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HEAT
Heat is that form of energy. Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics And Temperature
If a system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B and the system B is in thermal
equilibrium with system C, then systems A and C are in thermal equilibrium with each other.
Temperature scales
Relation between Celsius, Kelvin and Fahrenheit Scale:
C K 273 F 32
5
5
9
R o 1 o
86
. . . (i)
80 [80 ][ ] . . . (ii)
Q
mT
Q msT
Also the amount of heat supplied per unit increase in temperature for any body is known as
its heat capacity, c
Q
ms .
T
Page 183
In order to change the state of a substance (from solid to liquid or from liquid to gas) heat
has to be supplied to it. During this process temperature remains constant. The amount of
heat supplied per unit mass for such a process is known as the Specific Latent Heat of that
substance for that process.
Example 2:
Solution:
Thus 1.25 gm ice out of 5 gm melts and the mixture of ice and
water is at 0oC.
Mechanical Equivalent of Heat
1 calorie is the quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of pure water at 1 atm
pressure from 14.5C to 15.5C.
When work is completely converted to heat, the quantity of heat produced (Q) is found to be
proportional to the quantity of work (W) that was converted into heat
WQ
Or,
Example 3:
A bullet splinter of mass of 10 gm moving with a speed of 400 m/s hits an ice
block of mass 990 gm kept on a frictionless floor and gets stuck in it. How
much ice will melt if 50% of the lost Kinetic energy goes to ice? (Temperature
of ice block = 0oC).
Solution:
10 x 400
1000
m/s
V =4 m/s
SRI BHARADWAJ EDU GENEA
Page 184
Loss of K.E. =
=
1
1
mv 2 m M V 2
2
2
1
1
[0.01(400)21(4)2] =
[1600 16]= (1584/2) J
2
2
Heat generated =
Mass of ice melted =
= 1.2 gm.
Thermal Expansion
An increase in the temperature of a body is generally accompanied by an increase in its size.
This is known as Thermal Expansion.
1 L
L T
The value of linear coefficient of thermal expansion at temperature T can be found by taking
limit T 0 .
1
L
lim
0
T
L
or
1 dL
L dT
For most of the solids the value of is small and nearly independent of T. In such cases
the linear dimension of an object at a different temperature is given by:
L L o (1 T )
Solution:
When the pendulum keeps correct time, its period of vibration is 2
sec and so it makes
24 60 60
43200 Vibration /day
2
25
10 [1 ( 25 10 )]
10 [115 ]
as
T 2
Page 185
i.e. T
i.e. n
n25
n10
10
25
1 15
n 25 n 10
1 / 2
15
15
1210
2
(Here 3 is known as the coefficient of volume expansion). For most solids, ~ 106/C
Thermal Expansion in liquids:
The experimental measurement of for a liquid becomes slightly difficult due to expansion
of the container, when a liquid is heated in a container. The initial level of the liquid falls due
to expansion of the container. But afterwards it rises due to faster expansion of the liquid.
The actual increase in the =
volume of the liquid
Page 186
( 3 )
Thermal Stress
When a rod of length L is held between two rigid supports and the temperature of rod is
increased by T , the rigid supports prevent the rod from expanding. This causes
compressive stress in the rod. As the length of the rod remains unchanged,
Thermal expansion = Mechanical compression
LT
FL
AY
F/A
L / L
1
2
mc rms
, where = number of molecules per unit volume,
3
Page 187
kBT
2
U = Nf
3RT
, where M represents the molar mass of the gas (i.e. mass
M
of 1 mole
of the gas)
(d)
2 U tran
, where Utran is the translational energy of the molecules of
3
V
the gas.
Example6:
Find r.m.s speed of Hydrogen molecules at room temperature
(=300 k).
Solution:
3 RT
M
3 8.3 300
2 10 3
2&3
Solution:
Page 188
= (nH+nHe)
8.3 (300k )
RT
= (2+)
( 20 10 3 )m 3
V
Translational
(ii)
Rotational
(iii)
Vibrational
In a way, it means that the energy of molecules is shared in various modes. These
independent modes of motions are called degrees of freedom. The table given below gives
the number of degrees of freedom for various types of molecules at normal temperature.
Nature of motion
Rotational
Vibrational*
Total
(1) Monoatomic
(2) Diatomic
Poly
Non-linear 3
Atomicity
Linear
*
At room temperature the energy associated with vibrational motion is negligibly
small in comparison to translational and rotational K.E.
Equipartition of Energy
According to the Law of equipartition of energy the average K.E. of a molecule is equally
shared among different degrees of freedom. The average energy per degree of freedom of a
molecule is kT, where k is the Boltzmanns constant and T is the absolute temperature.
Thus, for a monoatomic ideal gas:
U (the internal energy) =
Also for one mole U =
3
kT
2
3
RT
2
Example 8: Find the average kinetic energy per molecule at temperature T for an
equimolar mixture of two ideal gases A and B where A is monoatomic and B is diatomic.
Solution:
Page 189
kT = 4kT
2
Isochoric Process
Here, the volume is constant throughout and therefore the work done by
irrespective of the manner in which pressure varies, is zero
the gas,
Wisochoric = 0
(b)
Isobaric Process
In this case, pressure of the gas remains constant throughout the process. Hence,
pdV = p V
= n RT(n = number of moles)
( T= change in absolute temperature)
(C)
Isothermal process
The temperature remains constant throughout the process.
Using ideal gas equation, we get,
p=
n RT
V
Hence,
V2
pdV = n RT
V1
(d)
V2
dV
= n RT ln
V1
V
Adiabatic Process:
pV = Constant = C (say)
p = CV-
V2
W = pdV =
CV
dV
V1
p1V1 p 2 V2
= nCv(T2 T1)
1
Page 190
The work done by a gas can also be evaluated from the p-V diagram of
the process.
Area enclosed by the curve in a p-V diagram = work done by the gas
V
Example 9:
Solution:
Q = 3000 J
W = P V = (2105 N/m2) (10 10-3m3)
= 2 103 J
U = Q W = 3000 2000= 1000 J.
S=
1 Q
m T
1 Q
n T
In terms of differentials,
C=
1 dQ
n dT
Page 191
1 Q
n T
V constant
Cp = n T
p constant
U = f/2 n RT = n CvT
Cv = f/2 R
Cp
Cv
f /2 1
f /2
f 2
2
= 1
f
f
Example 10: Find the molar heat capacity of an ideal gas with adiabatic
exponent for the polytropic process P V = constant.
Solution:
PdV
ndT
(n = number of moles)
We have, P V = constant
From Ideal gas equation P V = n RT
SRI BHARADWAJ EDU GENEA
Page 192
V
dV
=
T( 1)
dT
PV
n RT
= Cv
nT( 1)
n T( 1)
= Cv
R
1
C = 1 1
Second law of thermodynamics
(i) Kelvin Statement:- It is impossible to derive a continuous supply of work by cooling a
body to a temperature lower than that of the coldest of its surroundings.
(ii) Clausius Statement:-It is impossible for a self acting machine, unaided by an external
agency to transfer heat from a body to another at higher temperature.
Reversible Process:
A process which can be made to proceed in the reverse direction by variations in its
conditions so that all changes occurring in any part of the direct process are exactly reversed
in the corresponding part of the reverse process is called a reversible processes.
Irreversible Process:
A process which can not be made to proceed in the reverse direction is called an irreversible
process.
Heat Engine:
It is a device which continuously converts heat energy into the mechanical energy in a cyclic
process.
Efficiency of heat engine:
work output
= heat input
Q
W Q1 Q 2
1 2
Q1
Q1
Q1
Where Q1 is the heat supplied by the source and Q2 is the heat rejected to the sink.
Carnot Engine:
It is an ideal heat engine which is based on Carnot's reversible cycle. It works in four steps
viz. Isothermal expansion, adiabatic expansion, isothermal compression and adiabatic
compression. The efficiency of a Carnot engine is given by
=1
Q2
T2
=1
Q1
T1
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Solution:
is
1
1
, 2 =
6
3
If the temperatures of the source and the sink between which the
cycle is working are T1 and T2, then the efficiency in the first case
will be
1 = 1 -
T2
1
=
T1
6
T2 65
1
=
T1
3
T2 = 325 K.
OBJECTIVE
1:
Calculate the root mean square speed of smoke particles of mass 5 10 17 kg in
Brownian motion in air at NTP. Boltzmann constant
k 1.38 10 23 JK 1
(A)
1.5 cm/s
(B)
2.2 cm/s
(C)
2.3 cm/s
(D)
4.4 cm/s
Ans. (a)
Solution:
PV =
1
m
2
mVrms
RT
3
M
Vrms
3RT
3 NK T
N
3kT
Vrms
3 1.38 10 23 273
5 10 17
= 15 10 3 m / s 1.5 cm/s
Page 194
2:
During an experiment an ideal gas is found to obey an additional law
VP 2 =
constant. The gas is initially at temp T and volume V. What will
be the temperature of the
gas when it expands to a volume 2V?
(A)
4 T
(B)
2 T
(C)
5 T
(D)
6 T
Ans. (b)
Solution:
V nRT
nR
T
K
V1 T1
, i.e,
V2 T2
V
T
2V
T
2 T
Q.3-5 We have two vessels of equal volume, one filled with hydrogen and the other with
equal mass of Helium. The common temperature is
27oC.
3:
nH
1
n He 1
(B)
nH
5
nHe 1
(C)
nH
2
n He 1
(D)
nH
3
nHe 1
Ans. (C)
4:
pHe = 2 atm.
(B)
pHe = 3 atm.
(C)
pHe = 4 atm.
(D)
pHe = 1 atm.
Ans. (d)
Page 195
5:
If the temperature of Helium is kept at 27o C and that of hydrogen is
changed,
at what temperature will its pressure become equal to that of helium ? The molecular
weights of hydrogen and helium are 2 and 4 respectively.
(A)
123oC
(B)
140oC
(C)
160oC
(D)
183oC
Ans. (a)
Solution 3-5:
3.
The masses of hydrogen and helium gases in the vessels are equal. This means
that the product of the number of molecules and the mass of a
molecule must be same
for H2 and He gases. Since molecular masses of
H2 and He are in the ratio 1: 2, their
number of molecules nH and nHe in the vessels must be in the reverse ratio, that is,
nH
2
nHe 1
4.
have
pH
n
2
H
pHe nHe 1
5.
Here
pH = 2 atm.
pHe = 1 atm.
Again, we have
pV = nkT
H2 and He have equal volumes. For having equal pressure, we must
have
nHTH = nHeTHe
or
THe
n
H 2
TH nHe
Here
TH =
1
THe = 150 K
2
Page 196
6:
A vessel contains a mixture of 7 gm of nitrogen and 11 gm of carbon
dioxide at
temperature T = 290 K. If pressure of the mixture P = 1
atm, calculate its density (R =
8.31 J/mol k)
(A)
2.5 kg/m3
(B)
1.5 kg/m3
(C)
4.5 kg/m3
(D)
7.5 kg/m3
Ans. (b)
Solution:
nN
m
,
M
7
1
11
and n C
1/ 4
28 4
44
So, n nN n C
1 1 1
4 4 2
1 8.31 290
nRT
1.19 10 2 m 3
=
5
P
2 1.01 10
1.5kg / m 3
2
3
V 1.19 10 m
so, =
2.8105 J
(B)
1.8106 J
(C)
1.8105 J
(D)
1.8102 J
Ans. (C)
8:
U 4.8 10 5 J
(B)
U 4.8 10 4 J
(C)
U 6.8 10 5 J
(D)
U 4.8 10 6 J
Ans. (a)
9:
8.6 10 5 J
(B)
12.6 10 5 J
(C)
6.6. 10 5 J
(D)
10.6 10 5 J
Ans. (C)
10:
Page 197
(A)
20.1 J/molK
(B)
17.14 J/molK
(C)
20.14 J/molK
Ans. (b)
Solution 7- 10:
7.
PF
= P1 VF VI
P
PI
8.
1
PF PI VF VI
2
VI
1
= VF VI PF PI
2
VF
1
0.5 0. 8 4 10 5 1.8 10 5 J
2
nRT PF VF PI VI
1
1
10 5 8 0.5 4 0.2 3
10 5 4 0.8
2
5
3 1
U 4.8 10 5 J
9.
Q
Q R
6.6 10 5 8.31
nT PF VF PI VI 10 5 8 0.05 4 0.2
i.e, C =
54.846
17.14 J/molK
3.2
113 .1310 3 m 3
213.1310 3 m 3
(A)
(B)
Page 198
(C)
(D)
Ans. (A)
12:
0.4410 5 N / m 2
0.8410 5 N / m 2
(B)
0.9410 5 N / m 2
0.3410 5 N / m 2
(D)
(A)
(C)
Ans. (a)
13:
What is the work done by the gas? (Gas constant R = 8.3 T/mole K)
(A)
13450 J
(B)
14450 J
(C)
16450 J
(D)
12450 J
Ans. (d)
Solution:11.
PV = nRT
PA
C
initial pressure P
20 10 3
V
2.49 10 N / m
5
vA
vB
When volume of gas is doubled at constant pressure, its temperature is also doubled. This
process is shown on P-V curve by line AB. The gas then cools to temperature T
adiabatically. This is shown by curve BC. The whole process is represented by curve ABC.
At point B, pressure PB PA 2.49 10 5 N / m 2 . Volume
VB 2VA 4010 3 m 3 , Temperature
TB 600K.
TV
( 1)
VC
VB
TC VC
= constant
VC
21 / 1
VB
( 1)
TB
600
2
TC
300
= 23/2
Final volume
VC 2
2 VB
Page 199
12.
final pressure
PC
13.
nRTC
VC
2 8.3 300
0.44 10 5 N / m 2
113 .13 10 3
4980 J
2 8. 3
1 5
3
nR
1
T2
T1
300 600
7470 J
200.67 Joule
(C)
168.67 Joule
Ans. (d)
15:
2099.33 J
(B)
3099.33 J
(C)
4099.33 J
(D)
5099.33 J
Ans. (a)
Solution:14.
W
PdV P V
VI
[1 erg = 10-7J]
Page 200
14.2 c.c.
(B)
15.2 c.c.
(C)
18.2 c.c.
(D)
20.2 c.c.J
Ans. (b)
Solution:
In case of thermal expansion of liquid, change in volume of liquid relative to
container is given by
V V L S
Here V = 1 litre = 1000 c.c. S = 3 glass
= 0.3 10 4 / o C
So, V 10001.82 0.3 10 4 100 0
= 15.2 c.c.
17:
Two cylinders A and B fitted with pistons contain equal amounts of
an ideal
diatomic gas at 300K. The piston A is free to move, while that of B is held fixed. The
same amount of heat is given to the gas
in each cylinder. If the rise in temperature of
the gas in A is 30K, then the rise in temperature of the gas in B is.
(A)
30K
(B)
18K
(C)
50K
(D)
42K
Solution:
dQ = nCPdT1 dQ = nCvdT2
nCPdT1 = nCvdT2
From (I) and (II)
c v dT2 c v R 30
dT2
( c v R )30
cv
Page 201
5
R
2
dT2 42K .
18:
80 gm of water at 30 o C is poured on a large block of ice at 0 o C . The mass of
ice that melts is
(A)
30 gm (B)
80 gm
(C)
150 gm(D)
1600 gm
Solution:
Since the block of ice at 0 o C is large, the whole of ice will not melt,
hence final temperature is 0 o C .
= ms 80 1 30 0
= 2400 cal
If m gm be the mass of ice melted, then
Q 2 = ML = m 80
Q1 Q 2
m 80 2400 or m 30 gm
Here A is correct.
19:
A gas at pressure Po is contained in a vessel. If the masses of all the
are halved and their speeds doubled, the resulting pressure would be
(A)
4Po
(B)
2Po
(C)
Po
(D)
Po
2
Solution:
molecules
1 mn 2
V rms where m = mass of one gas molecules
3 V
Page 202
20:
(C) P1 = P2
(B) P1 > P2
(D) cant be
Solution:
m
RT
M
mR
RT
PM
mR
PM
1
P
Hence P1 > P2
Hence, (C) is correct
21:
At room temperature the rms speed of the molecules of a certain
found to be 1930 m/s. The gas is
(A)
H2
(B)
F2
(C)
O2
(D)
Cl 2
Solution:
Vrms
3RT
Vrms
diatomic gas is
3RT
M
3 x 8.31x 300
2
(1930 )
2.0078 x10 3 kg
2.00 gm
2408 J (B)
2240 J
(C)
2072 J (D)
1904 J
Solution:
the
L = 2240 J, m = 1 gm
dW = 168 J
dQ = mL = dU + dW
SRI BHARADWAJ EDU GENEA
Page 203
or 1 2240 dU 168
dU = 2072 J
Hence, (C) is correct
23:
For a gas, y = 1.286. What is the number of degrees of freedom of the
of this gas ?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
moleculas
Ans. (d)
Solution:
24:
(D) 1
2
2
2
1.286 or 0.286 or
7
n
n
0.286
100 K (B)
13oF
(C)
20oC (D)
30oC
Solution:
25:
An ideal gas ( = 1.5) is expanded adiabatically. How many times has
be expanded to reduce the root mean square velocity of
molecules 2.0 times
(A)
4 times
(B)
(C)
8 times (D)
2 times
the gas to
16 times
Ans. (B)
Solution:
Vrms
Vrms
3RT
M
Vrms is to reduce two times i.e, temperature of the gas will have to reduce four times
or
T 1
T
4
TV 1 TV 1
or, V T
V T
1
1
4 1.5 1 4 2 16
V 16 V
Page 204
26:
(A)
1%
(B)
2%
(C)
3%
(D)
4%
Ans. (b)
L = Lo 1
Solution:
L L o
L
Lo
L Lo 1
100
Hence 2L2 2L o 2 1
or
A
2L2o
1
100
100
2
100
2
2%
100
2Po
(B)
Po/4
(C)
Po
(D)
Po/2
Ans. (d)
Solution:
P=
Po =
1
3
1 mn 2
v rms
3 v
m n 2
v rms
v
v rms
2
Page 205
P mv rms2 2m v 2 rms
2
Po mv rms m 4 v 2 rms
1
2
P = Po/2
28:
The molar heat capacity in a process of a diatomic gas if it does a work of Q/4,
when Q amount of heat is supplied to it is
(A)
2
R
5
5
R
2
(C)
10
6
R (D) R
3
7
(B)
Ans. (C)
Solution:
2 dU
5
R dT dT
5R
2
dU = CV dT =
Q 3Q
4
4
dQ
Q
5QR
10
R
dT
3
dU
3
Q
2
2
5R
4
(A)
the change in internal energy in a constant pressure process
from temperature T1 to T2 is equal to nCv (T2 - T1), where Cv is
the molar specific heat at constant volume and
the number of moles of the gas.
(B)
the change in internal energy of the gas and the work done by
the gas are equal in magnitude in an adiabatic process.
(C)
(D)
(A)
A, B (B)
A, B, C
(C)
A, B, C, D
(D)
A, C
Solution:
(C) Change in internal energy depends only on change in
internal energy is a function of state only i.e. dU = nCv,dT.
temperature since
In adiabatic process, dQ = 0,
Hence, dU + dW = 0 dU = dW
i.e. magnitude of change in internal energy is equal to magnitude of work done.
SRI BHARADWAJ EDU GENEA
Page 206
30:
5:3:2 (B)
5:2:3
(C)
7:5:2 (D)
7:2:5
Ans. (C)
Solution:
Q nC P dT
U nC V T
7
nR T ,
2
5
nRT ,
2
7
C P 2 R
5
C V 2 R
and W Q U nRT
Q : U : W 7 : 5 : 2
Hence, C is correct
Page 207