Langelier saturation index (LI)

The magnitude and sign of the LI value show waters tendency to form or
dissolve scale and thus to inhibit or encourage corrosion.
In developing the LI, Langelier derived an equation for the pH at which water
is saturated with
calcium carbonate (PHs).
The LI is a gauge of whether a water will precipitate or dissolve calcium
carbonate. If the PHs is equal to the actual pH, the water is considered
balanced. This means that calcium carbonate will not be dissolved or
precipitated. If the PHs is less than the actual pH (the LI is a positive
number), the water will tend to deposit calcium carbonate and is scaleforming (nonaggressive). If the PHs is greater than the actual pH (the LI is a
negative number), the water is not saturated and will dissolve calcium
carbonate (aggressive). In summary:
PHS = PHactual, Water is balanced
PHS < PHactual, LI = positive number, water is scale forming (non-aggressive)
PHS > PHactual, LI = negative number, water is not scale forming (aggressive)
It is important to remember that the LI value is not a quantitative measure of
calcium carbonate saturation or corrosion.
Because the protective scale formation is dependent on pH, bicarbonate ion,
calcium carbonate,dissolved solids and temperature; each may affect the
waters corrosive tendencies independently.Soft, low-alkalinity waters with
either low or excessively high pH are corrosive, even though this may not be
predicted by the LI. This is because insufficient amounts of calcium
carbonate and alkalinity are available to form a protective scale.
Water with high PH values and sufficient hardness and alkalinity may also be
corrosive, even if the LI predicts the opposite. This is the result of calcium
and magnesium complexes that cannot actively participate in the scale
forming process. Analytical procedures do not distinguish between these
complexes and available calcium and magnesium; therefore, the LI value is
not accurate in such situations.
Corrosive tendencies may also be exhibited by water containing high
concentrations of sulfate,chloride and other ions which interfere with uniform
carbonate film formation.
As a result of these and other problems, the LI is useful only for
determining the corrosivity of waters containing more than 40 mg/L
of alkalinity, sufficient calcium ion concentration and ranging
between pH 6.5 and 9.5.
Corrosive characteristics Langelier index Aggressive index

Highly aggressive < 2.0

Moderately aggressive = 2.0 to 0.0
Nonaggressive >0.0

CAUSES OF CORROSION

Alkalinity, hardness, and pH interact to determine whether the water will produce scale or
corrosion or will be stable. The table below summarizes characteristics of corrosive
water and of scale-forming water.
Corrosive Water

Scale-forming Water

low pH

high pH

soft or with primarily

noncarbonate hardness

hard with primarily

carbonate hardness

low alkalinity

high alkalinity

1. Low PH reflects acidic nature. Acidic water have lot of H + Ion to react with
electron at the cathode.
2. Low alkalinity water lack the buffering capacity to deal with acid so become easily
acidic and corrosive.

The graph above is known as the Baylis Curve. It shows the relationship
between pH, alkalinity, and water stability. Water above the lines is

scale-forming while water below the lines is corrosive. Stable water is

found in the white area between the lines.
3. Oxygen react with hydrogen gas at the cathode causing depolarization and
speeding up the corrosion. As a result water with high dissolve oxygen will tend to
be corrosive.
4. CO2 combine with water to form carbonic acid which lower the PH.
5. High temperature reduce the solubility of CaCo 3 in water which promotes scale
forming and slow the process of corrosion.