar do.
Ex. We have to study.
Do you have to go now?
She doesnt have to work on Sundays.
24.3. Obligaci
Per a expressar obligaci en el present susa must.
Ex. We must finish.
I must leave at six today.
You mustnt park here.
24.4. Suposici
En deduccions
En afirmacions susa must.
Ex. He must be at least 70.
It must be cheap.
Gramtica
33
24.5. Perms
Per a sollicitar i atorgar o denegar perms susa can, may (formal), be
allowed.
Ex. Can I smoke?
May I smoke?
You can park here.
You are not allowed to park here.
24.6. Consell
Per a donar consells hi ha diversos auxiliars que equivalen al catal hauria(es) de: should, ought to, had better.
Ex. You should to eat less.
You ought to eat less.
You had better to eat less.
24.7. Peticions
Per a formular peticions sutilitzen els verbs can i could.
Ex. Can you finish this by tomorrow?
Ex. Could you finish this by tomorrow?
24.8. Suggeriments
Per a fer suggeriments susa lauxiliar shall, seguit del pronom plural.
Ex. Shall we go to the cinema?
24.9. Oferiments
Per a fer oferiments susa shall, per seguit del pronom en primera persona singular.
Ex. Shall I bring you anything?
Gramtica
34
Mira lapartat 39 (word order) per a les preguntes i negacions. Vigila perqu used to noms es pot fer servir referit al passat. Per a parlar dhbits en
el present sutilitza el present simple i un adverbi de freqncia.
Ex. I usually play tennis at weekends.
He usually goes to the cinema.
25.2. Forma
El past continuous es forma amb el passat del verb be + la forma -ing del
verb principal.
Afirmaci
Negaci
Interrogaci
I was working
I wasnt working
Was I working?
He was working
He wasnt working
Was he working?
It was working
It wasnt working
Was it working?
We were working
We werent working
Were we working?
Per a saber quins verbs no accepten la forma contnua, consulta lapartat 28.
Gramtica
35
26.2. Forma
Afirmaci
Negaci
Interrogaci
had worked
hadnt worked
had worked?
write down
take off
come back
put on
pick up
A vegades el verb porta un complement. Si el complement s un substantiu, ladverbi es pot collocar darrere del complement o davant.
Ex. Turn the light on.
Gramtica
36
En catal, en aquest cas, direm Llegeixo i en algun context seria possible Estic llegint, per en angls I read (present simple) noms sutilitza
per a referir-nos a un hbit o activitat regular, sovint acompanyat de frases
com on Sundays, every night, etc.
28.2. Forma
Afirmaci*
Negaci*
Interrogaci
Im working
Im not working
Am I working?
Youre working
Hes working
He isnt working
Is he working?
Shes working
Is she working?
Its working
It isnt working
Is it working?
Were working
We arent working
Are we working?
Youre working
Theyre working
* En angls parlat les formes redudes sn molt ms freqents (mira lapartat 36, verb be)
28.3. Ortografia
studying
taking
Gramtica
37
Els monosllabs amb una vocal doblen la consonant final abans dagafar -ing.
Ex. swim
swimming
Alguns verbs normalment no sutilitzen en la forma del present continuous; per exemple: see, hear, smell, notice, like, love, hate, want, think,
agree, know, mean, understand, etc.
29.2. Forma
a) Per a formar el past continuous sutilitza lauxiliar have + el participi de
passat del verb que es conjuga (consulta els verbs irregulars a lapartat 23).
Afirmaci*
Negaci*
Interrogaci
Ive worked
I havent worked
Have I worked?
Youve worked
Hes worked
He hasnt worked
Has he worked?
Shes worked
* En angls parlat normalment sutilitzen les formes redudes (mira lapartat 38).
Gramtica
38
Afirmaci*
Negaci*
Interrogaci
Its worked
It hasnt worked
Has it worked?
Weve worked
We havent worked
Have we worked?
Youve worked
Theyve worked
* En angls parlat normalment sutilitzen les formes redudes (mira lapartat 38).
30.2. Forma
Afirmaci
Negaci*
Interrogaci
worked
didnt work
came
didnt come
* En angls parlat normalment sutilitzen les formes redudes (mira lapartat 38).
Tots els verbs regulars afegeixen -ed a larrel en totes les persones per a formar el past simple. Per als verbs irregulars mira lapartat 23.
Fixat que lauxiliar que sutilitza s did i que desprs de lauxiliar el verb
va en infinitiu, no pas en passat.
Les respostes curtes es formen amb lauxiliar.
Ex. Yes, I did.
No I didnt.
Gramtica
39
30.3. Ortografia
a) Els verbs acabats en y la canvien per i abans dagafar el sufix -ed de passat.
Ex. study
studied
played
b) Els verbs que acaben en vocal accentuada + consonant doblen la consonant final abans dagafar -ed.
Ex. stop
admit
stopped
admitted
travelled
30.4. Pronunciaci
Lacabament de passat -ed es pronuncia de tres maneres diferents segons el
so que el precedeix:
/t/ darrere de consonants sordes.
Ex. stopped
/d/ darrere de d o t.
Ex. waited
31.1. s
El present simple sutilitza per a referir-se a:
esdeveniments habituals o quotidians.
Ex. I work in a shop.
hbits.
Ex. I get up early.
sentiments o actituds.
Ex. I love it.
Gramtica
40
31.2. Forma
Afirmaci
Negaci*
Interrogaci
I work
I dont work
Do I work?
You work
Do you work?
He works
He doesnt work
Does he work?
She works
It works
It doesnt work
Does it work?
We work
We dont work
Do we work?
You work
Do you work?
They work
Do they work?
* En angls parlat normalment sutilitzen les formes redudes (mira lapartat 38).
Gramtica
41
b) fer promeses.
Ex. Im sorry I forgot. Ill bring it tomorrow.
Afirmaci
Negaci
Interrogaci
will work
will work?
En angls parlat normalment sutilitzen les formes redudes (mira lapartat 38).
Ex. Ill work.
I wont work.
Hell work.
He wont work.
Gramtica
42
32.3. Going to
Es fa servir going to per a parlar dintencions fermes.
Ex. Next summer Im going to take a holiday.
Subjecte passiu
verb be
participi passat
Computers
are used
in many places.
was invented
in 1450.
Gramtica
43
Gramtica
Afirmaci*
Negaci*
Singular
There is a book
Plural
* En angls parlat normalment sutilitzen les formes redudes (mira lapartat 38).
Lestructura there + be sol anar acompanyada de some i any, a lot of, etc.
Mira els apartats 3 i 19.
36. Verbs: be
Forma
afirmativa
Reducci
Forma
negativa
Reducci
Forma
interrogativa
I am
Im
I am not
Im not
Am I?
You are
Youre
You arent
Are you?
He is
Hes
He is not
He isnt
Is he?
She is
Shes
She is not
She isnt
Is she?
It is
Its
It is not
It isnt
Is it?
We are
Were
We are not
We arent
Are we?
You are
Youre
You arent
Are you?
They are
Theyre
They arent
Are they?
She is writing.
37. Verbs: do
a) Lauxiliar do susa per a fer la negaci i la interrogaci del present simple i el past simple en la majoria dels verbs.
Ex. Do you like it?
44
Gramtica
Afirmaci
I have
You have
He has
She has
It has
We have
You have
They have
Negaci (BrE)
I have not
You have not
He has not
She has not
got
It has not
We have not
You have not
They have not
got
Contracci
I havent
You havent
He hasnt
She hasnt
It hasnt
We havent
You havent
They havent
got
Interrogaci (BrE)
Have I
Have you
Has he
Has she
Has it
Have we
Have you
Have they
got?
Reducci
Ive
Youve
Hes
Shes
Its
Weve
Youve
Theyve
got
Negaci (AmE)
I do not have
You do not have
He does not have
She does not have
It does not have
We do not have
You do not have
They do not have
Reducci
I dont have
You dont have
He doesnt have
She doesnt have
It doesnt have
We dont have
You dont have
They dont have
Interrogaci (AmE)
Do I have?
Do you have?
Does he have?
Does she have?
Does it have?
Do we have?
Do you have?
Do they have?
38.2. Auxiliar
El verb have tamb susa com a auxiliar en temps compostos.
Ex. They have finished the report.
45
Gramtica
Have
complement
participi
Im going to have
my car
repaired.
I want to have
my hair
cut.
b) Have susa per a referir-se a accions que alg fa per tu. s lequivalent a
la construcci catalana fer fer alguna cosa: Em far reparar el cotxe, Em
far tallar els cabells.
Subjecte
verb
complement
adverbi
like
this place
very much.
He
went
to the cinema
yesterday.
She
finished
the book
quickly.
39.2. Preguntes
a) Per a fer una pregunta duna frase afirmativa amb el verb be, sinverteix
lordre normal de la frase i es posa el verb abans del subjecte.
46
Gramtica
Subjecte
verb
complement
verb
subjecte
complement
You
are
a student.
Are
you
a student?
b) Per a fer una pregunta duna frase afirmativa amb un verb auxiliar (o
amb un verb modal), es mant lordre normal de la frase, tret de lauxiliar
o modal que es desplaa i es posa abans del subjecte.
Subjecte auxiliar
verb
complement
# Auxiliar subjecte
verb
complement
You
can
spell
it.
Can
you
spell
it?
He
is
working
Is
he
working
You
have
seen
this film.
Have
you
seen
this film?
Subjecte
verb
complement
Auxiliar
subjecte
verb
complement
You
like
it.
Do
you
like
it?
She
came
to school.
Did
she
come
to school?
b) Per a fer la negaci dels verbs modals i auxiliars, es posa not entre lauxiliar o modal i el verb.
Ex. You can spell it.
You can not spell it. / You cant spell it.
He is working.
He is not working. / He isnt working.
I have seen this film. I have not seen this film. / I havent seen this film.
c) Per a fer la negaci dun verb sense auxiliar, es posa lauxiliar do/does +
not (en present) o did + not (en passat) entre el subjecte i el verb.
Ex. You like it.
I came to school.