1

Mathematical Modelling and Performance

Evaluation of a Stand-Alone Polycrystalline
PV Plant with MPPT Facility
S.Chowdhury, Member, IEEE, S.P.Chowdhury, Member, IEEE, G.A.Taylor, Member, IEEE
and Y.H.Song, Senior Member, IEEE

Abstract-- Photovoltaic (PV) generation has now-a-days proved to

be a cost-effective method for renewable power generation with
minimum environmental impact. Due to environmental and
economic benefits, PV is now being widely deployed as a
distributed energy resources (DER) in distributed generation
systems or microgrids. Extensive laboratory-based research and
simulation studies are being performed for assessing its
effectiveness as DER in microgrids. Simulation studies mostly
involve development of mathematical models which can account
for the variation of PV output with solar irradiance and ambient
temperature as well as the simulation of MPPT feature that is
built in the inverters usually interfaced with the PV arrays.
Simulation studies of microgrids with interconnected DERs and
elaborate control schemes often warrants the development of
simple and robust mathematical models for PV arrays that would
pose low mathematical burden on the system, have low data
storage requirements and which can be represented by standard
block sets of a modelling software. At the same time, the models
should be able to simulate the weather dependent electrical
behaviour of the PV modules. This paper reports on the
development of a DC voltage source model of a polycrystalline PV
Array in MATLAB Simulink and its performance analysis under
various loading and weather conditions as well as the application
of the model to develop a load shedding scheme for a stand-alone
PV system.
Index Terms-- Photovoltaic, distributed energy resources,
irradiance, double exponential model, MPPT feature, standard
block set, load shedding scheme

I. NOMENCLATURE
Iph
Is1, Is2
Rs
Rp
A

photocurrent of the double diode model

saturation currents of the diode terms in the double
diode model
series resistance in the double diode model
parallel resistance in the double diode model
diode parameter

This work was funded by Royal Society, UK (Incoming India Fellowship

Scheme) for 2006-2007.
S.Chowdhury is with Womens Polytechnic, Kolkata, India (e-mail:
sunetra69@yahoo.com).
G.A.Taylor is with Brunel University, West London, UK (e-mail:
gareth.taylor@brunel.ac.uk).
S.P.Chowdhury is with Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India (e-mail:
spchowdhury63@yahoo.com).
Y.H.Song is with XJTLU University, China (email: yonghua.song@liverpool.ac.uk, yonghua.song@xjtlu.edu.cn).

2008 IEEE.

V
I
E
T
k
e
Voc
Pm
Vpm
Ipm
Ns
Np
Vocar
Pmar
Vpmar
Ipmar
Rin
Rinar

cell terminal voltage in Volts

cell terminal current in Amp
solar irradiance in W/m2
ambient temperature in K
Boltzmanns constant
electronic charge
open circuit voltage of each cell
maximum power of each cell
maximum power voltage of each cell
maximum power current of each cell
number of cells in series
number of cells in parallel
open circuit voltage of the array
maximum power of the array
maximum power voltage of the array
maximum power current of the array
internal resistance of each cell
internal resistance of the array
II. INTRODUCTION

UE to the environmental and economic benefits obtained

from PV generation, PV systems are being widely
deployed as small-scale, on-site DG in embedded power
systems. PV cells generate electric power by directly
converting solar energy to electrical energy. Since the voltage
and current output of a single PV cell is too small for practical
usage, PV generation systems usually consist of series-parallel
combinations of PV cells in order to obtain the required
voltage and current output. These combinations, known as PV
panels and arrays, generate DC power that has to be converted
to AC at standard power frequency in order to feed the loads.
Therefore PV systems are provided with sophisticated
inverter systems for performing the DC-AC conversion. The
function of the inverter system is to keep the AC output
voltage at the specified level in spite of the variation of the
DC voltage with variation of solar irradiance E (W/m2) and
ambient temperature T (K). The inverters are also provided
with Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) features which
sets the operating point voltage of the array such that
maximum power can be extracted from the array.
In recent years extensive research in the form of
laboratory-based work as well as simulation studies are being
carried out worldwide on the application of PV systems as
distributed energy resources (DERs) in distributed power

systems or microgrids which mainly aim at harnessing power

from the renewable and non-conventional energy sources with
low environmental impact. Richard W. Wies, et. al. has
reported the economic analysis and environmental impacts of
integrating a photovoltaic (PV) array into diesel-electric
power systems for remote villages.[1]. L. Mendez et. al. have
discussed the applicability of autonomous photovoltaic
systems in supplying power to remote isolated villages in
Morocco.[2]. S.Bando et. al. have reported on the optimal
operation planning of a photovoltaic-cogeneration-battery
hybrid System in the Japanese scenario.[3] Bogdan S. Borowy
et. al. have presented their work on the optimum sizing of a
PV array for a stand-alone hybrid wind/PV system in the
USA.[4] E.W.Smiley et. al. has described a simple
programming model to minimize the life cycle cost of a
hybrid power system consisting of a photovoltaic array,
engine generator and battery.[5] N. Phuangpornpitak et. al.
have presented a survey of PV hybrid system in Thailand
during the last decade regarding to status of technology,
performance in terms of technical and economic aspects and
their prospects.[6]
Simulation or offline studies mainly involve development
of robust mathematical models for PV arrays as DERs which
can be further utilised for simulating hybrid power systems.
Several works on mathematical modelling of PV cells or
arrays have been reported in literature. J.A.Gow and
C.D.Manning have reported the development of an effective
system to characterize polycrystalline PV cells and generate
the device dependent data that provides the link between the
environmental variables irradiance and temperature, and the
electrical characteristics of the device.[7] A Microsoft
Windows based electrical simulation model for photovoltaic
cells, modules and arrays has been developed by D.L.King et.
al. that can be use used to analyze individual cells, to analyze
the effects of cell mismatch or reverse bias heating in
modules, and to analyze the performance of large arrays of
modules including bypass and blocking diodes.[8]
M.C.Russell has reported the development of accurate,
flexible PV array and inverter models and their application to
help understand the performance of the PV systems and
address issues which are important to inverter
designers/manufacturers, systems designers and system
operators.[9] D.D.Nguyen and B.Lehman have proposed a
modeling and computing algorithm to simulate and analyze
the effect of non-uniform changing shadows (a passing cloud)
on the output power of solar PV arrays.[10] R.Chenni et. al.
have investigated a modeling process configuring a computer
simulation model, able to demonstrate the cells output
features in terms of irradiance and temperature environment
changes and have tested The model to simulate three popular
types of photovoltaic panels constructed with different
materials like copper indium diselenide (CIS) thin film, multicrystalline silicon and mono-crystalline silicon.[11]
E.Karatepe et. al. have developed a PV model that can take
into consideration the effects of bypass diodes and the
variation of the equivalent circuit parameters with respect to
operating conditions and can provide sufficient degree of
precision as well as solar cell-based analysis in analyzing

large scale PV arrays without increasing the computational

effort.[12]
The above works show that considerable effort is being put
into the development of robust mathematical models for PV
with low computational burden which can account for the
variation of PV output with the weather conditions as well as
can simulate the MPPT feature that is built in the inverters
usually interfaced with the PV arrays.
In this context, the authors of this paper have endeavoured
to develop a robust and very simple mathematical model of a
polycrystalline PV array in MATLAB Simulink which (a)
imposes low computational burden on the system, (b) has low
data storage requirement and (c) can be represented by
standard block set of MATLAB Simulink. At the same time,
the model can take into account the variation of the PV array
output with solar irradiance and ambient temperature
incorporating the Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT)
feature that shifts the operating voltage set point of the model
to its maximum power voltage so that maximum power can be
extracted from it. The authors have also utilised their model to
(i) study in detail the performance of the PV array with
varying weather and loading conditions, (ii) use the model to
simulate a stand-alone PV plant for studying the effect on
load variation on the Ac side bus and (iii) develop a simple
load shedding scheme for the PV plant.
III. DOUBLE DIODE MODEL OF THE POLYCRYSTALLINE CELL
The standard double diode model of a typical
polycrystalline PV cell as depicted in Fig. 1 expresses the V-I
characteristic of a cell by the following equation: [7]

Fig. 1. Double Diode Model of Polycrystalline PV Cell

V + IRs

vt

I = Iph Is1[e

V + IRs

Avt

1] Is 2[e

V + IRs
Rp

(1)

where,
vt = kT/e

(2)

In equation(1) and equation(2), V and I are the terminal

voltage and current of a cell respectively, k is Boltzmanns
constant, T is the absolute ambient temperature (K) and e the
electronic charge. The diode parameter A is usually set to 2 for
approximating the Shockley-Read-Hall recombination in the
space-charge layer in the photo-diode. The model parameters

Iph, Isl, Is2, A, Rs and Rp are calculated from the values of

irradiance E (W/m2) and ambient temperature T (K) using
the following empirical relationships of equations (3)-(8)
obtained
from
experimental
polycrystalline
cell
characterization as reported in earlier works [7]:

Iph = K 0 E (1 + K 1T )

IS1 = K 2T 3 .e

K3
(
)
T

IS = K 4T 1.5 .e
2

K5
(
)
T

A = K 6 + k 7T
K9
RS = K 8 +
+ K 10T
E
Rp = K 11.e K 12T

Voc, Vpm and Ipm have been determined by generating the V-I
characteristic and the power curve of each cell through the
modelling programme according to the double diode model
described in equation(1). The flowchart for the modelling
programme has been shown in Fig. 4.

(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)

IV. MODELLING OF PV ARRAY

In the present work, the PV array has been modelled as a
simple ideal DC voltage source with an internal resistance in
series as shown in Fig. 3 such that the values of the ideal DC
voltage source and the internal resistance are dependent on
the values of E and T. The DC source is connected to an
inverter which converts the DC output of the PV to 3-phase,
415V, 50Hz AC supply suitable for supplying the loads. The
entire modelling and subsequent studies have been done in
MATLAB Simulink Version 7.2. The standard inverter block
available in MATLAB has been used for modelling the
inverter interface and no separate mathematical model has
been developed for the same.

Fig. 3. Flowchart for calculation for PV array equivalent circuit

The detailed mathematical calculations for various parameters

are listed below:
(i) Calculation of Voc
Fig. 2. Equivalent Circuit of PV Array connected to DC/AC Inverter

In the model, the PV array has been assumed to be comprising

a combination of Ns cells in series and Np cells in parallel in
order to achieve the required voltage, current and power
capacity. The terminal DC voltage of the array is maintained
at its maximum power voltage Vpmar corresponding to the solar
irradiance and ambient temperature condition while the value
of the ideal DC voltage source is set at the open circuit
voltage Vocar for the array. Vpmar, Vocar and the internal
resistance Rinar for the array have been calculated from the
values of the open circuit voltage (Voc), maximum power
voltage (Vpm) and maximum power current (Ipm) of each cell.

The open circuit voltage Voc for a single cell is determined by

setting I=0 and V=Voc in the double diode model as shown in
equation(9) below. Voc is the maximum value that terminal
voltage V can achieve with full open circuit.

Voc = Rp.[ Iph Is1[e

Vth

vt

1] Is 2[e

Vth
Avt

]]

(9)

(ii) Calculation of Pm, Vpm and Ipm

The V-I characteristic and power curve of a cell are generated
by varying V from 0 to Voc and by storing the values of V, I
and P=V.I as separate arrays. The power array is then
searched for its maximum value Pm=P[i] and the value of

maximum power voltage Vpm is obtained by setting Vpm=V[i]

where i is the coordinate corresponding to maximum power
Pm. Similarly, maximum power current Ipm is set as Ipm=I[i].
V. CASE STUDIES AND RESULTS

(iii) Calculation of Vocar, Pmar and Vpmar

For the array the open circuit voltage, maximum power and
maximum power voltage are calculated as

Vocar = Voc.Ns

(10)

Pmar = Pm . Ns . Np

(11)

i) Generation of V-I characteristics and power curves for

varying solar irradiances and constant ambient temperature:
Fig.-4(a) and 4(b) shows the V-I and power characteristics
generated by the programme for a fixed ambient temperature
of 25C (T=298K) and irradiance values of E= 500, 600,
700, 800, 900 and 1000 W/m2. Table 2 gives the values for
Vocar, Vpmar, Pmar and Rinar for the same condition.

and
Vpmar = Vpm . Ns

A. Case-I:

(12)

respectively. Though Rinar can be calculated from Voc, Vpm and

Ipm only, Vpmar and Pmar have been computed for the purpose of
performance evaluation of the array.
iv) Calculation of internal resistance Rinar
During calculation of the internal voltage of the array, it has
been assumed that the change from Voc to Vpm for each cell is
linear i.e. a change from current I=0 current to I=Ipm has
caused the terminal voltage to drop from Voc to Vpm. It is also
assumed that the DC voltage at the converter terminal must be
equal to Vpm. Thus, for each cell, the value of the internal
resistance can be calculated as Rin = (Voc-Vpm)/Ipm. For the
array, Ns series and Np parallel combination of Rin gives the
value of Rinar as:

Rinar =

Voc Vpm Ns
.
Ipm
Np

(a)

(13)

In the calculation, the values of the K coefficients used are as

reported in earlier work [7]. The values of K coefficients and
those of E, T, Ns and Np are listed below in Table-1.

(b)

TABLE 1
VALUES OF INPUT COEFFICIENTS AND PARAMETERS

Fig. 4. (a) Generated V-I characteristic for varying E (b) Generated power
characteristic for varying E

Input Coefficients/Parameters
K0
K1
K2
K3
K4
K5
K6
K7
K8
K9
K10
K11
K12
Ns
Np

Value
-5.729e-7
-0.1098
44.5355
-1.2640e4
11.8003
-7.3174e3
2
0
1.47
1.6126e-3
-4.47e-3
2.3034e6
-2.8122e-2
2000
400

TABLE 2
VALUES CALCULATED AT AMBIENT TEMPERATURE OF 25 C FOR DIFFERENT
VALUES OF SOLAR IRRADIANCE

Irradiance
(E in
W/m2)

Open Circuit
Voltage for
Array (Vocar
in
Volts)

1000
900
800
700
600
500

873.42
866.42
858.47
849.29
838.44
825.22

Maximum
Power
Voltage
for
Array
(Vpmar in
Volts)
660
660
660
630
630
630

Maximum
Power
(Pmar
in
Watts)

Internal
Resistance
for
array (Rinar
in Ohms)

4124
3652
3181
2721
2270
1821

34.16
37.31
41.18
50.78
57.85
67.54

ii) Generation of V-I characteristics and power curves for

varying ambient temperature and constant solar irradiance:

The model has been used to develop a stand-alone PV system

which delivers AC load through DC/AC inverter interface as
shown in Fig. 6. This has been used to study the effect of step
load change on the 415V, 3-phase, 50 Hz AC side bus for a
particular solar irradiance and weather condition.

Fig.-5(a) and 5(b) shows the V-I and power characteristics

generated by the programme for a fixed solar irradiance of
E=1000 W/m2 and ambient temperature values of 5, 15, 25,
35 and 45 C (i.e. T=278, 288, 298, 308 and 318 K
respectively). Table 3 gives the values for Vocar, Vpmar, Pmar and
Rinar for these conditions.

Fig. 6. Stand-alone PV System

(a)

i) E=1000 W/m2 and T=298 K (25 C)

Table 4 shows the values of AC bus voltage for different
loadings for the value of E=1000 W/m2 and T=298K (25C).
It is clear from Table-4 that, AC side loading on the array that
keeps the bus voltage fixed at 415V is almost 4100W which
corresponds to the maximum power capacity of 4124W as
obtained from Table 2. Fig. 7 shows the change in AC bus
voltage profile with load changes from 3690W to 4920W in
five steps over a period of 6 seconds.
(b)
Fig. 5. (a) Generated V-I characteristic for varying T (b) Generated power
characteristic for varying T

TABLE 3
VALUES CALCULATED AT SOLAR IRRADIANCE OF 1000 W/m2 FOR DIFFERENT
VALUES OF AMBIENT TEMPERATURE

Temperature (T
in K)

Open
Circuit
Voltage for
Array (Vocar
in Volts)

Maximum
Power
Voltage for
Array (Vpmar
in Volts)

Maximum
Power
(Pmar
in
Watts)

278
288
298
308
318

972.51
923.19
873.42
823.18
772.44

750
720
660
600
570

4566
4360
4124
3857
3590

B. Case 2

Internal
Resistance
for
array (Rinar
in
Ohms)
36.54
33.55
34.16
34.72
32.15

TABLE 4
VOLTAGE VALUES FOR LOAD CHANGE AS OBTAINED FROM THE MODEL FOR
CASE-B(I)
Voltage Change
Load Change
Load
in Actual
Watts
Voltage in
AC Bus
415V
Bus
voltage
Corresponding
to 4100 W
maintained
at
Maximum
Power
specified level
Capacity of array
(4124W)
10% reduction
3690 W
429 V
3.37% rise
20% reduction
3280 W
445 V
7.23% rise
10% increase
4510 W
401 V
3.37% drop
20% increase
4920 W
388 V
6.50% drop

Fig. 7. AC bus voltage profile for step load change for E=1000 W/m2 and
T=298 K

ii) E=800 W/m2 and T=298 K (25 C)

Table 5 shows the values of AC bus voltage for different

loadings for the value of E=800 W/m2 and T=298K (25C).
It is clear from Table 5 that, AC side loading on the array that
keeps the bus voltage fixed at 415V is almost 3160W which
corresponds to the maximum power capacity of 3181W as
obtained from Table 2. Fig. 8 shows the change in AC bus
voltage profile with load changes from 2528W to 3792W in
five steps over a period of 6 seconds.

capacity of the PV system such that voltage at AC bus does

not drop below a preset percentage. For this paper, the
allowable voltage drop has been chosen to be 2%. However,
this limit can be changed by the user. The load shedding
module measures the voltage change in voltage profile at the
415V AC bus and generates a trip signal (logic 0) after a time
delay of 2 seconds, for opening the extra load circuit breakers
for shedding these loads. The time delay of 2 seconds has
been included in the programme in order to avoid spurious
tripping in case of voltage transients caused by switching of
other loads in the same bus. This time delay setting can also
be changed by the user to suit his needs.
The present case shows the switching on of 20% extra load of
820W load above the maximum capacity of 4100W at t=0.2
sec. for T=298 K and E=1000 W/m2 (please refer Table 2).
The voltage sensing module endures the extra loading for 2
seconds and then generates a trip signal and shed the extra
load. The load power, voltage profile and trip signal
generation are shown in Fig. 9 below.

TABLE 5
VOLTAGE VALUES FOR LOAD CHANGE AS OBTAINED FROM THE MODEL FOR
CASE-B(II)
Load Change

Load
Watts

in

Corresponding to
Maximum Power
Capacity of array
(3181 W)
10% reduction
20% reduction
10% increase
20% increase

3160 W

Actual
Voltage in AC
Bus
415V

2844 W
2528 W
3476 W
3792 W

429 V
443 V
402 V
390 V

Voltage Change

Bus
voltage
maintained
at
specified level
3.37% rise
6.74% rise
3.13% drop
6.02% drop

Fig. 9. Plots showing the generation of trip signal, PV loading and AC bus
voltage profiles for a 5 second simulation

VI. CONCLUSION

Fig. 8 AC bus voltage profile for step load change for E=800 W/m2 and T=298
K

C. Case 3: Modeling of Load-Shedding Scheme

The model has been used to develop a load shedding scheme
for the stand-alone PV system shown in Fig.-3. The load
shedding scheme is aimed at maintaining the loading level at
the AC bus at a level suitable for the maximum power

The authors have found the model to be robust, efficient

and of low computational burden which is evident from the
low computation time while running the simulation. It also
imposes low data storage requirements on the system as the
V-I and power characteristics are generated by the programme
and need not be stored in the system as data points. The
results clearly show that this model can be well utilised for
detailed load performance analysis of PV arrays, for studying
elementary control strategies for PV plants as well as for
representing PV-based DERs for studying the performances
of distributed power systems and microgrids with hybrid types
of sources. The authors also feel that laboratory-based cell
characterisation work can be well utilised in this manner for
developing simplified low-burden mathematical models for
different types of PV arrays and will be immensely helpful for
simulation studies for distributed power systems and
microgrids. The authors are at present working on simulating
a PV system with storage facilities where lack of PV

generation can be supplemented by fuel cells, storage

batteries or flywheels.
VII. ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors would like to thank Royal Society, UK
(Incoming India Fellowship Scheme) and Nuffield Science
Bursaries for Undergraduate Research, UK for providing
funds and Brunel Institute of Power Systems, School of
Engineering and Design, Brunel University, UK for providing
necessary infrastructure and facilities for undertaking this
research work.
VIII. REFERENCES
[1]

Richard W. Wies, Ron A. Johnson, Ashish N. Agrawal and Tyler J.

Chubb, Simulink Model for Economic Analysis and Environmental
Impacts of a PV With Diesel-Battery System for Remote Villages, IEEE
Transactions on Power Systems, Vol. 20, No. 2, pp.692-700, May, 2005.
[2] L. Mendez, L. Narvarte, A. G. Maninach, P. Izquierdo, L. M. Carrasco,
R. Eyras, Centralized Stand Alone PV System in Micro Grid in
Morocco, Proc. of 3rd World Conference on Photovoltaic Energy
Conversion, Osaka, Japan, May 11-18, 2003.
[3] S. Bando, H. Asano, T. Tokumoto, T. Tsukada, and T. Ogata, Optimal
Operation Planning of a Photovoltaic-Cogeneration-Battery Hybrid
System, Proc. of International Conference on Power System Technology,
2006.
[4] Bogdan S. Borowy and Ziyad M. Salameh, Optimum Photovoltaic Array
Size for a Hybrid Wind/PV System, IEEE Transactions on Energy
Conversion, Vol. 9, No. 3, pp.482-488, September 1994.
[5] Eric W. Smiley and John D. Jones, OPTIMIZING Photovoltaic Array
Size in a Hybrid Power System, 0-7803-5772-8/00/$10.00 0 2000 IEEE.
[6] N. Phuangpornpitak, S. Kumar, PV hybrid systems for rural
electrification in Thailand, Science Direct, Renewable and Sustainable
Energy Reviews, 11(2007), 1530-1543.
[7] J.A. Gow and C.D.Manning, Development of a Model for Photovoltaic
Arrays Suitable for Use in Simulation Studies of Solar Energy Conversion
Systems, Proc. of IEE Conference on Power Electronics and Variable
Speed Drives, 23-25 September 1996 (Conference Publication No. 429, 0
IEE, 1996).
[8] David L. King, James K. Dudley, and William E. Boyson, PVSIM: A
Simulation Program for Photovoltaic Cells, Modules, and Arrays, Proc.
of 25th PVSC,; Washington, D.C. , May 13-17, 1996.
[9] Miles C. Russell, Grid-Tied PV System Modelling: How and Why,
Proc. of First WCPEC, Hawaii, Dec. 5-9, 1994.
[10] Dzung D Nguyen and Brad Lehman, Modeling and Simulation of Solar
PV Arrays under Changing Illumination Conditions, 2006 IEEE
COMPEL Workshop, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA,
July 16-19, 2006.
[11] R. Chenni, M. Makhlouf, T. Kerbache, A. Bouzid, A detailed modeling
method for photovoltaic cells, Science Direct, Energy 32 (2007) 1724
1730.
[12] Engin Karatepe, Mutlu Boztepe, Metin Colak, Development of a suitable
model for characterizing photovoltaic arrays with shaded solar cells,
Science Direct, Solar Energy 81 (2007) 977992.

IX. BIOGRAPHIES
Dr.S.Chowdhury received her BEE and PhD in 1991 and 1998 respectively.
She joined M/S M.N.Dastur & Co. Ltd as Electrical Engineer and Womens
Polytechnic, Kolkata, India as Lecturer in 1991 and 1998 respectively. She was
promoted to Senior Lecturer in 2006. She visited Brunel University, UK several
times on collaborative research programmes. She has published two books and
over 50 papers mainly in power systems. She is a Member of the IET (UK) and
IE(I) and Member of IEEE(USA). She is acting as YM Coordinator in Indian
Network of the IET(UK).

Dr.G.A.Taylor is currently based at the Brunel Institute of Power Systems as a

lecturer and course director. He received his BSc degree in Applied Physics from
Royal Holloway College, London University, in 1987, and his MSc and PhD
degrees in numerical analysis and modelling from the University of Greenwich
in 1992 and 1997 respectively. He has contributed to over 50 publications
concerning applications of computational modelling and numerical analysis in
both power and general engineering problems. His current research interests
include micro-generation and micro-grids, reactive power and voltage control,
power system and network communications, power system and network
operation, power system economics and electricity markets. He is a member of
the IET (UK).
Dr.S.P.Chowdhury received his BEE, MEE and PhD in 1987, 1989 and 1992
respectively. In 1993, he joined E.E.Dept. of Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India
as Lecturer. He was promoted to Senior Lecturer and then to Reader grades in
1998. He visited Brunel University, UK several times on collaborative research
programme. He has published two books and over 100 papers mainly in power
systems. He is a fellow of the IET (UK) with C.Eng., IE(I) and the IETE(I) and
Member of IEEE(USA). He is a member of Membership and Regions Board
(MRB), MRB Finance Committee, Council and the Regional Representative
Committee of the IET(UK).
Prof.Y.H.Song received his BEng, MSc and PhD in 1984, 1987 and 1989
respectively. In 1991, he joined Bristol University, and then held various
positions at Liverpool John Moores University and Bath University before he
joined Brunel University in 1997 as Professor of Network Systems at the
Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering. He was Director of Brunel
Advanced Institute of Network Systems and Pro-Vice-Chancellor of the
University till 2006. He is currently Pro-Vice Chancellor of Liverpool
University, UK and Executive President of Xian Jiaotong-Liverpool University
He has published four books and over 300 papers mainly in power systems. He
was awarded the Higher Doctorate of Science (DSc) in 2002 by Brunel
University for his significant research contributions. He is a fellow of the IET
(UK) and the Royal Academy of Engineering and Senior Member of
IEEE(USA).