Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Submitted To:
Submitted By:
Mr. Nitin Narang
Amit Bansal
(Assistance Prof. EIED)
5th Sem.(UEE591)
101204012
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to extend my heartfelt gratitude to all those who have contributed
towards the successful completion of my project and converge my thanks to HOD
of power plant Mr. A.N. Sar. I would be failing in my duty, if I do not express my
gratitude to training head Mr. Gautam Mazumdar for his helpfulness generously
extended support and by sparing his valuable time to guide and suggest me towards
the completion of my project also thanks to Mr. Dilip Kumar Pathak head of
electrical department in power plant who guide me to understand the most
important things of power plant.
I attribute heartiest thanks to all the engineers of electrical department of especially
to Mr. Amit Sir who helped me out in every step of my training schedule and I
would even like to thank Mr. Vikas Kr. Gupta and Mr. Pankaj Panda for their
guidance.
I do owe a great sense of gratitude to all my friends and all those who stood with
me and for their continuous support and co-operation during the project.
Thank you
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PREFACE
With immense pleasure and deep sense of sincerity, I have completed my 6 weeks
Industrial Training. It is an essential requirement for each and every student to
have some practical exposure towards real world situations. A systematized
practical experience is essential to inculcate self confidence in a student, so that
they can mentally prepare themselves for this competitive environment.
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CONTENTS
Introduction of JSPL
Power Plant overview
Thermal power plant
Rankine cycle
Classification of Thermal Power plant
By fuel
By prime mover
Typical view of a thermal power plant
Site selection
Working of DCPP
Generator
Switchyard
Busbar
Lightening arrester
SF6 Circuit breaker
Isolator
Current transformer
Potential transformer
power transformer
transformer oil
insulation resistance test
protection of transformer
breather
radiator
conservator tank
buchholz relay
transformer noise
safety measures
conclusion
reference
ABOUT JSPL
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Jindal Steel and Power Limited (JSPL) is an Indian steel and energy company
based in New Delhi, India and founded in 1969. with turnover of approx. US$ 3.56
billion, JSPL is a part of about US$ 17 billion diversified Jindal group
conglomerate. JSPL is a leading player in steel, oil, power, mining and gas and
infrastructure in India. The company produces steel and power through backward
integration from its own captive coal and iron-ore mines. In terms of tonnage, it is
the third largest producer of steel in India. Shri Naveen Jindal, youngest son of
legendary Shri O.P Jindal, spearheads of J.S.P.L and its group companies. The
company produces Blooms/Slabs, Billets, Beam Blanks, TMT bars, Round wires,
Rod, Beams, Angle etc. JSPL is the 11th fastest growing company in India. Forbes
also listed JSPL in top 50 companies in India. Company has around 15,000
employees. Company also won several awards in quality, energy and environment.
J.S.P.L. endeavors to strengthen Indias industrial base by aiding infrastructural
development, through sustainable development approaches and inclusive growth.
The company deploys its resources to improve infrastructure, education, health,
water, sanitation, environment, etc.
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RANKINE CYCLE
The rankine cycle is an idealized thermodynamic cycle of a heat engine that
converts heat into mechanical work. The heat is supplied externally to a close loop,
which usually uses water as the working fluid.
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Process 1-2: The working fluid is pumped from low to high pressure. As
the fluid is a liquid at this stage, the pump requires little input energy.
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Process 2-3: The high pressure liquid enters a boiler where it is heated at
constant pressure by an external heat source to become a dry saturated vapour. The
input energy required can be easily calculated using mollier diagram or h-s chart or
enthalpy-entropy chart also known as steam tables.
Process 3-3:
Process 3-4:
Process 4-1:
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to
operate
a steam
Fossil fuelled power plants may also use a steam turbine generator or
in the case of natural gas fired plants may use a combustion turbine.
Geothermal power plants use steam extracted from hot underground
rocks.
Renewable energy plants may be fuelled by waste from sugar
cane, municipal solid waste, landfill methane, or other forms
of biomass.
In integrated steel mills, blast furnace exhaust gas is a low-cost,
although low-energy-density, fuel.
Waste heat from industrial processes is occasionally concentrated
enough to use for power generation, usually in a steam boiler and turbine.
Solar thermal electric plants use sunlight to boil water, which turns the
generator.
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2)
By Prime Mover
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1. Cooling tower
3. Transmission line (3-phase)
7. Condensate pumps
8. Surface condenser
12. Deaerator
21. Re heater
23. Economizer
25. Precipitator
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12) The exiting steam, now a little above its boiling point, is brought into
thermal contact with cold water (pumped in from the cooling tower) in
the Condenser, where it condenses rapidly back into water, creating near
vacuum-like conditions inside the condenser chest.
13) The condensed water is then passed by a feed pump through a
deaerator (device that is widely used for the removal of oxygen and other
dissolved gases from the feed water to steam-generating boilers) and pre
warmed, first in a feed heater powered by steam drawn from the high
pressure set, and then in the Economizer, before being returned to the
boiler drum.
14) The cooling water from the condenser is sprayed inside a Cooling
tower, creating a highly visible plume of water vapor, before being
pumped back to the Condenser in cooling water cycle.
15) The three turbine sets are coupled on the same shaft as the three-phase
electrical Generator of 135 MW which generates an intermediate level
voltage (typically 13-15 kV).
16) This is stepped up by the generating transformer of 180 MVA to a
voltage more suitable for transmission (typically 220-250 kV) and is sent
out onto the three-phase transmission system.
17) Exhaust gas from the boiler is drawn by the induced draft fan through
an Electrostatic Precipitator (ESP) and is then vented through the
Chimney stack.
18) ESP is a device which removes dust or other finely divided particles
from flue gases by charging the particles inductively with an electric
field, then attracting them to highly charged collector plates also known
as precipitator. The process depends on two steps. In the first step the
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GENERATOR
In DCPP, there are four synchronous generators of rating 135 MW are used.
It is a 3-phase,two pole synchronous generator. It also has brushless
excitation system. Its rated current is 7060 A and rated power factor is 0.8
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lagging. Its efficiency is about 98.65% at full load. Its r.p.m. is 3000.
Generators are used to convert mechanical energy to electrical energy. It
works on the principle of Faradays law of induction. It contains a stationary
stator and a spinning rotor. Each generator is mechanically coupled with
turbine through a shaft. Shaft is further connected to a coil of a copper wire
known as armature. On either side of the armature, on the casing of the
generator, we have two polar field magnets that create a magnetic field
inside the space within the generator. As the rotor, shaft and armature
rotates, they move within the magnetic field created by the magnets.
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SWITCHYARD
Switchyard forms an integral part of any power plant. Switchyard provides
the facility of switching, control and protection of electric power. Here
voltage is transformed from low (13.6 KV) to high (220 KV). In DCPP
switchyard there are total 16 bays. All switchyard equipments are grounded
by two earthing connections.
It consists of following equipments:
BUSBAR
LIGHTENING ARRESTER
SF6 CIRCUIT BREAKER
ISOLATOR
CURRENT TRANSFORMER
POWER TRANSFORMER
POTENTIAL TRANSFORMER
A VIEW OF DCPP SWITCHYARD
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BUSBAR
In electrical power distribution, a busbar is a strip or bar of copper, brass or
aluminum that conducts electricity within a switchboard, distribution board,
substation, battery bank or other electrical apparatus. Its main purpose is to
conduct a substantial current of electricity.
The cross-sectional size of the busbar determines the maximum amount of current
that can be safely carried. Busbars can have a cross-sectional area of as little as 10
mm2 but electrical substations may use metal pipes of 50 mm in diameter (20 cm 2)
or more as busbars.
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LIGHTENING ARRESTER
A surge arrester is a product installed near the end of any conductor which is long
enough before the conductor lands on its intended electrical component. The
purpose is to divert damaging lightning-induced transients safely to ground. This
equipment is always placed before the costliest equipments to provide better safety.
When an electrically charged cloud comes nearby an electrical transmission line,
the cloud induces an electric charge in the line. When the charge cloud is suddenly
discharged through lightening the induced charge is no longer static. It starts
travelling and originate dynamic transient over voltage. The transient over voltage
travel towards both load and source side on transmission line because of
distributed line inductance and stray capacitance. This surge voltage travels with
speed of light. At the end of transmission line as the surge impedance changes
surge voltage wave reflected back. This forward and backward travelling of surge
voltage wave continues until the energy of impulse is attenuated by line resistance.
This causes stress on transmission line. So, to prevent equipments we use
lightening arrester.
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SF6-
SF6 + e-
SF5- + F
These negative ion obviously much heavier than free e - and therefore over all
mobility of the charged particle in the SF6 gas is much less as compared to other
gas. We know that mobility of charged particle is majorly responsible for
conducting current through a gas.
Hence, for heavier and less mobile charged particle in SF 6 gas, it acquires very
high dielectric strength. Gas also has very good heat transfer property due to its
low gaseous viscosity.
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Here the breaker is filled with SF6 gas at rated pressure. There are two fixed
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contact fitted with a specific contact gap. A sliding cylinder bridges these to fixed
contacts. The cylinder can axially slide upward and downward along the contacts.
There is one stationary piston inside the cylinder which is fixed with other
stationary parts of the SF6 circuit breaker, in such a way that it can not change its
position during the movement of the cylinder. As the piston is fixed and cylinder is
movable or sliding, the internal volume of the cylinder changes when the cylinder
slides.
During opening of the breaker the cylinder moves downwards against position of
the fixed piston hence the volume inside the cylinder is reduced which produces
compressed SF6 gas inside the cylinder. The cylinder has numbers of side vents
which were blocked by upper fixed contact body during closed position. As the
cylinder move further downwards, these vent openings cross the upper fixed
contact, and become unblocked and then compressed SF6 gas inside the cylinder
will come out through this vents in high speed towards the arc and passes through
the axial hole of the both fixed contacts. The arc is quenched during this flow of
SF6 gas.
During closing of the circuit breaker, the sliding cylinder moves upwards and as
the position of piston remains at fixed height, the volume of the cylinder increases
which introduces low pressure inside the cylinder compared to the surrounding.
Due to this pressure difference SF6 gas from surrounding will try to enter in the
cylinder. The higher pressure gas will come through the axial hole of both fixed
contact and enters into cylinder via vent and during this flow; the gas will quench
the arc.
ISOLATOR
Circuit breaker always trip the circuit but open contacts of breaker cannot be
visible physically from outside of the breaker and that is why it is recommended
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not to touch any electrical circuit just by switching off the circuit breaker. So for
better safety there must be some arrangement so that one can see open condition of
the section of the circuit before touching it. Isolator is a mechanical switch which
isolates a part of circuit from system as when required. Electrical isolators separate
a part of the system from rest for safe maintenance works.
So definition of isolator can be rewritten as Isolator is a manually operated
mechanical switch which separates a part of the electrical power system normally
at off load condition.
Operation
As no arc quenching technique is provided in isolator it must be operated when
there is no chance current flowing through the circuit. No live circuit should be
closed or open by isolator operation. A complete live closed circuit must not be
opened by isolator operation and also a live circuit must not be closed and
completed by isolator operation to avoid huge arcing in between isolator contacts.
That is why isolators must be open after circuit breaker is open and these must be
closed before circuit breaker is closed. Isolator can be operated by hand locally as
well as by motorized mechanism from remote position. Motorized operation
arrangement costs more compared to hand operation; hence decision must be taken
before choosing an isolator for system whether hand operated or motor operated
economically optimum for the system. For voltages up to 145KV system hand
operated isolators are used whereas for higher voltage systems like 245 KV or 420
KV and above motorized isolators are used.
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CURRENT TRANSFORMER
A CT is an instrument transformer in which the secondary current is substantially
proportional to primary current and differs in phase from it by ideally zero degree.
It is used in electrical power system for stepping down currents of the system for
metering and protection purpose. Actually relays and meters used for protection
and metering, are not designed for high currents and voltages. High currents or
voltages of electrical power system cannot be directly fed to relays and meters. CT
steps down rated system current to 1 Amp or 5 Amp. The relays and meters are
generally designed for 1 Amp and 5 Amp. Turns ratio of current transformer is
2000/1.
A CT functions with the same basic working principle of electrical power
transformer, but here is some difference. In an electrical power transformer or
other general purpose transformer, primary current varies with load or secondary
current. In case of CT, primary current is the system current and this primary
current or system current transforms to the CT secondary, hence secondary current
depends upon primary current of the current transformer.
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POTENTIAL TRANSFORMER
Potential transformer or voltage transformer gets used in electrical power system
for stepping down the system voltage to a safe value which can be fed to low
ratings meters and relays. Commercially available relays and meters used for
protection and metering, are designed for low voltage. Primary of this transformer
is connected across the phase and ground. Just like the transformer used for
stepping down purpose, potential transformer i.e. PT has lower turns winding at its
secondary. The system voltage is applied across the terminals of primary winding
of that transformer, and then proportionate secondary voltage appears across the
secondary terminals of the PT. The secondary voltage of the PT is generally 110 V.
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POWER TRANSFORMER
A transformer is a static machine used for transforming power from one circuit to
another without changing frequency. This is a very basic definition of transformer.
Generation of electrical power in low voltage level is very much cost effective.
Hence electrical power is generated in low voltage level. Theoretically, this low
voltage level power can be transmitted to the receiving end. But if the voltage level
of a power is increased, the electric current of the power is reduced which causes
reduction in ohmic or I2R losses in the system, reduction in cross sectional area of
the conductor i.e. reduction in capital cost of the system and it also improves the
voltage regulation of the system. Because of these, low level power must be
stepped up for efficient electrical power transmission. This is done by step up
transformer at the sending side of the power system network. As this high voltage
power may not be distributed to the consumers directly, this must be stepped down
to the desired level at the receiving end with the help of step down transformer.
These are the uses of electrical power transformer in the electrical power system.
In DCPP there are basically 4 different ratings of transformers are used:
1.
2.
3.
4.
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GENERATING TRANSFORMER:
There are total 4 generating transformer of rating 180 MVA each, which is used to
step up the voltage from 13.6 KV to 220 KV. Windings in GT are star-delta
connected.
SUBSTATION TRANSFORMER:
There are total 3 substation transformers of 40 MVA each. This is used when the
plant shut down or any unit shut down takes place. So, to start the plant/unit they
take the power from JPL so to step down the voltage. Windings in ST are star-star
connected. Unit 3 and 4 are connected to a common ST.
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TRANSORMER OIL
In DCPP oil immersed transformers are used. Oil in transformer used is called
mineral oil. Transformer oil serves mainly two purposes one it is liquid insulation
in electrical power transformer and two it dissipates heat of the transformer i.e. acts
as coolant. In addition to these, this oil serves other two purposes, it helps to
preserve the core and winding as these are fully immersed inside oil and another
important purpose of this oil is, it prevents direct contact of atmospheric oxygen
with cellulose made paper insulation of windings, which is susceptible to
oxidation.
GAS
H2
CO2
C2H2
CO
C2H4
C2H6
CH4
APPROVED LIMIT(ppm)
100
2500
2
350
50
65
120
BDV KIT
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Condition of winding
Hazardous
Bad
Doubtful
Measures to be taken
Dry winding
Dry winding
Drying is
recommended
2-3
Adequate
3-4
Good
>4
Excellent
In general IR & PI test are an excellent means of ascertaining winding conditions
that are contaminated or soaked with moisture. The tests are also good detecting
major flaws where the insulation is cracked or has been cut through. The test can
also detect thermal deterioration for form wound stators using thermoplastic
insulation system.
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PROTECTION OF TRANSFORMER
1) Breather- Most of the power generation companies use silica gel
breathers fitted to the conservator of oil filled transformers. The purpose
of these silica gel breathers is to absorb the moisture in the air sucked in
by the transformer during the breathing process.
When load on transformer increases or when the transformer under full
load, the insulating oil of the transformer gets heated up, expands and gets
expel out in to the conservator tank present at the top of the power
transformer and subsequently pushes the dry air out of the conservator
tank through the silica gel breather. This process is called breathing out of
the transformer.
When the oil cools down, air from the atmosphere is drawn in to the
transformer. This is called breathing in of the transformer.
During the breathing process, the incoming air may consist of moisture
and dirt which should be removed in order to prevent any damage. Hence
the air is made to pass through the silica gel breather, which will absorb
the moisture in the air and ensures that only dry air enters into the
transformer. Silica gel in the breather is blue when installed and they turn
to pink colour when they absorb moisture which indicates that the crystal
should be replaced. These breathers also have an oil cup fitted with so
that dust particles get settled down.
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sufficient. That time an oil pump may be used for speeding up circulation.
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INSIDE VIEW OF A
CONSERVATOR
CONSERVA
TOR
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TRANSFORMER
SOUND
CORE SOUND
MAGNETOSTRICTI
VE FORCES
MAGNETIC
FORCES
SAFETY MEASURES
Safety helmets
Fire extinguishers
Emergency Exit
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LOAD SOUND
WINDINGS
STRUCTURAL
PARTS
SOUND
GENERATED BY
COOLING
EQUIPMENTS
COOLING FANS
AND PUMPS
Proper ventilation
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CONCLUSION
The first phase of in-plant training has proved to be fruitful. It provides
opportunity to experience the working environment of such huge plant
comprising high-tech machineries.
It provides an opportunity to learn how lean low technology used at
proper place and time can save a lot of time. The employees in the plant
helped a lot and shared useful knowledge.
In- plant training has allowed the student to get an exposure for the
practical implementation to theoretical fundamentals, which would be of
great use in coming future.
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REFERENCE
Wikipedia
www.scribd.com
Pdf files on JSPL annual report
http://indianpowersector.com/home/power-station/thermal-power-plant/
http://www.jindalsteelpower.com/businesses/raigarh.html
www.electrical4u.com
www.slideshare.net
www.ijareeie.com
Wordpress
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