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ToworkwithmodernwirelessnetworkssuchasUMTSandLTE,itis RatethisContent
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essential that the telecom professional has full understanding of its
basicconcepts,suchasthosethatcontrolthecallestablishmentandmaintenance,whetheritisvoice
(CS)ordata(PS).
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Inthisscenario,RABandRRCaretwoofthemostimportantconceptsbecausetheyareresponsiblefor
allthenegotiationinvolvedinthosecalls.
CSFB(1)
IMS(1)
LTE(3)
RFComponents(1)
SRVCC(1)
VoLTE(1)
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LTE?
In addition to RAB and RRC, we still have some other terms directly involved in context, as RB, SRB,
TRB, among others. These terms are also important concepts, since without them RAB and RRC could
notexist.
SoletstrytounderstandtodaythesimplestpossiblewaywhatistheRRCandRABroleinthecalls
ofthesemobilenetworksinpractice.Asitbecomenecessary,wewillalsotalkaboutotherconcepts.
Note:AlltelecomHallarticlesareoriginallywritteninPortuguese.FollowingwetranslatetoEnglishand
Spanish. As our time is short, maybe you find some typos (sometimes we just use the automatic
translator, with only a final and 'quick' review). We apologize and we have an understanding of our
effort. If you want to contribute translating / correcting of these languages, or even creating and
publishingyourtutorials,pleasecontactus:contact.
WhatisCP(CyclicPrefix)in
LTE?
WhatisLCS(andLBS)?
WhatisISI(InterSymbol
Interference)inLTE?
WhatisSplitterandCombiner?
AnalyzingCoveragewith
PropagationDelayPDand
TimingAdvanceTA(GSM
WCDMALTE)
WhatisRetransmission,ARQ
andHARQ?
IPPacketswitchinginTelecom
Part4
Introduction
To start, we can divide a call into two parts: the signaling (or control) and data (or information).
Alreadyaheadofkeyconcepts,wecanunderstandtheRRCasresponsibleforthecontrol,andtheRAB
asresponsiblefortheinformationpart.
As mentioned, other auxiliary concepts are involved in calls, but our goal today is to learn the most
basicconceptsRRCandRAB,allowingustoevolveinourlearninglater.
Oddlyenough,evenprofessionalswhoalreadyworkwithUMTSWCDMAandLTEnetworkshavetrouble
to fully understand the concepts of RRC and RAB. And without this initial understanding, hardly they
canevolvewithclarityandefficiencyintheirdailywork.
Without further introduction, let's go straight to the point and then try to understand once and for all
thesesoimportantconcepts.
IPPacketswitchinginTelecom
Part3
IPPacketswitchinginTelecom
Part2
IPPacketswitchinginTelecom
Part1
GoodbyeIPv4...HelloIPv6!
WhatisAntennaElectricaland
MechanicalTilt(andHowtouse
it)?
WhatisMIMO?
HowtoRunaRFSiteSurvey
(TipsandBestPractices)
Archives
Analogy
May,2015(1)
November,2014(2)
As always, and as usual the telecomHall, let's make an analogy that helps us to understand the
functioningoftheRRCandRABinpractice.
Let'sstartimaginingthefollowingscenario:twopeoplearecutoffbyacliff.Ontheleftside,aperson
(1) want to buy some things that are for sale in a store (2) or deposit on the right side. In the right
side, in addition to the deposit, we also have a seller (3), which will help the buyer to contact
(negotiable)withthedeposit.
As additional or auxiliary objects (4), we have some iron bars with different sizes, and some cars
someliketrainwagon,otherslikeremotecontrolcars.
Inshort,wehavethesituationoutlinedintheimagebelow.
October,2014(1)
February,2014(1)
October,2013(1)
June,2013(1)
May,2013(1)
June,2012(1)
March,2012(1)
February,2012(2)
January,2012(1)
November,2011(1)
October,2011(1)
September,2011(1)
June,2011(1)
April,2011(2)
March,2011(3)
February,2011(5)
January,2011(1)
December,2010(2)
Andso,howthissituationcanbesolved?
Let'scontinuewithapossiblesolution:thebuyerontheleftwritehisrequestinanote,tieonasmall
stonethathefoundonthefloor,andsend(1)ittothesellerontheotherside.So,thestonecarrythe
informationorinitialrequest.
Thesellerreceivestherequest,butsheneedtosendittothedeposit,inorderfortheshoppingtobe
sent. She sends the request on a remote control car (1), which run a previously demarcated path to
thedeposit.
Sometimelater,thedepositresponsearrivestoseller(1),whichthencheckstoseewhethershewill
beabletosendthedataornot.
So that we can proceed with our call, let's consider a positive response. That is, what the buyer is
willing,orthe'resources'areavailable.
Seller realizes that to fulfill the request, and be able to send the purchases, she will need to build a
'path' (1) between the two ends of the cliff, so the wagons could carry over with the orders/receipts
andpurchases.Then,thesellerusessomeofitsironbarsandcreatesalinkbetweenthetwosides.
Onceestablishedallthewaybetweenthoseinvolved,requestscanbesentfrombothsidesaswellas
thepurchasesoranyotherinformationcanbetransferredbydifferentpathsandwagons/cars!
If you managed to understand how the above problem was solved, congratulations, you just
understandhowthemostcommonformofUMTSWCDMAandLTEcommunicationhappens!
Although analogies are not perfect, it help us a lot to understand the complex functioning of these
networks,especiallyinrelationtonewconceptssuchasRRCandRAB,butalsoaveryoftenused,the
'bearer'somuchthatit'sworthtalkingalittlebitaboutit.
What is Bearer?
If we search the word 'bearer' in the dictionary, we'll find something like trasnporter, or carrier. In a
simpleway:onewhocarriesorconveyssomethingfromsomepointtoanotherpoint.Inarestaurant,
wecancomparethe'bearer'toawaiter.
Butfromthetelecommunicationspointofview,'bearer'isbestunderstoodasa'pipe'thatconnectstwo
ormorepointsinacommunicationsystem,throughwhichthedataflows.
Technically speaking, it is a channel that carries Voice or Data, a logical connection between different
points (nodes) that ensures that the packets that are traveling have the same QoS attributes.
Explaining better: for each 'bearer' we have several associated parameters, such as the maximum
delay and packet loss limit and these attributes that make sure each packet going in the same
channelhavethesameQoSattributes.
On that ficticious scenario, the seller is the UTRAN, responsible for creating and maintaining the
communication between the UE (buyer) and CN (deposit) so that the QoS requirements of each are
met.
UTRAN:UMTSTerrestrialRadioAccessNetwork
NodeB
RNC
UE:UserEquipment
CN:CoreNetwork
MSC:forswitchedvoiceservices
SGSN:forpacketswitchedservices
ThecliffistheUuInterfacebetweentheUEandtheUTRAN,andtheroadthroughtheremotecontrol
cargoesuntilthedepositistheIuInterface,betweentheUTRANandCN.
Sending requests and receipts is part of signaling, or the RRC. The shipment of purchases is the data
part, or the RAB. In our scenario, the RRC are the Rails, and RAB is the full service of sending data
betweentheUEandtheCN.
RRC:RadioResourceControl
RAB:RadioAccessBearer
Note:theRRCisinLayer3controlplane,whiletheRABoccursbetweentheUEandCN,intheuser
plane.
TherailcarsaretheRBs,andconveytheinformationintheradiopath.Thesewagonsdefinewhattype
ofthingwillbetransported,andinwhatquantity.Similarly,theRBsdefinewhattypeofdatawillinthe
RRC, which can be Data or Signaling. When the QoS attributes change, then the Rbs associated with
thatRRCconnectionneedtobereconfigured.
TheremotecontrolcarsaretheIubearer,andcarryinformationonIuInterface(betweentheUTRAN
andtheCN),eitherCSorPS.
RB:RadioBearer
Iubearer:IuBearerInterface
Note:RABisthecombinationofRBandIubearer.
AsexamplesofRABforsomeservicesanddifferentrateswehave:
TheConversationalRABandtheInteractiveRABcanbeusedtogether,andinthiscasewehaveacase
ofMultiRAB.
TheRBisalayer2connectionbetweentheUEandtheRNC,andcanbeusedforSignallingandcontrol
User Data. When it is used for Signalling or Control Messages is called SRB. And when it is used for
userdataiscalledTRB.
SRB:SignallingRadioBearer(ControlPlane)
TRB:TrafficRadioBearer(UserPlane)
Note: in an optimized network, we can find much of the traffic being handled by HSPA bearers, even
MultiRAB.ThisoptionfreesresourcesfromCE(ChannelElements),relievingtheloadonR99(thatcan
onlyusetheseresources).However,itshouldbedonewithcaution,becauseifimproperlyconfiguredit
candegradethePerformanceIndicatorswithBlockage(Congestion)andFailures.
Asyou'veprobablynoticed,we'retalkingaboutseveralnewtechnicalterms,butthesetermsarewhat
you'llfindforexamplewhenreadingUMTSorLTEcallflowcharts.Butifyoucanunderstandatleastin
parttheconceptspresentedtoday,everythingwillbemucheasier.
Letusthentakealookagainonourfigure,andcontinueouranalogy.
Aswesaw,intelecomweworkwiththeconceptoflayers.Andthiswayofseeingthenetworkbrings
us many advantages, mainly because we were able to 'wrap' physical access. In this way, any
modificationorreplacementcanbemadewithlesscomplexity.
We don't need to tell you how much the radio path is complex, continuously changing, right? This
structure using beares ensures this simplification: the RNC and CN bother with QoS requirements in
the path between them (Iu Interface) and only the RNC have to worry about meeting the complex
radiopathQoS.
Sure,butwhywehavetwotypesofcarrierswagonsandremotecontrolcars?Theanswertothisisin
the very characteristic of the two existing paths. Being the Iu a more robust interface, and also
because we have major changes in RABs during connections, it is normal that these bearers are also
different for the paths. it's like using a 4x4 pickup truck to climb a mountain, and a race car to an
asphaltrace.
Regardlessthecarriers,withtheRABtheelementsoftheCNhastheimpressionofaphysicalpathto
theUE,sodon'tneedtobeworryingaboutthecomplexaspectsofradiocommunication.
Forexample,aUEcanhave3RABsbetweenheandtheRNC,andtheseRABsmaybechanging,asin
thecaseofsofthandovers,whiletheRNChasonly1Iubearerforthisconnection.
Fromthepointofviewofthecarriers,themaintaskoftheUTRANismanagingtheseservicesonthese
interfaces. She controls the Uu interface, and along with the CN, controls the provision of services in
theIuinterface.
RememberthatinacommunicationbetweentheUEandtheCN,severalotherelementsareinvolved,
mainly to negotiate QoS requirements between both parties. These requirements are mapped in the
RABs, that are visible to both (UE and CN), where the UTRAN is responsible for creating and
maintainingtheseRABssothatallofthisisservedinallaspects.
Alittlebitmoredetails...
ARRCconnectionexistswhenanUEperformsthecallestablishmentprocedure,andgetresourcesfrom
theUTRAN.WhenaRRCconnectionisestablished,theUEwillalsogetsomeSRBs.(Ifforsomereason
theinitialrequestisnotaccepted,theUEcanmakeanewrequestaftersometime).
SincetheSRBwasestablishedbetweentheUEandtheCN,theRNCchecksaseriesofinformationsuch
as the UE identity, what is the reason for the request and whether the UE is able to handle the
requestedservice.
The RNC that maps the requested RABs into RBs, to transfer between the UE and the UTRAN. In
additionitisalsochecktheattributesoftheRABs:iftheycanbemetbytheavailableresources,and
even whether to activate or reset radio channels (reconfiguration of lower layers services ) based on
thenumberofSignalingConnectionsandRABstobetransferred.
This way, it creates the impression that there is a physical path between the UE and the CN.
Remembering again that no matter how many signaling and RABs connections there are between the
ueandtheCNthereisonlyasingleRRCconnectionusedbytheRNCtocontrolandtransferbetween
theUEandtheUTRAN.
NowthatwehaveseenalotaboutRRCandRAB,let'slearnonlyafewmoreconceptstodayafterall,
wealreadyhaveenoughinformationpresented.Let'stalkabouttheASandNAS.
ASAccessStratumisagroupofspecificprotocolsofaccessnetwork
NASNONAccessStratum:so,aretheotherprotocols,orthosethatarenotaccessnetwork
Atthispointofview,theASprovidestheRABtotheNAS,orinformationtransferservice.
TheUEandCNneedtocommunicate(events/messages)witheachothertoperformseveralprocedures
withmanypurposes.Andthe'language'ofthisconversationbetweenthemiscalledprotocols.
The protocols are then responsible for allowing this conversation between the UE and CN, and cause
the CN do not worry about the method of access (be it GSM/GPRS, UTRAN, LTE). In our case the RNC
actsasaprotocolbetweentheUTRANandCN.
Accordingtowhatwelearnedtoday,theRABiscarried:
Between the UE and the UTRAN: within the RRC connection. The RRC Protocol is responsible for negotiating the
(logical) channels of Uu and IuB interfaces, and for the establishment of signaling dedicated channels as SRBs and
RBsamongtheseinterfaces.
Between the RNC and the CN: after being negotiated and mapped, in the RANAP protocol connection, through Iu
interface(CS/PS).
RANAP:RadioAccessNetworkApplicationPart
Aswehaveseenabove,theRNCmapsrequestedRABsintoRBsusingcurrentradionetworkresources
information,andcontrolstheservicesoflowerlayers.Tooptimizetheuseoftheseresources,aswell
as the network band and physical resource sharing between different entities, the UTRAN can also
performthefunctionofCNmessagesdistribution.
For this, the RRC Protocol transparently transfers messages from CN to the access network through a
direct transfer procedure. When this occurs, a specific indicator of CN is inserted in these messages,
andtheentitieswiththedistributionfunctioninRNCusethissameindicatorfordirectmessagestothe
appropriateCN,andviceversa.
But now it started to get more complex, and we have already reached our goal today, which was to
learnthebasicsofRRCandRAB.
Everythingwejusttalkedaboutabovecanbeseenagaininthesamefigurebelow,thesamefromthe
beginningoftheexplanations.
UMTS/LTE
GSM
Control
RRCConnection
ImmediateAssignment
User
RABAssignment(RNCCN)
Assignment(BSCMSC)
Tocompletefortoday,let'ssee(alwaysinsimplifiedform)asimpleRRCconnectionandRAB.
Whenever the UE needs the UTRAN resources, he asks. So that these resources are allocated, it
establishesaRRCconnectionwithsomeSRBs.
Inthiscase,aRABconnectioniscreatedtoenablethetransferofuserdata.Weremindyouthatthe
RABconsistsofRB+Iubearer.TheRABiscreatedbyCN,withaspecificQoSrequest.
ForasingleUE,theremaybemultipleRABforNASservice(CSorPS).
But let's just stick to the initial procedure, that is, how is performed the 'RRC Setup' procedure, from
theUE'srequest.
Thefollowingfigureshowsthismorestraightforward.
TheRRChasalways3steps:
1. TheUErequestsanewconnectionintheUplink(RRCCONNECTIONREQUEST)
2. With sufficient resources available, the 'RRC Downlink CONNECTION SETUP' message is sent, including the reason,
alongwiththeSRBconfiguration(Note:otherwise,iftheRRCconnectioncannotbeestablished,themessagesentis
'RRCCONNECTIONSETUPREJECT').
3. Ifallgoeswell,theUEsendsthemessageintheUplink:RRCCONNECTIONSETUPCOMPLETE.
And after this, the MEASUREMENT CONTROL message are being sent in the Downlink, for the
communicationcontinuity.
AftertheRRCconnectionisestablished,theUTRANmakesthechecksbetweentheCNandtheUE,for
exampletheauthenticationandsecurityoperations.
Andso,theCNinformstheRABtoUTRANinaccordancewithrequirementsoftheservicerequestedby
the UE. As we have seen, RAB occurs after the RRC, and without a RRC connection no RAB may be
established.
Conclusion
We have seen today a simplified explanation that covers a number of concepts involved in the
communicationofthemostmodernexistingmobilenetworks,primarilyrelatedtoRRCandRAB.
Withthisconceptualbase,wewillcontinuetoevolveinthenexttutorialswithexamplesthatmakethe
assimilationofthesecomplexconceptsinataskfarlessexhaustivethannormal.
We hope that you have enjoyed, and we count on your participation, which can be for example
suggestingnewtopics,orsharingoursitewithyourfriends.Ifpossible,leavealsoyourcommentsjust
below.
Untilthenexttutorial.
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40Comments
Addacomment...
IshratGul
CoreNetworkEngineeratKabul,Afghanistan
REallyappreciated
LikeReplyJul26,201511:34am
Sortby Newest
MukeshJatJakhar
RFEngineeratBhartiAirtel
veryeasyexplanation....
LikeReplyJul18,20151:02pm
MohsinAli
Rawalpindi,Pakistan
MultiRABmeansweareusingmultipleservicesCall,Videoetc??
andwhataboutRABCongestion??
LikeReply
1Mar31,20158:11pm
WellafellaGuta
UniversityofKwaZuluNatal(HowardCollege)
NumberoffailedRRCconnectionpreparation,DueTo
Trans(Times).........HavingthisalarmontheZTEnRNC.
Transmissioncapacityisenough.Whatcouldbethepossible
causes?
LikeReply
1Mar25,20151:54pm
SibroSibroSibro
Thankyoufortheexplanation.Thishelpmetohavebetter
understandingaboutcellularnetwork.
LikeReply
1Mar19,20151:42pm
HustiucAndrei
ColegiulNationaldeMedicinasiFarmaciedinChisinau
whichmaybethecauseofRRCconnectionreject?
LikeReply
1Mar11,20159:04pm
TatoRosales
HiyoucanfindthecausesforRRCconnectionrejectin
thefollowingpdf
http://www.etsi.org/.../03.06.00_60/ts_125331v030600p.p
df
LikeReply
1Mar22,20157:28am
RajeevYadav
Sr.EngineeratHuaweiTechnologiesCo.,Ltd
GreatArticle
LikeReply
1Feb13,20151:08pm
AzizMirzojonov
Great.Readingthisarticlewasinteresting.Onequestion.
NumberofRRCandRABmustbeequalorRABgreaterorless
thenRRC?
LikeReply
1Jan16,20159:32pm
TatoRosales
HiAziz,RABcanbegreaterthantheRRCbecausethe
RRCisthesignallingandyoucanhavemultipleRABs
fromoneUE,butyouwillonlyhaveoneRRC
LikeReply
4Jan29,20155:26am
ZainAbidi
UETTaxila
@TatoRosalesiobservedthatwhenmymobilereceives
callduringHSPAsessionthenHSPAsessionstopsduring
call.heremultiRABisnotworking.PSRABstopsandCS
RABrunsandaftercallPSRABrunswhy?????
LikeReply
1Mar13,201511:16pm
TatoRosales
HiZainAbidiifitisonlyyourphonethatishavingthis
problemitcouldbethatthefirmwarethatyouareusingin
yourphoneisnothomologatedbyyourserviceprovider,
trycheckingoutwiththemwichonesarehomologated,if
theproblemisforeveryonethenineedmoreinformation
theproblemisforeveryonethenineedmoreinformation
LikeReplyMar22,20157:22am
MakhloufiHocine
GREAT!
LikeReply
1Dec27,20142:50pm
MiCasaPropia
GREAT!
LikeReply
1Dec9,20141:51am
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