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Introduction
The transformer is an electro-magnetically coupled circuit, which
transforms power from one level of voltage and current to another. It is
a vital link in a power system, which has made possible the power
generated at lower voltages (11KV) to be transmitted over long
distances at higher voltages (330KV, 132KV, etc.)
2.0
Theory
In its simplest form, a transformer consists of a laminated core about
which are wound two sets of windings; one called the primary and the
82
- n d
dt
where e and are the instantaneous values of voltage and flux and n
the number of turns.
This flux lags behind applied voltage by 90o
Thus if
e
Em Sint
m Cost
Em Sint
Em Sint
n m Sint
Em
2f n m
2 E =
2f n m
(where E
rms value =
2
2 x 3.14 f n m
2
4.44 m n f volts
4.44 Bm A n f
(where Bm A
(where = 2f)
1 Em)
83
4.44 Bm A np f
4.44 Bm A ns f
4.44 Bm A np f
4.44 Bm A ns f
Ep
Es
np
ns
where n
l
number of turns
nI
l
ns Is
l
84
Thus flux s links with the primary winding and causes a primary
current Ip to be drawn from the source such that:
np Ip
l
or
or
np Ip =
l
ns Is
l
np Ip =
ns Is
Ip
Is
ns
np
Is
Ip
np
ns
np
ns
Is
Ip
85
So that
or
Ip Np =
Is Ns
Np
Ns
Is
Ip
Es - (IsRs + IsXs)
(IsRs + IsXs)
current in
secondary windings.
The voltage Es is transformed by primary voltage Ep and
Ep
Es
Np
Ns
Ep + (IpRp + IpXp)
=
in primary
windings
Hence
Vp
=
Es
Np
Ns
Vs
And
Vp
Vs
Ep
86
3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3
88
3.4
3.5
no
facilities
at
site
for
the
assembly,
preparation
and
Types of Transformers
This is dealt with in reference to units normally installed in a power
utility like NEPA.
4.1
Power Transformers
These are transformers of high rating of generally not less than 5MVA
and 33KV and the rating also increases with the voltage rating. They
may be of the step-up type installed at generating stations or of the
step-down type installed at substations. They have a high utilisation
factor, which means that they are arranged to work at a constant load
89
Distribution Transformers
These are transformers installed in H.V. distribution feeders to meet
consumer voltage requirements.
4.3
Auto Transformers
An Auto Transformer is a transformer with a common winding for both
primary and secondary. They are used in place of two winding power
transformers where the ratio of transformation does not exceed 2 as
they are cheaper than two winding transformers such as in a
132KV/66KV system or 66KV/33KV system.
90
Typical
4.4
Instrument Transformers
This is dealt with exhaustively in a separate chapter.
5.0
91
92
93
6.0
6.1
The following conditions must be strictly observed in order that 3phase transformers may operate in parallel.
(a) The secondaries must have the same phase sequence or the same
phase rotation.
(b) All corresponding secondary line voltages must be in phase.
(c) The same inherent phase angle difference between primary and
secondary terminals.
(d) Same polarity.
(e) The secondaries must give the same magnitude of line voltages.
In addition, it is desirable that:
(f) The impedances of each transformer, referred to its own rating should
be the same, i.e. each transformer should have the same percentage
or per unit resistance and reactance.
6.2
If conditions (a) to (e) are not complied with, the secondaries will
simply short-circuit one another and no output will be possible.
6.3
If condition (f) is not complied with, the transformers will not share the
total load in proportion to their ratings and one transformer will
become over-loaded before the total output reaches the sum of the
individual ratings. It is difficult to ensure that transformers in parallel
have identical per unit impedance and this affects the load sharing.
6.4
94
provided conditions (a) to (e) are fulfilled, then they can be paralleled
with each other by connecting together terminals which correspond
both physically and alphabetically.
95
Va___
Sin 300
VA
Va Sin 1200
Sin 300
Va Cos 300
Sin 300
Va___
tan 30o
3 Va
VA
Va
1
3
96
The above phase shift can also be explained as follows with reference
to DY 11
Delta voltage VA transformed to secondary star voltage Va is given by:
VA
Va
VAB - VCA
3 Va
VAB - VCA
3
97
1 [VAB (1 + + j 3)
3
2
1 VAB (1 + + j 3)
3
2
1 VAB (3 + j 3)
3
2
2
3 VAB (3 + j 3)
3
2
2
1 VAB [33 + j 3]
3
2
2
VAB (
3 + j )
2
VAB 30o
Similarly it can be shown for the other phases and vector group DY 1.
6.7
98
7.0
7.1
conducted:
(a) Measurement of terminal voltages of each transformer - done
individually.
(b) Checking the phase sequence of each transformer individually.
(c) Phasing out the terminal voltage between each of the phases of the
two transformers.
7.2
The following methods are employed for carrying out the above checks
(a) Phasing sticks are high voltage insulated sticks with built in condensers
to reduce the voltage to an acceptable value as can be measured by
normal indicating instruments.
(b) These sticks are available in ratings of 5 to 33KV. They are also used
to indicate if a line is alive or not.
(c) In the diagram shown below A1, B1, C1 and A2, B2, C2 are the three
phase secondaries of two transformers 1 and 2 to be paralleled. From
the same supply both the transformers are energised keeping the CB
or switch open
99
(d) Three sticks are used to determine the phase sequence. These sticks
are labelled (1), (2) and (3) if no colour or other distinguishing marks
are available. Two sticks are used to measure the voltages.
(e) The individual voltages are measured and recorded as follows by
connecting a voltmeter to the low voltage end of the two phasing
sticks (1) and (2).
Phasing Stick connection Terminal at which
line end
voltage is measured
Magnitude of
voltage
measured
Stick 1
Stick 2
A1
B1
A1 B1
Say 110V
B1
C1
B1 C1
110V
C1
A2
A1
B2
C1 A1
A2 B2
110V
110V
B2
C2
B2 C2
110V
C2
A2
C2 A2
110V
Adjust the voltage taps of any one of the two transformers if the
voltages of transformer (1) are different from those of transformer (2).
100
(f) The next step is to determine the phase sequence. A phase sequence
meter is connected to the low voltage end of the three phasing sticks
such that terminals R, Y, B of phase sequence meter are connected to
sticks (1), (2) and (3) respectively. The line ends of sticks (1), (2) and
(3) are held to terminals A1, B1, and C1 and the phase rotation
observed and recorded as positive if anticlockwise and negative if
clockwise. Similarly, the phase rotation is observed by holding sticks
(1), (2) and (3) to terminals A2, B2 and C2. The phase sequence should
be the same in both cases and if not; change any two of the primary
connections of any one of the two transformers. Repeat the check and
observe phase sequence to be the same.
(g) The last step is to phase out the two supply voltages. Stick (1) is held
to source A1 and stick (2) is held to source terminals A2, B2, and C2 in
succession and the voltages are recorded as follows:
Phasing Stick connection Terminal at which
line end
voltage is measured
Stick 1
A1
B1
C1
Magnitude of
voltage
measured
Stick 2
A2
A1 A2
B2
A1 B1
190
C2
A1 C2
190
A2
B1 A2
190
B2
B1 B2
C2
B1 C2
190
A2
C1 A2
190
B2
C1 B2
190
101
C2
C1 C2
(a) This method is employed where phasing sticks are not available and
also if V.T.s are not available.
(b) The supply used is generally 400 volts, 3-phase supply from which
both the transformers are energised keeping the CB or paralleling
switch open.
(c) Checks as mentioned in paragragh.7.3 (e), (f) and (g) are conducted
for paralleling.
7.5
(a) This is by far the method always employed in 330KV, 132KV and other
substations for paralleling of transformers and for paralleling of two
different sources of supply.
(b) Two sets of V.T.s are essentially required for this method. The checks
are explained with reference to the diagram appended below.
102
to ensure again that both the V.T.s have the same polarity,
connections, secondary voltages, ratio and phase sequence.
(e) If the V.T.s have a difference in phase sequence, polarity etc., then
these have to be suitably corrected and tests (c) and (d) repeated.
(f) The last step is phasing out the two secondary voltages. For this test,
breakers 52LT1 and 52LT2 are kept open. Both the transformers are
energised through breakers 52HT1 and 52HT2 and the voltages phased
out through the secondaries of the two VTs as enumerated in
paragraph 7.3 (g).
(g) If there is a duplicate bus system provided with bus V.T.s for each bus,
then each bus is charged from the secondary of each transformer with
the bus coupler breaker open for conducting the necessary checks
before paralleling.
8.0
8.1
(KVA) 1
(KVA) 2
Z1
Z2
It
I1
I2
104
I1 Z1 =
And:
It
I1 + I2
I1
I2 Z2
Z1
It
I2 Z2 + I2
Z1
I2 (Z2 + Z1)
Z1
I2 Z2
Or I2 =
It (Z1)____
(Z1 + Z2)
105
Similarly I1 =
It (Z2)___
(Z1 + Z2)
We now have
VI2
Or VI2
1000
VIt
(Z1)___
1000 (Z1 + Z2)
(KVA) 2
(KVA) t (Z1)___
(Z1 + Z2)
(KVA) t (Z2)___
(Z1 + Z2)
Similarly (KVA) 1
8.2
VIt (Z1)
(Z1 + Z2)
15 x 103
3 x 33
262.5 A
25 x 103
3 x 33
437.5 A
106
Zpu (2)
0.1 x 100
15
0.67 p.u
0.06 x 100
25
0.24 p.u
It
(Z2)___
(Z1 + Z2)
700 (0.24)____
0.67 + 0.24
700 x 0.24
0.91
184.6A
It
(Z1)__
(Z1 + Z2)
700 (0.67)
0.91
515.4A
107
500 x (10.2)_____
(10 + 10.2)
500 x 10.2
20.2
252.5 A
500 x 10.0
20.2
247.5 A
This shows that the transformer with higher impedance shares less
load than the transformer with lower impedance. In such a case, the
loading should be such as not to exceed the full load current.
8.4
108
Let
E1
E2
Z1
Z2
E1 - E2_
Z1 + Z2
109
Ifl
5 x 106 __
3 x 11 x 103
262.5 A
Vph x % Z
Ifl x 100
11000 x 6
3________
262.5 x 100
Z1 = Z2 = 1.45 ohms
Ic
E1 - E2
Z1 + Z2
39.8 A
Current in transformer 1
I1 + Ic
It (Z2) + Ic
(Z1 + Z2)
=
=
289.8 A
110
This is greater than the full load current of 262.5 A. Hence it is not safe
to operate the two transformers in parallel with unequal secondary
voltages. But the transformers may be operated in parallel provided
that the current in each transformer does not exceed the full load
current.
9.0
9.1
Although
9.3
of
330/132KV
and
132/11KV
or
three
winding
111
Scheme (A)
Two winding transformers
Scheme (B)
Three
winding
transformers
9.4
Comparing scheme (B) with scheme (A) we have the following merits
and demerits
112
Merits
(a) The number of transformers, circuit breakers, CTs, isolators and
control panels is reduced to a minimum.
There is therefore a
113
can be made use of for the third voltage, without the necessity of having
a separate transformer.
Demerits
(a) The main disadvantage is the increased fault level at 11KV because
the voltage is directly transformed from 330 to 11KV.
Hence 11KV
The 11KV
If the 11KV
114
(d) The capacity of the third winding is generally limited to 1/3 rd of the
capacity of the main transformer. Hence if there is a rapid increase in
the growth of the 11KV load, augmentation of the 11KV capacity to
meet this load becomes a problem unless another two winding
132/11KV transformer is added at the substation.
problems
in
load
sharing
and
parallel
operation
This creates
because
the
impedance of the third delta winding is very much low when compared
to the impedance of a similar voltage in a two winding transformer.
10.0 Cooling of transformers and Cost Comparison of the cooling
methods
10.1 The B.S.S. recognises three cooling methods for transformers namely
Air, Mineral oil and Synthetic liquid.
115
The advantage is the reduction in the size of the transformer for the
same rating and consequently a saving in the cost.
10.4 Oil Immersed Water Cooled - Type OW
An internal cooling coil or tubing is mounted through which water is
circulated. This requires a free and abundant supply of water. Cooling
is by convection.
10.5 Forced Oil Natural Air Cooled - Type OFN
It is similar to type ON except that a cooling pump is installed in the oil
circuit for better circulation of oil.
10.6 Forced Oil Air Blast Cooled - Type OFB
It is a combination of type OB and type OFN.
10.7 Forced Oil Water Cooled - Type OFW
It is similar to type OW except that a cooling pump is added in the oil
circuit for forced oil circulation into a heat exchanger in which water is
allowed to flow.
10.8 It must be noted here that transformers with type OFB and type OFW
cooling will carry no load if air or water supply is cut off.
109 It is quite common to select large power transformers of 15MVA and
above with two or more systems of cooling namely ON/OFB or ON/OB
or ON/OB/OFB. These determine the type of cooling and permissible
loading and as soon as the loading exceeds a preset value, fans/pumps
are switched on automatically. An indication of the operation of the
fans/pumps is given in the Transformer control panel.
The rating of
116
ON
% Cost
100
10.11
OFN ON/OB
95
90
ON/OFB
85
OFB OFW
80
75
117
are
various
national
and
international
standards
on
Total - mg KOH/g
Inorganic
118
119
commonly
recommended
measures
in
almost
all
power
Load current
(ii)
Load KW
(iii)
Temperature
(iv)
Voltage
Half Yearly/Yearly:
(i)
Insulation resistance
120
(ii)
Periodically: Changing the silica gel when the colour has changed from
blue to pink.
121