Maths

Chapter 1 - Quadratics
Y = ax2 + bx + c
a>0 concave up
a<0 concave down
y = a(x-p) (x-q)
Axis of symmetry is x= p+q/2
Vertex is (p+q/2 , f (p+q/2)
y = a(x-h) 2
Axis of symmetry is x= h
Vertex is (h , 0)
y = a(x-h) 2 + k
Axis of symmetry is x= h
Vertex is (h , k)
Y = ax2 + bx + c
Axis of symmetry is x= -b/2a
Vertex is (-b/2a , c b2/4a)
Y(x+2)2 1
Shift 2 units left and 1 unit down (from origin)
Discriminant = b2 4ac
When >0, 2 real roots, touch x axis 2 times
When= 0 1 single root, touch x acis once
When < 0 0 roots, does not touch x axis
Intersecting point calculation if points touch (such as tangent),
discriminant = 0
Y = ax2 + bx + c
When a >0, -b/2a is the min value
When a<0, -b/2a is the max value

Chapter 2 Functinos
Domain set of x values in the relation (something like {x|x>1} )
Range set of y values in the relation (something like {y|y>2} )
F (g)(x), sub g into f
Inverse y=2x+3, turn into x=y-3/2, change values back, f-1 = y-3 /2
Chapter 4
F(x) = 10x then f-1 (x) = log10x
Log10x = x
A = 10loga
E= 2.718
LnE = 1
Lnex = x
Chapter 5
Y = F(x) + b, translate graph vertically
b>0, upwards, b<0, downwards
y= f(x-a), translate graph horizonally
a>0, moves to the right (so negative there ( f(x-2) example ), a<0,
moves to the left
Translate by the vector (a b)
Y= pf(x), p is vertically stretch the graph by scale factor of p
p>1, it moves points of y= f(x) further away from the x axis
0<p<1, it moves the points of y=f(x) closer to the x axis
Y= f(qx), q is horizontal stretch the graph by scale factor of 1/q
Q>1, it moves points of y= f(x) closer to the y axis
0<q<1, it moves the points of y=f(x) further away from the y axis
y = -f(x), reflect y=f(x) in the x axis
y= f(-x), we reflect y = f(x) in the y axis
sigma (sum of), on top is n (number of terms(, below is k=1, next to
sigma is formula

Chapter 7
0.7 with a line on top of 7 is called ratinoal number where it is 0.7+
0.07 + 0.007 etc. where it leads to 7/9
first row of pascal is 1 1, not 1. Second row is 1 2 1. Third row is 1 3
3 1.
N! = n x (n-1)!
! is factorial, so if it is 4!, it means 4 x 3 x 2 x 1
Binomial coeffieint is n c r. where n! / r! (n-r)!
(5 2) = 5! / 2! (5-2)! = 5 x 4 x 3 x 2 x 1 / 2 x 1 x 3 x 2 x 1 = 20
(a + b)

= an + (Nc1)an-1b + + (Ncr) an-r br + . bn

Chapter 8
Degrees x pi/180 = radians
In radians, 2pi = 360 degrees and pi = 180 degrees

ONLY

POSITIVE
IN THIS

remember after square root you need to add plus or minus

If a straight line makes an angle with the positive x axis, then its
gradient is m=tan x
Chapter 10
Amplitude = max min /2
Period = 2pi / b
B is the coefient in the cos/tan/sin -- y=sin2x , the 2 in the b
Sine graph starts at 0, max at 90, drops to 180 where it touches x
axis, then min point at 270 degrees, and then rises back to 360,
where it starts over again.
Max point is at 1, min is at -1, so -1 equal or < y equal or < 1 on this
Amplitude = 1
Y=asinx, where it is vertical stretch of factor of a.
Y=-sinx, where it is reflectied on x axis.
Y = sin(x-c) I sa horizontal translation of y = sinx through c units
Y= sins + d is a vertical translation of y = sinx through d units
Y=sin(x-c) +d is a translation of y=sinx through vector (c d)
Sin (x-1) -1, 1 unit to the right, 1 unit down
Y= a sin (b (x-c)) + d
A affects amplitude
B affects period
C affects horizontal translation
D affects vertical translation

Cosx = sin (x+ pi/2)

Tan ----> y=a tan (b(x-c)) + d

Period of this function is pi/b
Cannot find amplitude

Cos and Sin period = 2pi

Cos and Sin Amplitude= 1
Domain for cos and sin: x for all real roots
Range for cos and sin: -1 equal to < y < and equal 1
Tan Period = pi
Tan amplitude = undifined
Domain for tan: x= plus or minus pi/2, plus or mins 3pi/2, plus or
mins 5pi/2
Range for tan: y for all real roots

Chapter 12 vectors
-> op = (x y) (component form) = xi + yj (unit vector form)
Unit vector = 1
A = (a1 a2 ) b = (b1 b2) then a+b = (a1+b1 a2+b2)
Kv = (kv1 kv2)
Fine -> ab where a(2,3) b(4,7). ->ab is (4-2 7-3)= (2 4)
B-A = ab ->
3d vectors ( x y z) x is horizontal, y is vertical, z is 3d up
unit vector = (1/magnitude ) x scalar, so something like this
1/square root 10 (3i 4j)
v (v1v2v3) x w (w1w2w3) = vw = v1w1 + v2w2 + v3w3
When perpendicular, 2 vectors multiplied = 0
Perpendicular is at an angle of 90degrees to a given line
Angle ABC Use BA and BC
R=a+ tb
R is the vector we find
A is the vector between origin and the fixed point we receive
T is a value of doubt
B is direction vector
Example (x y) = (1 5) + t(3 2)
Parametric equations would be x=1+3t and y=5+2t
Cartesian equation is where t = x a1/b1 = y-a2/b2
So here it is t=x-1/3=y-5/2
Where 2x-2=3y-15, leading to 2x-3y = -13
Cos x = b1 x b2 / |b1| |b2|
Top part has to be positive.
B are direction vectors
R1= a1 + sb1
R2 = a2+ + tb2
R1 and r2 are parallel if b1 = kb2 for some scalar k , where r1 || r2
R1 and r2 are perpendicular if b1 x b2 = 0

Gradient = b/a, direction vector = ( a b)

To find speed, open up velocity. Example (3,-4) velocity vector,
speed = square root 3squared + -4 squared = square root 25= 5
Shortest distance use perpendicular calcuations. Where full vector
x velocity vector = 0, this is o find the time, which is then subbed
back to the full vector to find the distance.

Chapter 14
Limit f(x) = A
X -> a
a = x gets closer to a but doesnt reach it
f(x) has a limit of A as x approaches a
Chapter 15
Dy/dx is integration. It is the gradient function or derivative of the
equation from which the gradient of the tangent at any point can be
found. That is called the first derivative.
Second derivate is f(x)
Gradient of normal to the curve at x=a is gradient = -1/f(a)
Gradient of normal x gradient of tangent = -1

Chapter 16
Stationary point of a function is a point where f(x) = 0
These are turning points.
3 types
local maximum sign digram + max local minimum sign digram - min +
stationary inflection, where it is f(x)=0 but not local max or min.
sign digram + (left to right diagonal up) +, or - -

Point of inflection is a point on a curve at which there is a change of

curvature or shape.
F(0)> concave up, f(x) is increasing along graph
F(0)<concave down, f(x) is decreasing
Non-stationary inflection is there when tangent is not horizontal.
F(x) = 0 is for stationary points (turning points and stationary
inflection)
F(x) = 0 is for inflections (stationary and non stationary
inflections).
Chapter 17 more diffrentiation
Displacement s(t) differentiate -> Velocity v(t) differentiate ->
acceleration a(t)
Dy/dx gives the rate of change in y with respect to x.
Chapter 18
Integral is to find the area under a curve, between 2 points.
Integration example
X3 = d(x3)/dx = x4 + c
Integral k(f(x) dx) = k x integral f(x) dx, where k is a constant
Integral (ax + b)n dx = 1/a x (ax+b)n+1/(n+1) + c
Integral eax + b dx = 1/a x eax+b
Integral (1/ax + b) dx = 1/a x ln(ax+b) + c
Integral Cos (ax + b) dx = 1/a x sin(ax+b) + c
Integral Sin (ax + b) dx = - 1/a x cos(ax+b) + c
Integration by substitution
Integral f (u) du/dx (dx) = integral f(u) du
Example
Integral (x2+3x)4 (2x+3) dx

= integral u4 du/dx (dx), where u is x2+3x and du/dx is 2x+3

=integral u4 du
= u5/5 + c
= (x2+3x)5/5 + c
integral b a f(x0 dx is the integral from x=a to x=b of f(x0 in respect
to x
Definite integral example
integral 3 1 (x2+ 2) = [x3/3 + 2x] 3 1
= (33/3 + 2(3)) -(13/3 + 2(1)) = 12 and 2/3
Used to calculate area under a curve.
Area between 2 functions, integrate the same way as definite
integrals but minus 2 functions together.
Example y=x+2 and y= x2+ x -2
Integral 2 -2 [(x+2) (x2+ x -2)] dx
In velocity time graphs,
Using definite integral will find distance travlled.
Displacement s(t) differentiate -> Velocity v(t) differentiate ->
acceleration a(t)
Acceleration integrate -> Velocity integrate -> displacement
Displacement means movement of something from its position.
Volume = pi integral b a (first function squared second function
squared) dx

Chapter 20
Positively skewed (more to the left), negatively skewed, symmetrical

Interquartile range = upper quartile (q3) lower quartile (q1)

Lower is median of lower half
Upper is medium of upper half
Box plot

Outlier
Upper boundary = upper quartile + 1.5 x IQR
Lower boundary = Lower quartile + 1.5 x IQR
Lower quartile 25th percentile
Upper quartile 75th percentile
Chapter 22
A n B is intersection
A u B is union
P (AuB) = p(A) + p (B) - p(AnB)
If mutually exclusive, then
P (AuB) = p(A) + p (B)
P ( A | B) = P ( AnB) / p(B)
( A given | B)
P (AnB) = P (A | B) P (B)
P (AnB) = P (B | A) P (A)
P (B n A) = P ( B | A) P (A)