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Peshawar, Pakistan
MODULE 9
{u} = []{q}
{u } = []{q }
{u} = []{q}
1.00
0. 5q1
q1
0.804
a b c
0.446
q1 ( t ) = A1Cosn1t + B1Sinn1t
0.50q1
q1
0.402q1
0.804q1
0.223q1
0.446q1
d ? ( & q)
b
CE-409: MODULE 9 u
(Fall-2013)
1=1*q1
d?
[ ] [ m] [ ]{ q} + [ ] [ c] [ ]{ q } + [ ] [ k ] [ ]{ q} = [ ] { p(t) }
[ M ]{ q} + [ C ]{ q } + [ K ]{ q} = { P(t)}
T
0.445
0.802
Third mode shape
0.445
0.804
0.446
First mode shape
1.00
0.802
1.0
0
Second mode shape
[A]
[ A ]T [ A ] = [ I]
k3
m2
k2
m1
m1
[ m] = 0
0
0
m2
0
0
0
m 3
k1
CE-409: MODULE 9 (Fall-2013)
Mq + Cq + Kq = P(t)
Where
{ p (t)} = [ m]{} u (t )
eff
10
[ ] [ m]{} = { L}
L and m has
same units
Replacing
[ M ]{ q} + [ C ]{ q } + [ K ]{ q} = { Peff (t)} = { L} ug (t )
For nth mode
M n qn + Cn q n + K n qn = Lnug (t )
Mn
2 n M n n
Kn
Ln
qn +
q n +
qn =
ug (t )
Mn
Mn
Mn
Mn
Ln
or qn + 2 n n q n + n qn =
ug (t )
Mn
2
11
{
Ln
n } [ m]{ }
n =
=
T
M n { n } [ m] { n }
T
12
Participation factors
Once the modal amplitudes {q} have been found the
displacements of the structure are obtained from
{u} = []{q}
{ un (t)} = [ n ]{ qn (t)}
13
{
n } T [ m]{ } { n } T [ m]{ }
Ln
Ln 2
(
Wn =
g=
L n g ) = n (L n g ) =
g
Mn
Mn
{ n } T [ m] { n }
It shall be noted that the sum of the all effective weights for an
excitation in a given direction ( i.e. for a given {}) should equal
the total weight of the structure. Note, this may not be the case
where rotational inertia terms also exist in the mass matrix.
Many building codes require that a sufficient number of
modes be used in the analyses such that the sum of the effective
weights is at least 90% of the weight of the structure. This
provides a measure on the number of modes required in the
analysis.
CE-409: MODULE 9 (Fall-2013)
14
u2
u2
u1
u3
u1
Direction of EQ is
horizontal
1
{ } = 1
1
CE-409: MODULE 9 (Fall-2013)
Direction of EQ is
horizontal
1
{ } = 1
0
15
2
An Ln An
Vbn = Wn
=
g
g Mn g
Where Wn = Effective weight of structures in nth mode
16
Vbn
{ f n } = [ m ]{ n }
Ln
CE-409: MODULE 9 (Fall-2013)
17
f3n
m2n
m1n
Vbn
f2n
f1n
Vbn = f1n + f 2 n + f 3n = f n
18
m2
k3
k2
k1
CE-409: MODULE 9 (Fall-2013)
19
1 0 0
[ m] = 0 1 0
0 0 1
500
[ k ] = 250
0
500 n 2
2
[ k ] n [ m] = 250
250
500
250
250
500 n
250
0
250
250
250
2
250 n
0
20
Natural frequencies
Setting det [ k ] n [ m] = 0
2
n1
n2
n3
T = 0.89 sec
n1
T = 0.32 sec
n2
T = 0.22 sec
n3
21
Mode shapes
Normalized coordinates of first mode shape
[[k ]
n1
500 n12
250
Substituting
[m]]{1 } =0
250
500 n1
250
11
250 21 = 0
2
250 n1
31
0
= 49.56 and = 1
2
n1
11
22
Mode shapes
450.44
250
0
First row gives
Second row gives
250
450.44
250
0 1
250
200.44
21
31
=0
31
31
31
CE-409: MODULE 9 (Fall-2013)
23
Mode shapes
n2
= 387.7
250
0
500 387.7
250
500 387.7
250
0
250
250 387.7
12
22
32
112.3 250
250 112.3
250
0
= 0.45
22
& = 0.80
32
0 1
250
137.3
22
32
=0
=0
12 + 1.00
=
+
0.45
22
0.80
32
24
Mode shapes
31 + 1.00 + 0.80
33
1.00 + 1.00 + 1.00
[ ] = 1 2 3 = 1.80 + 0.45 1.25
2.24 0.80 + 0.56
0.45 + 1.00 + 0.80
= 0.80 + 0.45 1.00
25
{
Ln
n } [ m]{ }
n =
=
T
M n { n } [ m] { n }
T
{
Ln
n } [ m]{1}
n =
=
T
M n { n } [ m] { n }
T
{
L1
1} [ m]{1}
1 =
=
T
M 1 {1} [ m] {1}
T
26
11
T
L1 = {1} [ m]{1} = 21
31
0.45
L1 = 0.80
1.00
1 0 0 1
0 1 0 1
0 0 1 1
1 0 0 1
0 1 0 1
0 0 1 1
2
2
L1 = 2.25 kip - sec /in. = 27 kip - sec /ft
CE-409: MODULE 9 (Fall-2013)
27
0.45
M 1 = 0.80
1.00
1 0 0 0.45
0 1 0 0.80
0 0 1 1.00
0.45
28
Participation factor, n
L1 2.25
1 =
=
= 1.22
M 1 1.84
Similarly
L2 0.65
2 =
=
= 0.36
M 2 1.84
L3 0.25
3 =
=
= 0.14
M 3 1.84
29
{
n } [ m]{ }{ n } [ m]{ }
Ln
Wn =
g=
g
T
Mn
{ n } [ m] { n }
T
(
L1
2.25)
W1 =
g=
* 386.4 = 1063.1 kips
M1
1.84
2
2
(
L2
0.65)
W2 =
g=
* 386.4 = 88.7 kips
M2
1.84
2
2
(
L3
0.25)
W3 =
g=
* 386.4 = 13.1 kips
M3
1.84
2
30
W
Participating mass of the structure in nth mode= PM = n
n
W
W1 1063.1
*
PM 1 =
=
= 0.917 = 91.7%
W 3 * 386.4
*
W2
88.7
PM 2 =
=
= 0.077 = 7.7%
W 3 * 386.4
W3
13.1
*
PM 3 =
=
= 0.0113 = 1.13%
W 3 * 386.4
*
PM = 1.00
31
Ln
Vbn =
Mn
An
An
g = Wn
g
g
1.8
A1
1
Vb1 = W1 . = 1063.1*
g * * 0.3 = 645.0 kips
g
g
Tn1
A2
2.71g
For Tn2 = 0.32 sec : Vb 2 = W2 * 0.3 = 88.7 *
* 0.3 = 72.1 kips
g
g
A3
2.71g
For Tn3 = 0.22 sec : Vb 3 = W3 * 0.3 = 13.1*
* 0.3 = 10.7 kips
g
g
CE-409: MODULE 9 (Fall-2013)
32
0.22 sec
0.32 sec
0.89 sec
33
Vbn
{ f n } = [ m ]{ n }
Ln
f1n
1n
f11
11
Vb1
Vb1
[ m] 2n f 21 = [ m] 21
f 2n =
f L1
f L1
31
31
3n
3n
f11
12 0 0 0.45 129.0
645
0
12
0
0
.
80
=
229
.
3
f 21 =
31
CE-409: MODULE 9 (Fall-2013)
34
Vbn
{ f n } = [ m ]{ n }
Ln
f12
12
12 0 0 + 1.00
72.1
Vb 2
[ m] 22 =
0
12
0
+
0.45
f 22 =
f L2
(0.65 *12) 0 0 12 0.80
32
32
f12 + 110.8
f 22 = + 49.8
f 88.6
32
CE-409: MODULE 9 (Fall-2013)
35
Vbn
{ f n } = [ m ]{ n }
Ln
f13
13
12 0 0 + 0.80
10.7
Vb 3
[ m] 23 =
0
12
0
1.00
f 23 =
f L3
(0.25 *12) 0 0 12 + 0.45
33
33
f13 + 34.2
f 23 = 42.8
f + 19.3
33
CE-409: MODULE 9 (Fall-2013)
36
{ f n } = { f1n
f 2n
37
286.7 k
229.3 k
i1
49.8 k
129.0 k
j1
110.8 k
645.0 kips
Mode 1
19.3 k
i2
42.8 k
i3
j2
34.2 k
j3
72.0 kips
10.7 kips
Mode 2
Mode 3
38
39
{ u} max [ ]{ q} max
Therefore
and, in general
{ u} max [ ]{ q} max
40
Combined Response ro
Let rn be the modal response quantity (base shear, nodal
displacement, inter-storey drift, member moment, column stress
etc.) for mode n .The r values have been found for all modes (or
for as many modes that are significant).
Most design codes do not require all modes to be used but many
do require that the number of modes used is sufficient so that the
sum of the Effective Weights of the modes reaches, say, 90% of the
weight of the building. Checking the significance of the
Participation Factors may be useful if computing deflections and
rotations only.
CE-409: MODULE 9 (Fall-2013)
41
ro rno
n =1
42
Square-Root-of-the Sum-of-the-Squares
(SRSS) method
The SRSS rule for modal combination,
E.Rosenblueths PhD thesis (1951) is
r r
o
n =1
no
developed
in
1/ 2
43
Square-Root-of-the Sum-of-the-Squares
(SRSS) method
This method was very commonly used in design codes until about
1980. Most design codes up to that time only considered the
earthquake acting in one horizontal direction at a time and most
dynamic analyses were limited to 2-dimensional analyses .
44
45
i1
Mi1
i2
Mi2
i3
Mi3
method
A i = A j = A i12 + A i 2 2 + ( A i3 ) 2
M i = M i12 + M i 2 2 + ( M i3 ) 2
j1
j2
Mj1
j3
Mj2
Mj3
Aj1
Aj2
Aj3
Mode 1
Mode 2
Mode 3
M j = M j12 + M j2 2 + M j3 2
46
Caution
It must be stressed that what ever response item r that the
analyst or designer requires it must be first computed in each mode
before the modal combination is carried out.
If the longitudinal stress is required in a column in a frame, then
the longitudinal stress which is derived from the axial force and
bending moment in the column must be obtained for each mode
then the desired combination method is used to get the maximum
likely longitudinal stress.
It is NOT correct to compute the maximum likely axial force and
the maximum likely bending moment for the column then use these
axial forces and bending moments, after carrying out their modal
combinations, to compute the longitudinal stress in the column.
CE-409: MODULE 9 (Fall-2013)
47
m2
m1
k3
k2
k1
48