Biology 11 Final Review (June

15, 2015)
Evolution
Lyell- The Earth is old and has changed over time
Lamarck- Organisms pass on acquired traits to their offspring
Malthus- Human populations change due to war, famine, etc.
THESE LEAD TO DARWINS THEORIES OF NATURAL SELECTION
Natural Selection- Process where fitter organisms survive to
reproduce
Fitness- Behaviours/traits allowing organism to survive and
reproduce
o Peppered Moth: Before the industrial revolution, there were
more white moths. After the industrial revolution, black
moths became fitter due to pollution.
Speciation- The formation of new species due to evolution
o Darwins Finches: Separated populations lead to creations
of new species via reproductive isolation (when populations
of the same species are separated)
Genetics contribution to speciation:
o Genetic Drift- Gene frequency changed (by chance)
o Gradualism- Change happens slowly
o Equilibrium- Species dont change much overtime
o Punctuated Equilibrium- Short/rapid periods of change
(dramatic change in environment)
MORE DEFINITIONS
Homologous- Structures in different species that serve different
functions but came from the same ancestral parts.
Analogous/Convergent Revolution- Structures that look
similar but come from a different ancestor.
Adaptive Radiation/Divergent Evolution- One species
evolves into many different ones
Vestigial Organs- Structure serves no useful purpose (human
tailbone)
5 AGENTS OF EVOLUTIONARY CHANGE :
Mutation

Genetic Drift
Gene Flow- immigrant species breed with native species
Non Random Mating- Certain traits favoured for mating
Natural Selection

CLASSIFICATION
In the name Ursus arctos, the species name is arctos and the
genus is ursus
Lineaean Classification System:
o Kingdom
o Phylum
o Class
o Order
o Family
o Genus
Species- Similar organisms that breed (produce fertile
offspring_

The Five (FOUR) Kingdoms

1. Monera
o Unicellular (or colonies)
o Prokaryotes (does not have a nucleus)
FOUR PHYLA:
1. Cyanobacteria
o Photosynthesis
o Use pigments chlorphylla and phycocynain
2. Eubacteria
3. Archaebacteria
o Methanogens- produce methane gas
4. Prochlorobacteria
o Similar to plants
SHAPES:
o Bacilli- Rod shaped
o Cocci- Sphere shaped
o Spirilla- Spiral shaped
2. Protista
o Unicellular
o Eukaryotes
o Auto and heterotrophs
Autotroph- Creates its own food (photosynthesis)
Heterotroph- Cannot produce its own food; eats other
organisms
3. Plantae

o Multicellular
o Eukaryotes
o Autotrophs
o Cell wall
4. Animalia
o Multicellular
o Eukaryotes
o Heterotrophs
o Lack cell wall

VIRUSES

Why arent viruses considered living things?

o Require host
o No need for food
o No cells
Viral Reproduction
o Bacteriophage <= attaches to the outside of the bacteria
o Hole opens in the cell membrane of bacteria cell, viral
genome enters cell and replicates
o Host cells nucleus and other organelles are destroyed
o New viruses are constructed
o Viral replication is complete
o Viruses force themselves through membrane OR
sometimes the cell bursts (LYSIS), releasing viruses
Lytic vs Lysogenic cycle

Microscope Calculations

10,000 m = 1 cm
100 m = 1 mm

Kingdom Protista
The Five Plant-Like Phyla
1. Euglenophyta
o Have a red eye spot that allows them to find bright areas
2. Pynophyta
o Luminescent
o Rigid cell wall
3. Chrysophyta
4. Acrasiomycota
5. Myxomycota
6. Plasmodium- causes malaria

*Label Diagram*
o Gullet
o Cilia- mobility
o Contractile/water vacuole- water regulation
o Nucleolus
o Nucleus
o Pellicle- protection

TWO EXAMPLES OF
Animal-like protists
o Plasmodium- MALARIA!!!!!
o Trichonymphia
Plant-like protists
o Phytoplankton
o Dinoflagellates

Kingdom Animalia

Processes carried out by ALL animals

1. Respiration
2. Excretion
3. Feeding
4. Response
5. Reproduction
6. Internal Transport

7. Movement

2 Main Groups of Kingdom Animalia

A. Invertebrates (8 phyla)
1. Porifera
o Pore cells- H2O enters trhough
o Collar cells- Trap food and create H2O current
o Osculum- H2O exits
o Spicules- Calcium carbonate maintains shape
2. Platyhelminthes (Flatworm)
o Flame cells- H2O regulation (excess H2O)
o Cephalization- brain/nervous development
(sensory)
o Bilateral symmetry
o 3 CLASSES:
i. Turbellaria (Planaria)
ii.
Trematoda (Flukes)
iii.
Cestoda (Tapeworms)
3. Nematoda
o How are they different from free-living worms?
Parasitic (roundworms ex hookworm,
ascaris)
4. Annelida
5. Mollusca
o 4 basic parts:
i. Foot
ii.
Mantle
iii.
Shell
iv.
Visceral Mass
o Radula- drill through prey (like teeth)
o Trochophore- free swimming larvae
o 3 CLASSES
i.
Gastropoda
ii.
Vivalva
iii.
Cephalopoda
6. Cnidaria
o Nematocysts- stinging cells (protection)
o Statocysts- Balance (up/down)
o Ocelli- sense light and dark
o Nerve Net- Sensory
o 3 CLASSES
i.
Hydrozoans (Hydras)
ii.
Scyphozoa (Jellyfish)
iii.
Anthozoa (Anemones and Coral)

7. Echinodermata
o H2O vascular system- H2O regulation
o Madreporite- Brings H2O into body
o Tube feet- Used for movement
o 5 Part Radial Symmetry- Allows for
regeneration
8. Arthropoda
o Features of ALL Arthropods:
Segmented body
Jointed appendages
Exoskeleton
o Compound eye- Detect colour/motion well
o Pheremones- Chemicals used for
communication
o Pupa- Larva -> adult (Complete
metamorphosis)
o Spiracles- Used for respiration -> tracheal
tubes
o 3 SUBPHYLA
i.
Chelicerata
ii.
Crustacea
o Green Glands- Nitrogen waste
iii.
Uniramia

B. Vertebrates
1. Birds
o Reptile-like animals
o Specialized Beaks
o Hollow bones
o Feathers
2. Fish
o Swim bladder- Suspends fish
o Operculum- Protects gills
3. Amphibians
o Larva are aquatic
o Adults are terrestrial
4. Reptiles
o Leathery, scaled skin- survive harsh conditions
o Amniotic Egg- Shell to protect embryo and stop
from drying on land
5. Mammals
o Largest and most intelligent animals on earth