BIOLOGY PAPER 2 2009

ANSWER SCHEME
SECTION A

Item Answer
1(a)(i) - semi-permeable membrane is the membrane which only permit some substances to
move across it freely while others cannot.
(ii) - fluidity characteristics is caused by the protein molecules which are
floating in the phospholipids bilayer.
- the position of the molecules also keep on changing.
(b)(i) Fatty acids , glycerol , carbon dioxide, oxygen, water – any two
(ii) - molecule Q bind with the binding site of structure X.
- ATP provides energy to structure X and cause structure X to change its shape.
- structure X pump molecule Q across it.
(c)(i) Solution X : salt solution
Solution Y : distilled water
(ii) - distilled water is hypotonic compare to the cytoplasmic fluid in the red blood cells.
- water molecules diffuse into red blood cell by osmosis
- red blood cells swell and burst . Haemolysis occur
- cytoplasmic fluid of red blood cells cause the solution change into clear red
Total=12 marks

Item Answer
2(a)(i) R : Anaerobic respiration
S : Aerobic respiration
2(a)(ii)
R : - the glucose is not completely broken down
- the glucose break down when there is very little or no more oxygen

: occurs in the cytoplasm

: releases much less energy , only 2 molecules of ATP (150 kJ of energy

per mole of glucose)

: produce lactic acid

S : - the glucose is completely broken down

- the glucose break down in the presence of oxygen

: occurs in the mitochondria and cytoplasm

: releases much energy , 38 molecules of ATP (2898 kJ of energy per

mole of glucose)

: produce carbon dioxide and water

2(b) R : C6H12O6 C3H6O3 + Energy (150 kJ/2ATP)

Glucose Lactic acid + Energy (150 kJ/2ATP)
S : C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy (2898 kJ/38ATP)
Glucose + Oxygen Carbon dioxide+ Water + Energy
Item Answer
2(c)
D : R releases less energy / 2 molecules of ATP / 150 kJ of energy (per mole of
glucose) while S releases more energy / 38 molecules of ATP / 2898 kJ of energy
(per mole of glucose)

E : Oxidation of glucose is complete in R but not complete in S.

2(d)
F : During anaerobic respiration, glucose break down partially into lactic acid

E : Accumulation of lactic acid cause muscular fatigue and cramps.

TOTAL MARKS=12

Item Answer
Num
3(a)(i) 15 km

(a)(ii)
Water pollution
Pesticide/ herbicide / fungicide/ insecticide
OR
Eutrophication
Faeces / fertilizer’s

(b)

Reason : Oxygen level in the water drops, causing the fish to die thus decreasing
their population.
(c) o Agriculture activities releases fertilizer / nitrates / phosphates
o Decomposition of the waste product release mineral ions
o Leaching the fertilizers and minerals into the river, promotes alga and aquatic
plant growth called algal bloom.
o This prevent penetration of sunlight into the river and inhibit photosynthesis
process
o Oxygen content decrease, aquatic organisms die.

(d)
o High agriculture sewage provides food and organic substances for
microorganisms
o This encourages the increase in population of bacteria in the river.
o Oxygen consumption by the bacteria increases while decomposing the organic
substances and creating a high BOD
o Therefore the oxygen content in the river decrease.
Item Answer
4(a)(i)
A: phagocytes
B: lymphocytes

(ii) Process A :
-Phagocytes move towards antigens using pseudopodium
-Phagocytes surround the antigen
-Antigen is wrapped in vacuole and hydrolysed by hydrolytic enzyme
-Antigen is destroyed and is removed from the phagocyte

(b) Antibody
-is a protein produced by lymphocytes in response to the presence of an antigen

(c) For individual X :

-to stimulate production of the antibody
For individual Y
-to destroy the antigen so as disease can be cured

(d) Differences between immunity of X and Y

1. Individu X, is long lasting or permanent whereas individu Y is short lasting or
temporary
2.Individual X gives a slow response but individual Y gives an immediate response.
3.Individual X need lymphocytes to produce antibody, whereas individu al Y gets
ready made antibody.

(e) To save Ali’s lie :

-igiving hin an injection of antiserum containing antibody through artificial passive
immunity
-ready made antibody will destroy or nuetralise the venom.

TOTAL=12 marks
Item Answer
5(a)(i)
X: biceps/flexor
Y: triceps/extensor

(ii)
- work in an antagonistic manner ie when one muscle contract, the other muscle relax
alternatively

(b)(i)
1.Y is attached to the ulna via tendon
2. Y contracts while X relaxes
3. When Y contracts, it shortens and the pull is translated to the ulna via the tendon
4. Ulna is pulled downward and the lower arm straightened

(b)(ii)
V allows movement in one plane /dimension whereas W can moves in all direction / 3
dimension

(c)(i)
1.Vitamin D is required for the absorption of calcium

2.Calcium is needed for the building of bone cells

(c)(ii) Cartilage at the end of the joint bone is thinned /damaged because they rub against each other
due to lack of synovial fluid in the joint.
(d)
1. women above 50 yrs old have reached menopausal age
2. As a result, less estrogen is released
3. Resulting in loss of calcium from bones
4. Bone mass decreases resulting in porosity of bones

TOTAL MARKS = 12
SECTION B

Item Scheme

When an impulses arrives in the axon terminal

Stimulates (synaptic) vesicles to move towards and
bind with the presynaptic membrane
The vesicles release the neurotransmitter into the synapse
6(a)
The neurotransmitter molecules cross the synapse to the dendrite of
another neurone
It then stimulates the chemical energy to convert to newly form
electrical impulses which travels along the neurone

F1 - P is afferent neurone which transmits nerve impulse from the

receptors to the interneurone.
E1 - If P damaged, impulse from receptor cannot be transfered to the
interneurone.
E2 - As a result, individual A cannot feel any pain
6(b)
F2 - R is efferent neurone which transmits nerve impulse from
interneurone to the effector
E1 - If R is damaged, impulse from interneurone cannot be
transfered to the effector
E2 - As a result, individual A cannot withdraw the hand away from
the pointed needle
(c)
F1 : Diagram 6.2 is a knee jerk reflex while diagram 6.3 is withdrawing
the hand from a sharp needle reflex.
E1 : The leg swings forward to produce a knee jerk while the hand id
withdrawn from the sharp needle.

F2 : Diagram 6.2 involed aferent and efferent neurons while diagram 6.3
involves afferent, interneuron and efferent neurone.
E2 : Receptor detect the stimulus and triggers a nerve impulse
E2 : Afferent neurone carries impulse from receptor to the spinal cord
E3 : The are synapses in between the different types of neurone.
E4 : Efferent neurone carries impulses from spinal cord to effector
E5 : The quadricep/biceps muscles are stimulated to contract, thus
producing the appropriate movement.

F3 : Diagram 6.2 produces response faster than diagram 6.3.

E3 : This is because diagram 6.2 involves only one synapse while there
are two in diagram 6.3

TOTAL = 20 marks
7(a)
Glucose
P1 : Excess of glucose in the blood is converted to glycogen and stored in the liver
P2 : In the liver , if glucose level in blood is low glycogen is converted to glucose
P3 : Excess of glycogen is converted to lipids by the liver
P4 : Reaching the body cells , glucose is oxidized to release energy in cellular respiration

Amino acids
P5 : In liver , synthesized of plasma protein from amino acids
P6 : In liver excess of amino acids ( cannot be stored in the body but) undergo
deamination process.
P7 : Urea is then eliminated by the kidney
P8 : In body cells , amino acids is used to synthesise new protoplasm and repair of
damaged tissues
P9 : In body cell , amino acids is used to synthesise enzymes/antibodies/hormones

Lipids
P10 : Excess lipids is stored in adipose tissues
P11 : Phospholipids and cholesterol make up the plasma membrane
Any 10 points

(b) Total energy value is

5250+1500+2400+2400+750+2500+400+600=15800KJ

P1 : The menu is not a balanced diet because it does not contain the 7 classes of food in
appropriate ratio

P2 : Menu is highly rich in carbohydrates and fats and there are no vegetables and lack
of vitamins
//
Higher energy intake compare to energy requirement for a girl aged 15

Consequences

P3 : Constipation
P4 : lack of fiber , faeces moving to slowly through the colon

P5 : Scurvy
P6 : lack of vitamin C //any other vitamins deficiency with explanation

P6 : Obesity
P7 : increase in body weight drastically due to energy requirement is less then energy
intake

P8 : Diabetes mellitus
P9 : excess of glucose contain in blood , food is highly rich in carbohydrates

P10 : Arteriosclerosis
P12 : fats deposited in the lumen of blood vessel

P13 : Heart attack

P14 : blockage in the coronary artery //
Any other cardiovascular diseases with explanation

Any 4 consequences
Max 7

TOTAL=20 marks