Anonymity as Culture: Treatise

by David Auerbach
Alienation, irony, autonomy, discourse. On 4chan and Internet
masquerade.
Anonymity as Culture was produced by Triple Canopy as part of its Research Work
project area, supported in part by the Brown Foundation, Inc. of Houston, the New
York City Department of Cultural Affairs in partnership with the City Council, and the
New York Council for the Humanities.
BEFORE FACEBOOK AND TWITTER BECAME avenues for advertising ourselves
and our careers, before Internet dating became not only acceptable but preferable
to the alternatives, before so much of our social and professional lives came to be
conducted on the Web, social spaces of a different kind existed online. They were
populated by people who, for whatever reason, found a sense of belonging in
communities built around semi-anonymous, real-time, written discourse. Some were
computer hobbyists and professionals, some were recluses, some were anarchists;
all of them found their local communities wanting and were willing to sacrifice faceto-face interaction for a world of mostly unformatted text on a black screen.
Today, the most ubiquitous online communities are social networks where our
identities are mostly known and mostly persistent. Each tweet, each status update,
is branded with a persistent name or affiliation. The loudest voices on Twitter are
celebrities. For Twitter and Facebook, the connection of users accounts to their real
identities is part of facilitating long-term connections between people (and therefore
to Twitter and Facebook and their advertisers). Googles recently unveiled social
network, Google+, has followed Facebook in suspending accounts with suspected
pseudonyms and demanding proof of identity.1
Yet for people who do not want to be known, do not want to be corralled into
demographic groups, and do not want the hierarchy of prestige, other spaces
persist. These are the sort of spaces that were the progenitors of social networks:
newsgroups, chatrooms, online forums, and Internet Relay Chat channels. They offer
a lack of accountability for what one says, a way to hide unappealing facts about
oneself, and an instant escape hatch if things get unpleasant. They offer anonymity.
The growth of these anonymous spaces marks the first wide-scale collective
gathering of those who are alienated, disaffected, voiceless, and just plain
unsocialized. These are people whose tweets will not make the headlines. They do
not wish to create a platform that enables them to be heard by the world; they want
to shut out the world. Ironically, their popularity has exploded as part of the Web 2.0
boom, despite serving a fundamentally different purpose. The foundation of what I
will call A-culture, as opposed to the culture of Facebook, Twitter, and other
mainstream social-networking
1 Facebook VP Elliot Schrage told the New York Times, Facebook has always been
based on a real-name culture. We fundamentally believe this leads to greater
accountability and a safer and more trusted environment for people who use the
service. While Google+ has introduced restricted support for pseudonyms,
Googles former CEO, Eric Schmidt, has described Google+ as an identity service:

But my general rule is people have a lot of free time and people on the Internet,
there are people who do really really evil and wrong things on the Internet, and it
would be useful if we had strong identity so we could weed them out. Im not
suggesting eliminating them, what Im suggesting is if we knew their identity was
accurate, we could rank them. Think of them like an identity rank.
Lulz dubstep meme compilation.
sites, is the intentional disconnect between ones real life and ones online persona
(or, frequently, personae). Online forums and chatrooms are by nature inwardlooking, and the lack of identitymuch less celebritymakes it difficult for the
outside world to address them.
A-culture emerged only with the ubiquity of the Internet, though it had antecedents
in hacker and geek circles of the 1980s and 90s. Its members were generally
young, many of them teenagers, many of them alienated from the cultural
mainstream, adolescent or otherwise. But the growth of computer literacy and
Internet accessibility increased diversity. The computer geeks of the 90s are now
middle-aged and have seen an influx of science-fiction and anime fans young and
old, many of them women. Though frequently denigrated as homophobic, A-culture
also possesses a significant queer voice.
By the mid-2000s, the locus for this sort of culture was the 4chan discussion boards,
a massive gathering of self-declared misfits that today attracts more than ten
million unique visitors each month and garners one million posts each day. Though
4chan was founded as a forum for discussing anime, it soon attracted geeks of all
stripes, who charted their enthusiasms, argued, and trolled one another at an
amazingly fast pace. The result was a generation of self-perpetuating memes such
as Goatse, Boxxy, All Your Base Are Belong to Us, and LOLcatsthe mythos of Aculture, constantly being created and documented. Though occasionally memes like
LOLcats register in the popular consciousness, the role they play within A-culture is
distinct: They serve to reify a shared and progressive sense of culture and
belonging that trumps differences among individuals.
Many of the smaller, self-contained splinter groups that have sprung from the
undifferentiated mass of
enlarge image
Not Wikipedia.
online forums explicitly seek to document, celebrate, and perpetuate A-culture. The
wiki Encyclopdia Dramatica, which began in 2004 (and in 2011 was taken down by
its creator, only to be revived elsewhere), was meant to be a monument to the
transient threads of 4chan and other boards. The Wikipedia-like site was full of
profanity and slurs against any and all groups, and proudly distilled the most
misanthropic and antisocial aspects of A-culture into concentrated shots of satiric
hatred. The membership of Encyclopdia Dramatica were fiercely protective of its
culture:

do you honesty think we went to ED for memes? ED was our history. the history of
our internet, not those fags at facebook who play farmville. it was the greatest
archive of our world outside of this bullshit world we have no control over. it was a
place where we can go and read about shit that we find entertaining and sometimes
informative in a fucked up way that we love. if you want memes go to KYM
[KnowYourMeme], if you want what the internet really is go to ED.
commenter Gofuckyourself on

Geekosystem, talking about the thendead Encyclopdia Dramatica, 2011

The political outgrowths of this movement have attracted the most attention:
hacker collective Anonymous, anarcho-libertarian groups like LulzSec and Antisec.
The loosely activist arm of A-culture made headlines with its 2008 attacks on the
Church of Scientology, which had threatened to sue websites posting a leaked
church promotional video starring Tom Cruise. Fiercely protective of the sovereignty
of what they see as their domain, A-culture pranked and hacked the church
repeatedly and ruthlessly. Additional political actions, ranging from campaigns in
defense of WikiLeaks to hacking Syrias Ministry of Defense website to messaging
on behalf of Occupy Wall Street, have followed with the same loose orientation:
semi-anarchist, anti-censorship, and anti-interference. (For more on Anonymous and
the politicization of A-culture, see Gabriella Colemans Our Weirdness Is Free, also
published in this issue of Triple Canopy.)
This activism, however various, is fundamentally in line with the self-willed
autonomy of A-culture. The participants want to beand, increasingly, are
expressing an interest in nonparticipants beingleft alone and allowed to thrive,
and they want the principles of the culture theyve created to be defended; anger at
censorious forces, from Sony to the Syrian government, has led to increasing
political mobilization, albeit often haphazardly.
Here, though, I want to examine what underlies the politics and the memes: the
rhetorical and philological characteristics of A-culture. The nature of social
interactions taking place on message boards and online forums is different from any
other form of communication, owing to the uniquely real-time, multiparticipant
nature of the written discourse. The social-libertarian ethos and the Anonymous
Scientology protest, 2008.
surplus of obscenity are partly products of the medium, not just of the participants.
Too little attention has been paid to this symbiotic evolution of A-culture and the
new mediums of online communication it employs. There has never before been a
space in which:
1. Discourse is primarily written rather than
spoken.
2. Participants are mostly if not totally
anonymous.
3. Interactions are evanescent,
disappearing within hours, or minutes.
These are not incidental features of A-culture. They are fundamental to the way in
which the culture regulates itself and its members interact. And so rather than
analyze the factors that lead people to choose to be anonymous, I want to ask what
effect being anonymous has on interactions in these forums.
In 1991, anarchist writer Hakim Bey wrote of the Temporary Autonomous Zone, a
space in which people would be freed from structures of social control. Based on the
then-small worlds of computer bulletin-board systems and other hobbyist groups,
Beys idea of the TAZ strikingly anticipates what A-culture has come to provide: a
semi-autonomous safe space for people who otherwise are enmeshed in the
majority culture. Bey wrote:
In the face of contemporary pecksniffian anaesthesia we'll erect a whole gallery of
forebears, heros who carried on the struggle against bad consciousness but still
knew how to party, a genial gene pool, a rare and difficult category to define, great
minds not just for Truth but for the truth of pleasure, serious but not sober, whose

sunny disposition makes them not sluggish but sharp, brilliant but not tormented.
Imagine a Nietzsche with good digestion. Not the tepid Epicureans nor the bloated
Sybarites. Sort of a spiritual hedonism, an actual Path of Pleasure, vision of a good
life which is both noble and possible, rooted in a sense of the magnificent overabundance of reality.
Yet while Bey may have anticipated the form of the spaces provided by A-culture, he
was mistaken about the content. The realization of the TAZ is considerably less
idyllic than Beys Dionysian paradise: Masquerade is an integral part of social
interaction; suspicion, pranking, and unreality are pervasive; people join groups
without revealing any more about themselves than they wish. A-culture has
different rules.
From Homosexuality: A Chatroom Debate (IRC), in Anonymity as
Culture: Case Studies
woofertweeter: yeah i don't think gay people deserve to live either
woofertweeter: ...so how was your weekend
DukePhillips: XD
Mastermind: lol...
DreamPolice: And what do you have against gays? You should be happy WE exist.
Mastermind: how is it gay for a girl to put a dildo into her anus
woofertweeter: that wasn't an invitation to talk about your sexual activity
DreamPolice: If I were straight, i'd see it this way.
woofertweeter: you're not, bro
Mastermind: homophobic person....
DreamPolice: If MEN... date OTHER MEN... that means... LESS MEN, are fighting for
WOMEN.
woofertweeter: Yeah. That's bad.
woofertweeter: Competition is necessary.
Mastermind: lol
DannoWilliams: the homosexual is right
DreamPolice: I still don't understand why people have problems with gays.
Mastermind: lol i never claimed to support gay's i just got nothing agaisnt them
aslong as they stay the f*ck away from me
DreamPolice: I'm glad a lot of my generation are open minded.
woofertweeter: yeah, from your standpoint, sure, there's nothing wrong with letting
them be.
ultramint: ...wtfbbq?

What Is A-Culture?
A stands for many things:

accelerated
adolescent
aggregation
alias
anarchy
anonymous
antiarbitrary
arch
asshole
attack
audacity

autonomous
auto-

Who participates in A-culture? Many already spend a great amount of time on

computers: programmers, hackers, gamers, and other professionals or enthusiasts.
Others seek the benefits of anonymity: the ability to antagonize, prank, and
generally act out without facing the consequences, without those actions being
attached to ones real-life identity. Then there is a crucial third category, which
perhaps drives
A-culture more than computers or trolling. It is best summed up by the Japanese
word otaku.
Otaku was originally applied, with negative connotations, to people whose
obsessive, fanlike interests in geeky things like video games, anime and manga,
computers, comic books, science fictionbut really in anything, including sports,
cars, bodybuilding, gunsare such that they become a distraction from real life.
The term is associated with shut-ins, the unemployed, and, generally, losers:
Otaku come in many flavors, but one thing can be said for each and every one of
them. They've each staked out their own favorite thing, and they obsess over it
relentlessly. Regardless of other intelligence, an otaku will have an obsessive,
unhealthy, and almost encyclopedic knowledge of their chosen topic.
TV Tropes, 2012
In 1991, cult anime studio Gainax made the half-animated, half-documentary Otaku
no Video, which featured a group of anime artists declaring themselves to be
obsessive, socially inept fans of
Stills from Otaku no Video, 1991.
the genre, ironically validating the shame and pride of being an otaku. Are we
really that depressing? Are we really that weird? one artist asks. Is it a crime to
love anime or SFX movies? Why should it be a reason to set us apart? If you're into
playing tennis, that's just fine and dandy, but if you watch anime, you're weird?
Why?! I quit! No more job-hunting for me! If otaku are going to be discriminated
against, then so be it. I'm gonna become a total otaku! I'm gonna be not just an
Otaku but the Otaku of otaku Ota-king!2
While the word otaku carries stigma, questions of reclaiming it are paradoxical,
because with otaku stigma and pride are inseparable. To be an otaku is to willfully
identify as rejected and alienated. Otaku-like communities began when personal
computers and modems first appeared on the consumer marketplace in the 1980s,
but did not grow significantly until Internet access became widespread in the '90s.
Large-scale precursors to A-culture sprang up: hacker boards like SlashDot and
kuro5hin, and Usenet groups like alt.2600, populated not only by computer
professionals but by amateurs, troublemakers, and freaks. A fast-moving discourse
evolved, with people fighting
2 Otaku no Video also sounds notes of sexual fetishism that would become
extremely common in Gainax productions and anime genrallysuch fetishism being
an otaku approach to sexuality.
viciously in flame wars over the slightest matters; pranking was a constant pastime.
The more antisocial aspects of this behaviorwillful, disingenuous provocation and
malicious deceitbecame known as trolling:

Are you familiar with fishing? Trolling is where you set your fishing lines in the water
and then slowly go back and forth dragging the bait and hoping for a bite. Trolling
on the Net is the same conceptsomeone baits a post and then waits for the bite
on the line and then enjoys the ensuing fight.
post by ultimateego@aol.com on
wedding newsgroup, 1995, as quoted
in Peter Kollock and Marc Smith,
Communities in Cyberspace, 1999
Beyond provocation, early trolling entailed tricks like gulling SlashDot users into
clicking on a seemingly innocuous link that would in fact lead to a shock site like
Goatse.3 SlashDot moderators took increasingly strident countermeasures to
prevent such trolling, which were circumvented by even more complex tricks. The
escalating fights and ridicule reinforced Godwins Law, coined by the
3 This seminal shock site contains, in the words of Wikipedia, a picture of a naked
man stretching his anus with both hands, to approximately the width of his hand.
enlarge image
Otaku room, via rockshaman.
enlarge image
The Simpsonzu, by spacecoyote.
Electronic Frontier Foundations Mike Godwin in 1990: As an online discussion
grows longer, the probability of a comparison involving Nazis or Hitler approaches 1
(100%).
Concurrently, sites like LiveJournal and deviantArt became gathering places for
anime and science-fiction fans. On these sites, participants frequently used
pseudonyms or otherwise veiled their identities, which allowed them to build
reputations and personal linkages based solely around their online presence.
DeviantArt focused on sharing fan artwork; LiveJournal differed from other blog
communities in emphasizing social networking long before anywhere else did.4 But
all of these sites were closely focused on interests rather than the personalities of
users, which links them to otaku and has come to distinguish A-culture from
mainstream social networks like Facebook. A-culture participants sublimate their
social selves to transient groups based on their interests.
As a result, A-culture provides an unparalleled space for registering the voices of a
class of people who cannot be heard on the more prominent online channels.
Historian Robert H. Wiebe writes, in Self-Rule: A Cultural History of American
4 These fan communities involved more women than did the hacker communities.
Fandom has, in fact, traditionally had a greater female presence than hacker
culture. One common form of Star Trek fan fiction in the 70s, the sexually explicit
story pairing up Kirk and Spock, was frequently written by women. (This is an early
example of what is now called slash fan fiction.) Female science-fiction fans such
as Bjo Trimble and Dirce Archer were tremendously influential in their communities
as long ago as the 1950s and 60s.
Democracy (1995), of the emergence of a national class at the turn of the
twentieth century, the group of professional urbanites who held jobs that were more
tied to the emerging national, rationalized society than to any local community:
engineers, doctors, lawyers, professors, bankers, and the like. What remained was
the local class, consisting of those members of the middle and upper classes who
were more deeply tied by professional bonds to their communities: realtors,
retailers, and other service providers who did not come to be a vocal part of the
national conversation.5 For the most part, that local class is not visible on the
Internet, having little presence in national media, traditional or otherwise. What A-

culture has done, inadvertently, is establish the largest virtual congregation of

members of the local class intermixing freely with members of the national class
and foreigners. Rural high school dropouts and Harvard PhD students interact often
without knowing one anothers background, and the uniformity of the discourse
further eradicates such distinctions.
5 Wiebe stresses that the lower class wasand remainsexcluded from local and
national conversations.

Collective Stigma
The information of most relevance in the study of stigmas has certain properties,
Erving Goffman wrote in Stigma (1963). It is information about an individual. It is
about his more or less abiding characteristics, as opposed to the moods, feelings, or
intents that he might have at a particular moment. Largely because of the medium
of communication, the abiding characteristics of individuals are subdued in Aculture, which is not true of other Internet forums and social networks. Beyond a
certain level of anonymity, lasting indicators of stigma cannot be attached.
The level of anonymity may vary between different A-culture locales, but what
unifies them is the contingent nature of recognition. Consider three common levels
of anonymity:
1. Persistent pseudonym anonymity: A
users posts are persistently linked
across time to a single pseudonymous
moniker registered on a particular site.
2. Per-session anonymity: A users posts
are verifiably linked across time to a
single pseudonymous moniker within a
single thread or chat on a particular site,
but can change across threads, giving
the moniker a lifetime of minutes.
3. Per-message anonymity: There is no
verifiable way to identify a user even
from one post to the next.
Even in the least anonymous case, the only thing known about a user is her
pseudonym and what she has posted previously. This stands in stark contrast to
Facebook, where real names are the norm, and even to Twitter, where a previously
unknown participant can only gain visibility by either earning the trust of existing,
known participants or by being discovered. Joke accounts are not the rule but the
exception. (One example is @MayorEmanuel, a spoof of Rahm Emanuel that
delivers profane updates like Carl the Intern wrote two speeches for me, one for
winning and one for a runoff. There's a lot more motherfucking profanity in the
latter.)
The bar to visibility in A-culture is vastly lowerfrequently nonexistentand so the
requirements for identity are that much lower. The result is a greater collective
mentality. The more people have to distinguish themselves to acquire a reputation,
as on Twitter, the less reason the louder voices have to identify with the hoi polloi.
Remove that path to prestige, as well as hard prestige measures like number of
followers, and the collective, agglutinative character of a social space increases.
While A-culture includes plenty of people who know one another offline, the
dominant and more distinctive phenomena are consequences of the disconnect
between online personae and their real-life equivalents. Even close-knit groups
within A-culture tend to remain diffusely anonymous to outsiders, making it difficult

to know who has contributed any particular piece of content. Oftentimes nothing
more than a pseudonym links people who have interacted online for years. The
offline world is to be minimized, not invoked.
Even when participants partially abandon anonymity by revealing themselves
visually in video or pictures, or by talking about their lives, there is frequently no
lasting thread to connect this momentary revelation with future participation. Thus
the individual stigma that someone might feel is replaced by a collective stigma
belonging to the entirety of A-culture, as sites like 4chan are branded cesspools of
hate and obscenityto the delight of many of their participants.
4chan, created in 2003 by the then-fifteen-year-old admin known as moothe still
runs the site, and has since revealed himself to be Chris Poolein some ways
represents the apotheosis of this mind-set, as the allowance for near-total
anonymity (per-message anonymity) and lack of user registration enables
participants to post quickly with few impediments. The emphasis on posting images
allows people to create their own variations on content; these variations can easily
be exported, repeated, and cited, causing the number of cultural referents to
balloon in a very short time. (This mode of participation, as well as the general
adulation of bad taste, can be traced to the more regulated forums of website
Something Awful.) Auxiliary sites like Encyclopdia Dramatica were established to
document the obsessions of participants, the memes they created, and also the
members unfortunate enough to gain some notoriety within the community. As if to
underscore the self-declared virtues of anonymity, any reputation achieved by a
member, even under a pseudonym, is almost invariably negative, though a very
small senior subset of the community such as moot himself are treated as guardian
angels, and the abuse heaped on them is tinted with respect.6
The sites of A-culture fall into four loose categories:
1. Precursors: BBSes, kuro5hin, SlashDot,
Usenet, Fark, Stile Project
2. Messageboards, forums, chatrooms:
4chan (and countless spinoffs),
Something Awful, Internet Relay Chat
(including EFNet and Anonymous),
massively multiplayer online roleplaying games (World of Warcraft
in particular), GaiaOnline
3. Social-network blogs: LiveJournal (and
derivatives like Dreamwidth and
InsaneJournal), deviantArt
4. Wikis and documentation:
Encyclopdia Dramatica, LurkMore,
TV Tropes, Urban Dictionary
6 Contrariwise, alienating, provoking, or merely irritating the community can result
in a members being deanonymized and doxed by having their personal
information published: A-cultures form of ostracism.
Innumerable other sites have sprung up (and often died) that cater to particular
subcommunities (420chan, WikiFur) or just imitate existing sites (DeadJournal,
7chan).
Today, A-culture offers a place for obsessive discussion of many otaku-like interests.
Some of the most prominent are anime, video games, bodybuilding, guns, sports,
science fiction, comic books, cosplay (costuming oneself as an anime, sciencefiction, or other character), furries (dressing up as and/or fetishizing furry

anthropomorphic animals), and trolling. (Trolling makes up only a fraction of the

activity that occurs on even the most troll-centric forums.) More significantly, Aculture offers a place for discussion of A-culture. Because the community is so
autonomous from the real world, there is great opportunity to continually redefine
ones role in it and even redefine the nature of the community itself. A-culture is a
space for playing with unrestricted notions of identity and affiliation and for the
establishment of a private set of in-jokes and references that come to constitute a
collective memory.
While A-culture has always had a largely adolescent, white, and male population,
the demographics are not so homogenous. 4chan
reports that 35 percent of its members are female; half the visitors are from the
United States, with the rest being chiefly drawn from other English-speaking
countries, European countries, and Japan. The most dominant sites all use English,
but Chilean and Brazilian users have also created 4chan-like image boards in
Spanish and Portuguese. Racial data is harder to obtain; a majority of known Aculture figures are white, but posters identifying as Asian, black, and Hispanic are
not uncommon. A-culture has the flexibility to absorb people of vastly disparate
backgrounds without those backgrounds causing conflictor even being apparent:
dude I'm black, and I am straight, but none the less I think they didn't care who it
offended. I doubt anyone who wrote those articles seriously hold those opinions
even some of the same authors talked crap about racist and xenophobic people in
general. A lot of different people liked it. It is funny you are assuming he is white. It
brings back the meme "there are no black people on the internet" I bet was started
by a black person btw :P But you assumed everyone on here is white which
you think is somehow the default. If anything I will accuse you of white privilege.
commenter none on Geekosystem,
defending Encyclopdia Dramatica,
2011
And though anonymity does not play directly into the majority of the discussions on
forums associated with A-culture, it is responsiblealong with the written nature of
the discoursefor the characteristics that have emerged from those sites, four of
which follow.
enlarge image
The hierarchy of 4chan, via chan4chan.com.

Four Aspects
Velocity
At its peak, discussion proceeds at such a fast pace that the ground disappears
beneath the participants feet as they are typing. Updates are delivered every few
seconds. Hundreds of people can participate in a single thread or chat, and
digressions are wiped off the front page by whatever conversation is trending. On
4chan, threads can expire within minutes or hours, at which point they are deleted.
(Notable threads are occasionally archived on another site.) Other boards move
more slowly, but the idea remains the same: Discourse and culture are evolving
every moment. The velocity, in tandem with the volume, of discourse, means that
no participants words will be seen more than momentarily, and so each participant
must continually reassert herself, which contributes to the fluid sense of identity.

Irony
Any point of discussion made can be immediately ironized, either through ridicule,
parody, or metatextual maneuvers. Participants are acutely aware of the
characteristics of the culture and make reference to them asor even beforethey
come into being. The irony of A-culture is different from blas hipster irony because
it is a structural fixture, independent of sincerity. It is not a tool of condescension,
but a consequence of an overload of self-knowledge and cultural knowledge.

Self-Documentation
A-culture documents itself in temporary and more persistent forms, incessantly
creating common knowledge to ironize. The nature of the discourse is such that
anything can be archived, even if much is not. Self-mythologizing occurs at high
velocity, with memes being created, parodied, and dismissed. This material is taken
seriously because it forms the groundwork for future discussion.
The combination of self-documentation and irony has led to chaotic levels of
metatextuality. One peak of self-referential meta-irony is reached in ForumWarz, an
online single-player game in which one encounters parodies of various A-culture
forums. One can play as Internet archetypes such as hackers, trolls, camwhores,7
and emo kids.8 The
7 Camwhore: an individual who performs sexual services on the Internet with
webcam software in exchange for money, goods, or attention (Wikipedia).
8 Emo has been associated with a stereotype that includes being particularly
emotional, sensitive, shy, introverted, or angst-ridden. It has also been associated
with depression, self-injury, and suicide (Wikipedia).
game itself contains a fictional ForumWarz server to be hacked, while the sites real
forums, where players can interact outside the game, include a set of role-playing
forums in which participants are expected to act out the behaviors of their assumed
identities. As many players already fall into one of these categories, the game offers
the chance for participants to play archetypal versions of themselves and their
brethren.

Elitism
Ironically, the anonymous nature of A-culture produces a very pure form of elitism.
Becauseparticipants are shielded from having their real-life qualities associated with
their personae and words, frequently the only defining characteristics of
participants are their memberships in these forums. This instantly provides a point
of commonality among all participants by which they can define themselves in
opposition to all nonparticipants, or some chosen subset of them.

In Sum: Meta-awareness
The following quote, from an academic paper on 4chan, illuminates the interaction
of the four qualities, with elitism, velocity, and irony driving constant selfdocumentation (/b/ is 4chans random image board, and its most popular):
On /b/, ephemerality and deletion create a powerful selection mechanic by requiring
content the community wants to see be repeatedly reposted, and potentially
remixed. We believe this is critical to the sites influence on internet culture and
memes.

Michael S. Bernstein et al., 4chan and

/b/, 2011
Self-documentation, catalyzed by the other three qualities, produces a kind of metaawareness in which a poster is assumed not only to have intimate knowledge of the
culture in which she is participating but also to anticipate responses based on that
history:
What makes memories hang together is not that they are contiguous in time: it is
rather that they are part of a totality of thoughts common to a group, the group of
people with whom we have a relation at this moment, or with whom we have had a
relation on the preceding day or days. To recall them it is hence sufficient that we
place ourselves in the perspective of this group, that we adopt its interests and
follow the slant of its reflections.
Maurice Halbwachs, The Social
Frameworks of Memory, 1925
What occurs in A-culture is a minimization of memories particular to the individual
or subgroup and a maximization of the larger collective memory, thus enabling and
encouraging the meta-awareness of that collective memory. This meta-awareness
fuels the three main economies of A-culture.
An apropos xkcd comic.

Elitist Economies
A-cultures techniques of elitism, exclusion, and inclusion do not greatly differ in
character and quality from those of other exclusive groups such as fraternities and
secret societies. But due to the diffuse and open nature of participation, as well as
the non-oral nature of interactions, the particular methods and mechanisms of Aculture are wildly at odds with most typical hazing and membership rituals of
cliques:
wondermint: Ruining the lives of noobs makes me a troll.
keynsham: noobs are too easy to troll, it doesn't count
trolling as status indicator, IRC, 2011
The techniques, while highly variable, are quite robust and serve to regulate both
participants and content:
Dante: dude, i hate religion
ROFLCopter: We all do.
JON50K: yes, religion is crap
JON50K: we need a fucking big nuthouse
Moses: Yeah, bunch of bullshit
Thersites: yeah
JON50K: to put them all away
ROFLCopter: I believe in a flying spagetti monster.
LeSonyrRa: like... a concentration camp?
JON50K: but that'd probably turn into the next israel, ocne they're done killing each
other
JON50K: lesonyrra: nah if we put them all in the same one
JON50K: they'll just clean each other up for us
elitism on display, IRC, 2011

The Economy of Offense

Anyone entering into an A-culture forum is likely to witness a nonstop barrage of
obscenity, abuse, hostility, and epithets related to race, gender, and sexuality (fag
being the most common, often prefaced with any trait, e.g., oldfag,
straightfag).9 Anyone objecting to this barrage will immediately attract a torrent
of even greater abuse. These forums maintain an equilibrium of offense designed to
drive away anyone who is not sympathetic to the general libertarian mind-set. This
is not to say that the participants are not racist; the
9 Even comparatively polite venues such as deviantArt host a remarkable amount of
contention and baiting, sometimes made all the worse by participants taking
offense more easily.
point is that theres no way to know the views of the participants, even more given
the self-referential irony in constant play. A-culture is hardly a utopia of free speech,
but neither is it a fulcrum of hate speech. Yet the barrage inoculates against sincere,
extreme hatred by making it harder for genuinely virulent views to stand out,
homogenizing the group.
The result is a mix of pride and shame in regards to the offensive material. A-culture
echoes H. P. Lovecrafts Cthulhu Mythos stories, in which exposure to some secret,
Gnostic knowledge forever pollutes ones mind, leaving one vulnerable to terrible
forces that to most people are imaginary and harmless. The danger attached to this
knowledge gives it currency.

The Economy of Suspicion

While participants come to forums with no real-world baggage, conversations cant
remain hermetically sealed. In the case of discussions of pop culture or other
common knowledge, the tension is less meaningful, since the matters are
independently verifiable. But when the issue is the limited revelation of personal
information, there is always reason to suspect that the poster is
A Lovecraftian/Gnostic comment on Goatse.
trollingespecially when a story is in the making.
The degree of suspicion varies. Within 4chan, the /b/ board is far more likely to be
given over to trolling and fraud than other boards. But since the possibility always
exists, there is a persistent need to take nothing at face value.
Consider this 4chan thread, in which the original poster (OP) confesses to having a
drunken bout of sex with his sister:
awwshit !!7M/e4Locp No.4962356
She got dumped today and came home a mess, crying, hysterics, the whole shebang, I was sitting on my sofa flicking through the channels and waiting for the ATeam to download when she came in crying, she came into the livingroom, pulled
out 2 bottles of jack daniels and a 2L bottle of coke from a grocery bag, muttered
something about the shop being kind enough to refund her the champagne she
bought, went into the kitchen, got some glasses, poured herself a straight double,
downed it, then sat in silence for a moment, then burst into tears and fell into my
lap.

So, she cries and cries, making my shirt soggier and soggier with her tears and
bleeding mascara, I stick the A-Team on and she finally settles down, then she had a
bright fucking idea, "Adam! lets go shot for shot, I wanna forget about today as fast
as possible", great idea right? great...
So we go at it until the first bottle was dust, then we slow it down and start
Regarding 4chan's /b/.
adding coke, and we get to talking, i was going to write out the whole conversation
but fuck it, we talked she complimented me on being a "good man", I said she
deserved better, she drunkenly, jokingly came onto me, I tried to back off, we left it
alone for a while and continued drinking, then she started joking about it, and it
came down to "If you wasn't my brother, I would"
"Well lets say today, you can pretend I'm not, you don't have the guts"
Then she jumped me, grinded, started stripping, I got turned on, then she tore down
my jeans and rid me on the sofa.
on the screen BA's face was that of disappointment, he knew I would regret this.
we fucked on the sofa, then she took me into her bedroom, and fucked me again,
and we fell asleep, her naked ontop of me, with her arms wrapped around me, I only
just managed to escape without waking her up.
now im shitting myself because I fear what will happen when she does wake up.
gentlemen, advise me, what the fuck should I do now!?
The prurience and the unlikelihood of the incident
are draws. Some take it seriously, some half-seriously, and some dispute the truth
of the story while still trying to help it along. One posters assessment:
Theme - 2/10 (unoriginal)
Writing - 4/10 (poor)
Trolling Effort - 2/10 (very poor)
Trolling Effect - 8/10 (very good)
Total - 4/10 (40%)
This is a good troll. Note that this post, while demonstrating the appropriate
sentiments of a man in his situation leaves the door open for an ongoing story. Also
note the rushed feel to the words, as though it were a train of thought rather than a
calculated reply. The use of commas rather than full stops enhances this. Through
these techniques he draws in the reader, ensnaring them in this twisted fantasy. I
will admit, I am left wanting to read more, despite the knowledge that this is
fictitious.
I want to believe and not believe. Let's hope that if this isn't fictional you and you
sis can still chill out. I'd say this might be a
good time to start dating other chicks to forget this asap.
Another poster is dubious while also offering advice:

She'll be hung over, act like it never happened and try to make her think it was a
bad dream.
Also, unsuccessful troll is unsuccessful. Learn to be less obvious.
Others indict the critics as trolls for doubting the OP. This poster taxonomizes those
participating in the thread:
psuedo intellectuals flood to this thread trying to point out that it's a clever troll.
/b/ tards screaming "FUCK HER AGAIN LOL!"completely ignore OP and the fact that
he's asking for good advice, not opinions OP is probably a scared and lonely young
man turning to the only people he can ask for help in his final hour, and only a hand
full of people give him legitimate, well thought out advice.
who is really the troll?
But such critics might be trolling as well.
enlarge image
Trolling 101.
A more innocuous but similarly unlikely story plays out when a femanon
(anonymous female poster) confesses to having a crush on her coworker, who then
shows up on the same forum and confronts her. Much suspicion ensues. One poster
carefully analyzes the evidence:
The timing looks about right on all of these. If you go through and check the
timestamps on Marie and Grant's posts, see how long it takes them to post again or
reply to what the other one said, consider how long they are, etc. they are pretty
consistent with an actual
conversation. Too often, I've seen threads like this with the replies shot out one after
the other, with no time for the players (samefagging OP) to read what the other
wrote, think about how to respond, fret over what they wrote, that sort of thing, and
it gives away that it's the same person. I mean, look at these two:
>>6372459 2:54, sends facebook message
>>6373041 3:52, gives up waiting and posts explanation
I read that as he decided to wait an hour, started writing that long thing after a
decent amount of time had passed, and cut off the last few minutes of the hour
because it became obvious she wasn't gonna show.
I'm not saying definitively that it's not a troll, I'm just saying that the probability that
it's not is higher than some people seem to be implying, and it's a pretty good one if
it is.
Another poster seeks to justify his enjoyment in spite of his suspicions:
it's obvious fiction but 4chan eats this shit up
i mean, it's like movies/books/pro wrestling, even if you know it's fake doesn't mean
it can't be entertaining
And that ambivalence toward the reality of the situation leads to the final, most
complicated economy.

The Economy of Unreality

The separation of participants from their real-life personaealong with the constant
irony, sarcasm, and trollingmandates that some aspect of unreality be present in
all proceedings. But the chief engine of unreality is role-playing and the sense of
gamesmanship by which participants exert control over their A-culture personae.
A-cultures anonymity favors three cultures that are defined in part by masquerade:
those of fandom, trolling/pranking, and role-playing games. The cultures of sciencefiction and anime/manga fandom emphasize fan fiction and cosplay; furries have
made the assumption of anthropomorphic animal personae central to their culture.
enlarge image
Masquerade is, of course, central to role-playing games online and offline, from
Dungeons & Dragons to World of Warcraft to LARP (live-action role playing, as
practiced by the Society for Creative Anachronism and others). The masquerade
demands that participants take on roles as actors or witnesses, and it requires that
the focus not be on the identities of the enthusiasts themselves. Consequently, the
links between the personae of participants and their real lives are far looser than
pretty much anywhere else on the Internet. (Women have good reason to keep their
identities secret, lest they be doxed, i.e., have their location and identity
revealed by gangs of trolls.)
A-culture contains far fewer collateral indicators of everyday reality than one finds
on Twitter or Facebook. There are mentions of it everywhere, but context is virtually
absent. Anyone asking for advice on a forum will post only select details, leaving
little background knowledge with which to fill in the blanks; this is assuming that the
poster isnt trolling, which is often trivially easy, precisely for this reason.
Beyond breeding suspicion, these pervasive gaps in information and this focus on
masquerade produce a general sense of unreality: Effects are detached from
causes, the distinctions between fiction and truth are blurred. And so participants
often take on the role of spectators or commentators, treating all happenings as
theater:
All the world's a stage, and all the men and women merely players. Imageboards
are the best example of this. Just sit back and enjoy the show.
anonymous poster, 4chan, 2011
The extensive TV Tropes wiki began by documenting archetypes and clichs in
television and fan fiction but has since extended to other media, online culture, and
real life. It distinguishes
between these categories, but since they share an overriding ontological structure,
there is increasing pressure to relate to and analyze one category just as one would
relate to and analyze others:
The wiki is called "TV Tropes" because TV is where we started. Over the course of a
few years, our scope has crept out to include other media. Tropes transcend
television. They reflect life. Since a lot of art, especially the popular arts, does its
best to reflect life, tropes are likely to show up everywhere.
We are not a stuffy encyclopedic wiki [like Wikipedia]. We're a buttload more
informal. We encourage breezy language and original thought. There Is No Such

Thing As Notability, and no citations are needed.

TV Tropes homepage, 2012
Fiction and reality are merely different instantiations of the same thing. Spectators
on a thread will often treat the action as a fiction. When a 4chan poster about to join
the army shares a picture of himself, another relates him to a fictional character:
You look like Joker from Full Metal Jacket.
All in all, I think he had a good war experience and that bodes well for you.
The appeal to fakery and unreality can even be a defense mechanism when
confronted with a particularly troublesome post. Consider some of the responses on
4chan to a purported teenager who confesses to raping a friend, in a thread called
"I'm a rapist, what do?":
a friend calls in the middle of the night
she's scared of her creepy neighbor
her bf is on vacation in Germany or something
I pass by
I go and talk to the neighbor, he's crazy but harmless
suddenly I'm a knight in shining armor
till that point all is good
I want to leave but the fucking subway is closed
she offers me to stay
okay nice, we watch a movie
she clings on my hard cause she's scared of zombies
she's in her sexy pajamas
being the dumbass I am, I misread ther signals
I make a move
ie jump on her and crunch her under my weight. I'm not very good at it
she's too surprised to react
finally she tries to push me away
my brain is off, I keep going
I take her pants off and penetrate her
it lasts for I think 10 minutes maybe less
a few seconds after I ejaculate, the truth hits me
I just raped her
she's in shock, doesn't say a word
I babble and leave, I walk on the streets and call a cab
it's now the morning, I freak out and asks for advice here
I don't know what I should do. I ruined her life and probablu mine too. Pic related,
where I'll be soon.
The thing is, I tried to control myself for the longest time, like an hour or so. I had a
crush on her since forever. She was half naked, against me, her head on my chest at
every SHOCK moment. I was in maximum erection mode. And eventually I just lost
it and jumped on her like a stupid horny dog.
So should I text her then go to the police? And what should I say? Rape, sexual
assault? I picture my mother's reaction to
this.. oh jesus fucking christ..

Some advised him to turn himself in, others told him to apologize, others just
trolled, and others retreated into reacting as they would to a television drama.
(Multiple anonymous posters are here indicated by alternating roman and italic
type.)
Yeah you misread the whole situation dude, you are a guy she trusted, someone she
felt safe around. You betrayed that trust, and her with what you did. That said, don't
say anything to the cops if they come, they will try to get you to incriminate
yourself. They will lock you in a room for hours to "interview" you (interview is just
the politically correct way of saying interrogate). Don't go anywhere with them
unless they have a warrant, etc. You dun goofed OP and you probably won't ever be
able to repair your relationship with her ever again, I personally hope you rot in
prison, but your rights to a fair trial are important so.
I don't know what to think anymore OP. And I love it, this is just like Law & Order.
Did you save her from the creepy guy, or
did you abuse her? Are you a hero or a villain? Did you rape her.. or did SHE raped
YOU?
MORE TWISTS!!!
I hold my girlfriend down when we're having sex too. Although I am not rejecting
that OP most likely raped her. It is unfortunate though, I actually feel sorry for OP
and that's the first time that has happened to me on this website
same here I actually feel for him and I'm a girl
he got me at "oh god what will my mother think of me now"
I sincerely hope OP is trolling, if not, this is all terribly depressing.
All participants in A-culture must deal with the conflicted coexistence of sincere
personal involvement and detached spectatorship. What may seem to be a problem
is also a panacea, as it shelters participants from inextricable involvementor at
least guiltthough it also means that narratives are never fully developed, nor are
the personae who are the protagonists and narrators of the stories. Participants fill
this void with their own
pieces of reality and fiction, but it is never enough to turn the events that transpire
on-screen into reality. Hence the strange mixture of emotional investment and
detachment on the part of participants in the above conversationand on the part
of the original poster narrating his life. Yet in making their own contributions to that
world (however unreal), participants establish ownership; the world becomes their
own because it is distinct and detached from the real one.
In this case, the original posters invocation of a serious moral issue causes two
reactions. First: This is too real/sad/horrible and must be made less real. Second:
This isnt actually real. The original poster, if he is to be believed, ends up following
the advice of some of the posters. He later returns to say that he has spoken to the
girl and apologized, and that she is not going to turn him in to the police. He exits
on this final, uneasy note, perhaps his own attempt to dictate the moral of the story:
By the way I do not endorse rape, its not cool, Im not bragging at all.

The Rantings of a
4chan Hipster

i want to scream. I hate everything that my corner of life is being exploited, and
mass produced, and torn apart so fucking hip faggots and teenagers can suddenly
say something like im behind seven proxies and [k]now what the fuck that means.
This Facebook comment bemoaning the appropriation of A-culture by the
mainstream was reposted on Reddit last October as the rantings of what i call a
4chan hipster. The worries of the hipster are unfounded, though, as A-culture is
specifically designed to resist this sort of appropriation. No matter how much Aculture memes permeate sanitized websites like knowyourmeme and OhInternet
(which displaced Encyclopdia Dramatica last year), and no matter the constant
stream of respondents bemoaning the good old days (a necessary component of
any avoidance of appropriation), A-culture resists absorption precisely through its
economies of ironizing and offense, and because of the persistence of anonymity.
4chan is already designed to deal with these
enlarge image
issues, wrote Reddit user ineedbeta:
By being anonymous, they not only remove ego from the users (which might be why
theyre such dicks to everyone else) it also combines the power of every member
into one force, which we've seen them use to great effect. I like the way you
described them as self-exiled. Thats exactly what they wanted. By making it
difficult and uncomfortable to become one of them, they keep their numbers low
and they give value to membership. So, all that strange and alienating content
becomes a wall that the users can take shelter behind.
Yet the maintenance of that wall remains an appealing form of self-creation, and so
it will endure. A-culture is the first heavily populated
social space in which traditional relations between the individual and the group are
overturned. Georg Simmel describes this dynamic in his 1908 essay Group
Expansion and Development of Individuality:
There is an unalterable ratio between individual and social factors that changes only
its form. The narrower the circle to which we commit ourselves, the less freedom of
individuality we possess; however, this narrower circle is itself something individual,
and it cuts itself off sharply from all other circles precisely because it is small.
Correspondingly, if the circle in which we are active and in which our interests hold
sway enlarges, there is more room for it in the development of our individuality; but
as parts of the whole, we have less uniqueness: the larger whole is less individual as
a social group. Thus, the leveling of individual differences corresponds not only to
the relative smallness and narrowness of the collectivity, but alsoor above allto
its own individualistic coloring.
The changes in communication enabled by the
Internet have created a situation in which the force of anonymity, combined with
the inability to assert ones own particularity, facilitate the leveling of individual
differences even in a large collective.10 The result has been the establishment of an
immensely large playground. In Homo Ludens (1938), Johan Huizinga bemoaned the
loss of cultural spaces explicitly devoted to unserious, disinterested recreational
activities such as potlatches, Eskimo drumming contests, and contests of rhetorical
and athletic ability; the stratifying effects of industrialization and liberalism removed
both the capacity and the impetus for the existence of a unifying cultural locale for
competitive and agonistic play. He described three main characteristics of play:

Here, then, we have the first main characteristic of play: that it is free, is in fact
freedom. A second characteristic is closely connected with this, namely, that play is
not ordinary or real life. It is rather a stepping out of real life into a temporary
sphere of activity with a disposition all of its own. Every child knows perfectly well
that he is only
10 Fan conventions for Star Trek and the like, which are defined in part by group
masquerade with a common cultural referent, provide the best antecedent.
pretending, or that it was only for fun.
Not being ordinary life it stands outside the immediate satisfaction of wants and
appetites; indeed it interrupts the appetitive process. It interpolates itself as a
temporary activity satisfying in itself and ending there. Such at least is the way in
which play presents itself to us in the first instance: as an intermezzo, an interlude
in our daily lives.
Play is distinct from ordinary life both as to locality and duration. This is the third
main characteristic of play: its secludedness, its limitedness. It is played out
within certain limits of time and place. It contains its own course and meaning.
The anonymity of A-culture has unexpectedly provided the conditions for a
reestablishment of what Huizinga thought had disappeared by the nineteenth
century, with its increasingly bourgeois, professionalized, and industrialized
cultures. With those elements of individual identity that might be divisive and might
reference the positions and responsibilities of real life obscured, freedom is
reestablished. What looks like anarchy from the
outside is rarely actually anarchic; it is play, carefully regimented and
circumscribed.
For the most part, A-culture does not consume its participants lives. As a form of
play, it requires reality as a complement to each participants online masque
hence the stigma of the otaku, for whom the life of play is realer than their real
lives. A-culture derives its vitality from the otaku-like commitment its members
bring to the masque, affirming its importance to them over their real lives. Yet real
life remains A-cultures necessary complement.
Though A-culture overlaps with the political activities of Anonymous and Occupy
Wall Street, those groups, in their partial or total earnestness, lack the formers
recreational spirit, and consequently factionalism can more easily prove terminal to
them. A-cultures seclusion facilitates homogeneity, and thus the persistence and
autonomy of the space of play, which is A-cultures only operational goal.
Despite the general lack of seriousness, there is sincere commitment to the play
space itself: to Encyclopdia Dramatica, to 4chan, and so on. To quote Huizinga
again:
This only pretending quality of play betrays a consciousness of the inferiority of
play compared with seriousness, a feeling that seems to be something as primary
as play itself. Nevertheless, as we have already pointed out, the consciousness of
play being only a pretend does not by any means prevent it from proceeding with
the utmost seriousness, with an absorption, a devotion that passes into rapture and,
temporarily at least, completely abolishes that troublesome only feeling. Any
game can at any time wholly run away with the players. The contrast between play
and seriousness is always fluid.

Huizingas description may seem more sanguine than it actually is when applied to
A-culture. In the case studies that form the second part of this article, I focus on the
frisson and friction that occur when A-cultures spirit spills over into the realm of the
serious. In these four instancesrevolving around real and personal concerns about
homosexuality, suicide, hate, and the manufacturing of pornographythere is
solidarity, bonhomie, and sympathy but also fear, xenophobia, and, frequently,
callous disregard for people outside the circle of play. The fluidity and unreality of
the ever-growing space of A-culture are so enveloping that harmful, even dangerous
forms of play can emerge and run rampant before any self-regulatory principle
can kick in. Its all fun and games until someone commissions a Brazilian scat-porn
video.

Continue to Anonymity as Culture: Case Studies.

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TheResistanceofMelancholics
DavidAuerbach

DavidAuerbachlivesinNewYorkwithseveralthousandbooks.Heisawriterandsoftware
engineer.

Tags:Identity,Politics,Technology

TheResistanceofMelancholics
ByDavidAuerbach
PublishedonJanuary18,2013
ThreethingsaboutAaronSwartz:

1.Hewasextraordinarilyprecociousandintelligent.
2.Hewasamilitantsocialjusticeactivist.
3.Hewasearnest,emotive,andsensitive.
AllthreefactorsmakeSwartzanextremerepresentativeofatypeofpersonwhohasonlyrecentlybeen
empoweredbytechnology,whererawtechnicalskillscannowpermitonetowieldrealsocietalinfluence.
Priortothecomputer/Internetboom,suchapersonwasmorelikelytobecomeanabstractmathematician,
ahobbyist,oracrackpot.TheInternetgaveSwartzamuchbiggervoicethanwouldhavebeenpossible
thirtyyearsago.
Thetechcommunityisoftencaricatured,notwithoutcause,asagroupoflibertarianAynRandacolytes,
butthesavvieramongthemtendmoretowardanarchistorprogressiveprinciples.Swartzwasaless
compromisingmemberofacommunitythathadalreadygeneratedMoveOnandActBlue.His
antecedentsincludeSaulAlinsky,NoamChomsky,JohnKennethGalbraith,andAlanSokal.
SwartzsactionstofreeinformationfromPACERandJSTORirritatedthegovernmentsufficientlythat
theydecidedtomakeanexampleoutofhim.Swartzactedoutoffaiththatvenalityandstupiditycould
notpossiblytriumphoverwhathebelievedtobetherationalselfinterestofcollectivehumanity.His
faithwasnotmet.
Evenbeforetheprosecution,theconstantfailureofthoseinpowertodorightbyhumanityfrustrated
Swartz.Thefrustrationisevidentinhisprogressivepragmaticbookreviews.HewritesofJames
SurowieckisTheWisdomofCrowds:
Onethingthebookdoesteach(althoughnotclearly)isthewisdomofdissent.Youcanensuredissentby
collectingalargegroupandkeepingthemembersfromtalkingtoeachother(sincepeopleareusually
smartbutafraidofgoingagainstthegrain),byensuringsomemembersofthegroupvocallydisagree
(sincetheywillforcetheotherstobetterjustifytheirpositions),orbyforcingthemtotrytojustifyall
sides(sincethatwillkeepthemfromprejudgingthequestion).
AllofwhichmakesitironicthatSurowieckisbookfailsbecauseofalackofdissent.Nothinggoes
againstthegrain,hedoesntjustifyhispositions,andhehasclearlyprejudgedthequestion.He
assumesheisrightandonlystopstolookdownuponthosewhodisagree.
ThissumsupSwartzsideologyasaselfdescribeddedicatedfolloweroftheleftrationalistprogressive
tradition.Similarangerinformshiscritiquesofhighereducation,corporations,andgovernment,allof
whichfallvictimtoselfsatisfied,condescendingcomplacency.Forhim,computerswerethebesttoolyet
inventedforraisingthevolume(intermsofnumberandamplitude)ofvoicesofdissentagainstthe
embeddedstructuresofauthorityandprejudice.Whatevershortcomingstherewereinhisworldview,it
wasnonethelessintellectuallyhonestandselfcritical.
Yetstupiditysincessantvictoriesareboundtotakeatollonthoseactivistslackingawhollyrobust
spiritualconstitution.AsRobertBurtonshowedatgreatlengthfourhundredyearsagoinTheAnatomyof
Melancholy,anacutecombinationofintelligenceandmoralityoftendoesfostermelancholynota
clinicalmentalillness,butanaturalintellectualtemperament.AndLawrenceLessigpointsoutthat
Swartzwasunderfarmorepressurethanmostmelancholics:
Hewasdepressedbecausehewasincreasinglyrecognizingthattheidealismhebroughttothisfight
maybewasntenough.Whenhesawallofhiswealthgone,andherecognizedhisparentsweregoingto
havetomortgagetheirhousesohecouldaffordalawyertofightagovernmentthattreatedhimasifhe
werea9/11terrorist,asifwhathewasdoingwasthreateningtheinfrastructureoftheUnitedStates,
whenhesawthatandherecognizedhowhowincrediblydifficultthatfightwasgoingtobe,ofcourse
hewasdepressed.
Swartzsantagonistswillstigmatizehimasmentallyillinordertoabsolvethemselvesanddismisshis
opinions.Itwouldbemoreusefultoacknowledgethattheworlddoesnotwelcomeangryactivist

melancholicslikehim,preferringtheyturntheirangeragainstthemselvesandgooffandbecome
harmlessartists,bohemians,orcriticaltheorists.OnelessontotakefromSwartzsdeathisthat
melancholicmaladjustmentisalegitimateandevenexpectedresponsetooursocietybyapainfully
intelligentandethicalhumanbeing.
Thismaladjustment,sadly,putsgeniusmelancholicsatagreatdisadvantageagainstLloydBlankfein,
DickFuld,theKochbrothers,RogerAiles,MichaelBloomberg,RobertRubin,andtheirilk.Thereare
twowhollyopposingsides,onebasedonautilitarianprogressivism,theotherbasedonexploitative
disenfranchisement.Theyareatwar;Swartzisacasualty.
RelatedContent
WeAreAllAnonymous,byDavidAuerbach,GabriellaColeman&JamesGrimmelmann
AnonymityasCulture:Treatise,byDavidAuerbach
AnonymityasCulture:CaseStudies,byDavidAuerbach

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