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science
Name: Leila rose junio
Section: 10 fleming
Teacher: mrs tabirao
Preface:
Plate tectonics: In this graph we will be focusing on the
first topic that is plate tectonics, these features can be
sources of different minerals and existence of volcanoes
and other Geological features in Module 1 we will
encounter then different type of plate Boundaries the 3
types of plate boundaries and we have so much more to
learn in this topic about the different processes of
landforms along Plate Boundaries

Earths interior: In module 2 we will study that

scientist have studied heavenly bodies which are
millions of miles away from earth.

Plate tectonics:
a theory explaining the structure of the earth's crust and
many associated phenomena as resulting from the
interaction of rigid lithospheric plates that move slowly
over the underlying mantle.

3 types of Plate boundaries

divergent boundary occurs when two tectonic plates
move away from each other. Along these boundaries,
lava spews from long fissures and geysers spurt
superheated water. Frequent earthquakes strike along
the rift. Beneath the rift, magmamolten rockrises
from the mantle. It oozes up into the gap and hardens
into solid rock, forming new crust on the torn edges of

the plates. Magma from the mantle solidifies into

basalt, a dark, dense rock that underlies the ocean
floor. Thus at divergent boundaries, oceanic crust,
made of basalt, is created. When two plates come
together, it is known as a

convergent boundary.
The
impact of the two colliding plates buckles the edge
of one or both plates up into a rugged mountain
range, and sometimes bends the other down into a
deep seafloor trench. A chain of volcanoes often
forms parallel to the boundary, to the mountain
range, and to the trench. Powerful earthquakes
shake a wide area on both sides of the boundary.
If one of the colliding plates is topped with oceanic
crust, it is forced down into the mantle where it begins to
melt. Magma rises into and through the other plate,
solidifying into new crust. Magma formed from melting
plates solidifies into granite, a light colored, low-density
rock that makes up the continents. Thus at convergent
boundaries, continental crust, made of granite, is Two
plates sliding past each other forms a transform plate
boundary. Natural or human-made structures that cross a
transform boundary are offsetsplit into pieces and
carried in opposite directions. Rocks that line the
boundary are pulverized as the plates grind along,
creating a linear fault valley or undersea canyon. As the
plates alternately jam and jump against each other,

earthquakes rattle through a wide boundary zone. In

contrast to convergent and divergent boundaries, no
magma is formed. Thus, crust is cracked and broken at
transform margins, but is not created or destroyed.
created, and oceanic crust is destroyed.
Transform fault boundaries
o Two plates sliding past each other forms a transform plate
boundary. Natural or human-made structures that cross a
transform boundary are offsetsplit into pieces and
carried in opposite directions. Rocks that line the
boundary are pulverized as the plates grind along,
creating a linear fault valley or undersea canyon. As the
plates alternately jam and jump against each other,
earthquakes rattle through a wide boundary zone. In
contrast to convergent and divergent boundaries, no
magma is formed. Thus, crust
is cracked and broken at transform margins, but is not
created or destroyed.

Convergent boundary
In plate tectonics, a convergent boundary, also known
as a destructive plate boundary (because of subduction
), is an actively deforming region where two (or more)
tectonic plates or fragments of the lithosphere move
toward one another and collide. As a result of pressure,
friction, and plate material melting in the mantle,
earthquakes and volcanoes are common near
convergent boundaries. When two plates move towards

one another, they form either a subduction zone or a

continental collision. This depends on the nature of the
plates involved. In a subduction zone, the subducting
plate, which is normally a plate with oceanic crust,
moves beneath the other plate, which can be made of
either oceanic or continental crust. During collisions
between two continental plates, large mountain ranges,
such as the Himalayas are formed.
Volcanic arc
A volcanic arc is a chain of volcanoes formed above a
subducting plate, 1 positioned in an arc shape as seen
from above. Offshore volcanoes form islands, resulting in
a volcanic island arc. Generally they result from the
subduction of an oceanic tectonic plate under another
tectonic plate, and often parallel an oceanic trench. The
oceanic plate is saturated with water, and volatiles such
as water drastically lower the melting point of the mantle.
As the oceanic plate is subducted, it is subjected to
greater and greater pressures with increasing depth. the
plate and introduces it to the mantle. Here the mantle
melts and forms magma at depth under the overriding
plate. The magma ascends to form an arc of volcanoes
parallel to the subduction zone.
Seismic wave
Seismic waves are waves of energy that travel through
the Earth's layers, and are a result of an earthquake,
explosion, or a volcano that gives out low-frequency
acoustic energy. Many other natural and anthropogenic
sources create low-amplitude waves commonly referred

to as ambient vibrations. Seismic waves are studied by

geophysicists called seismologists.
There are two types of seismic waves
Body wave can travel through earths inner layer. This
waves has the higher frequency and it is faster than
the surface waves
Surface wave can only travel through the surface of
the earths. They arrive after the main P waves and
are confined to the outer layer
There are two types of body waves
P-waves (Primary waves) is a pulse energy that
travels quickly through the earth and liquids. P waves
its travel faster than the S waves Also called
Compressional waves.
S-waves (secondary wave or shear wave) Is a pulse
of energy that travel slower than the P-wave through
Earths and solids.
It moves as shear or transverse wave
There are two types of surface wave
the love wave and it moves faster that Rayleigh
wave. Love wave named after A.E.H love, a british
mathemathician
Rayleigh wave moves along the ground just like a
wave rolls across a lake or ocean, most of the
shaking felt from an earthquake is due to the
Rayleigh, and it named after Lord Rayleigh
Crust

The crust is the thinnest and the outermost layer of

ther earth that expends from the surface to about 32
kilometers below. Underneath some mountains the
crust