Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Tick
,
Relate the uses of polythene, PVC and PTFE to their properties
Relate the uses of thermoplastics and thermosets to their properties
and structure
Use given data to compare the properties and uses of polymers and
traditional materials
Evaluate the social, economic and environmental impact of the
widespread use of plastic products, for individuals, communities and
the environment
Alkanes are the simplest hydrocarbons in which carbon atom are joined to
their neighbours by single bonds forming chains of carbon atoms which
are further surrounded by hydrogens.
Alkanes are said to be SATURATED. This is because all carbon-carbon
bonds are single, no more hydrogen atoms could possible fit onto the
carbon chain.
methan
e
(1)
, (3)
(main
molecule in
natural gas)
ethane
(1)
(2)
propane
(1)
(2)
butane
(1)
(2)
Pentane
Alkanes are not very reactive because their single carboncarbon bonds make them very stable.
ALKENES
For a hydrocarbon to be called an alkene it needs to contain at least one
carbon-carbon double bond in its chain.
Alkenes are much more useful than alkanes because they are unstable.
The fact that alkenes are unstable means that its easy to turn them
into new substances.
Alkenes are unstable because of their double bonds.
It is easy to combust alkenes in the same way as alkanes. Importantly
alkenes can also undergo ADDITION reactions such as polymerisation.
As more hydrogen could be added across a double bond, alkenes are said
to be UNSATURATED.
In the same way that ethane has two carbon atoms, so does ethene.
Catalytic Cracking
It is a fact that shorter chain hydrocarbons are more useful than longer chain
hydrocarbons.
Also; alkenes (hydrocarbons that contain at least one
carbon=carbon double bond) are more useful than alkanes (saturated
hydrocarbons with all single carbon-carbon bonds).
For these reasons, once distilled, long chain hydrocarbons undergo a process
called CATALYTIC CRACKING.
Catalytic cracking occurs when long chain hydrocarbons are exposed to heat
and a catalyst so that they break into smaller molecules. This type of reaction
is a thermal decomposition reaction. During catalytic cracking alkenes are
always produced as there are not enough hydrogen atoms to create two
alkanes. Take for example the cracking of decane:
1. poly(tetrafluoroethene) (PTFE)
Polymer
Poly(ethene)
Polythene
Polymer Structure
Properties
Good transparency
Related uses
Sandwich bags
Low density
Vinyl chloride
Tetra
ethene
fluoro
Poly(vinyl
chloride) (PVC)
Poly(tetra fluoro
ethane) (PTFE)
Squeeze bottles
Flexible
Shock absorbing
Wire/cable insulation
Soft car dashboards
Pipework
Durable
Cars - Cladding in
door
panels
and
undersealing.
Sound absorbing
Non stick
Carpet underlay
Saucepan coating
Low friction
Circuit boards
Thermoplastics
Made up of long
hydrocarbon (polymer
chains)
Chemical formula
Structural formula
Ethane
Propane
Butane
Pentane
Decane
Ethene
_________________________________________
10
4. You only need to know the alkene ethene for your G.C.S.E
but have a go at drawing the structures for propene,
pentene and octene. (Before harassing your teacher straight away with this one try
problem solving the prefix such as pent tells you the number of carbon atoms in the chain. Put the
double bond between the first two carbons and remember, carbon must have four bonds around it when
putting the hydrogens onto the chain. The general formula for an alkene is C NH2N.
video/DVD on
the following:
________________________
11
ii.
After catalyst
13
I.C.T could do
internet research here.
____________________________________________________
Draw the polymer PVC and write about its uses and related properties.
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
____________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
14
______________________________________________________
Draw the polymer PTFE and write about its uses and related properties.
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
15
2.
Once polymers are formed; the way they arrange
themselves on mass when heated dictates the type of plastic
group they belong to; thermosetting or thermoplastics. Fill in
the table using the summary sheet to help you:
Thermosets
Made up of long hydrocarbon
(polymer chains)
Thermoplastics
Made up of long hydrocarbon
(polymer chains)
Diagram
Diagram
_________________________
______________________
Diagram
Diagram
16
3. Use this page to display the advantages and disadvantages of plastics. Draw a table, write a newspaper
article, write an essay, draw a spider diagram, draw a whatever you like diagram, put down lots of points,
approach this in any way you wish. BE CREATIVE!
17