Embedded System Development Track

Embedded.....Everywhere

PiTechnologies Embedded Team

Where are we ?
PiTechnologies

Embedded For FCI !

Dr. Jogesh K.Muppala

http://www.cs.ust.hk/~muppala/

PiTechnologies

Dr. Muppala is currently

an associate professor
Department of Computer
Science and Engineering
The Hong Kong University
of Science and
Technology

Embedded For FCI !

CS students have often shied away from the field of
Embedded Systems due to Hardware area
Recent trend for Embedded System with the growing
importance of software component has brought
about new opportunities for CS students
If we lessening the emphasis on the hardware aspects
we can still allow them to master sufficient
knowledge and skills to venture in this filed
PiTechnologies

Track Agenda

Session 1: Introduction to Embedded System Development

LAB 1
: C programming (1)
Session 2: Microcontroller Architecture
LAB2
: C Programming (2)
Session 3: C programming for Embedded applications and Mikro-C
LAB3
: C programming for Embedded applications and Mikro-C
Session 4: Microcontroller applications based on ESD smart kit
LAB4
: Microcontroller applications based on ESD smart kit
Session 5: Microcontroller applications based on ESD smart kit
LAB5
: Microcontroller applications based on ESD smart kit

PiTechnologies

Track Agenda

Session 6: ARM processor architecture and ARM based applications

LAB6
: ARM processor architecture and ARM based applications
Session 7 : Software Engineering
LAB7
: Software Engineering
Session 8 : Real time operating systems
LAB8
: Embedded Operating System
Session 9: : Embedded Operating System
LAB9 : Practical applications in embedded systems
Session 10: Final Project
LAB10
: Final Project

PiTechnologies

PiTechnologies

ARM Processor Architecture

Introductory Level

PiTechnologies Embedded Team

Course outline

General introduction about ARM

ARM Processor fundamentals
Exception and Interrupt handling

PiTechnologies

1999
9999
9

Agenda

General introduction about ARM

Basic Concepts

What is ARM ?

Why ARM?

ARM Design Philosophy

ARM Application

ARM License and families

ARM ISA

Embedded System Hardware

Embedded System Software

ARM Processor Technology

PiTechnologies

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Agenda

General introduction about ARM

Basic Concepts

What is ARM ?

Why ARM?

ARM Design Philosophy

ARM Application

ARM License and families

ARM ISA

Embedded System Hardware

Embedded System Software

ARM Processor Technology

PiTechnologies

11

BASIC Concepts

ISA- Instruction Set Architecture- is part of

computer architecture related to programming
including :
data types,
instructions,
registers,
addressing mode,
memory architecture,
and interrupts

Basic Concepts

RISC Design philosophy

Simple but powerful instructions (do less )

Executed within a single cycle at high speed
Reduce the complexity of hardware
Provide greater flexibility in software
Place greater demands on the compiler intelligence
ALPHA ,ARC,ARM,AVR,MIPS and SPARC
reduced mean the work required for single instruction is
reduced (reducing memory access)
compared to CISC

Basic Concepts
Design Rules for RISC Philosophy

Instruction
reduced ,one cycle instruction
programmer synthesize complex operation (/)(*)
fixed length instructions To allow pipeline

Pipeline

processing of instruction divided in to many stages

executed in parallel in pipelines which advances one step each
clock cycle to maximize throughput

Basic Concepts

Register
general purpose, can hold
address or data
acts as fast local memory for
data processing operation

Basic Concepts

Load-Store Architecture
Processor operate on data stored on registers
Load and store instructions transfer data between register bank
and external memory
Saving the cost of memory access by separating memory access
from data processing (use data multiple time)

Basic Concepts

Typically CISC chips have a large amount of different

and complex instructions and that because the
philosophy behind it is that hardware is always faster
than software, therefore one should make a powerful
instruction set

Basic Concepts

You must keep in your mind the main difference

between RISC and CISC
Compiler

Compiler

CISC

RISC
More complex

Hardware

Less complex

Hardware

Basic Concepts

Again you should think what

you want not what is the
better

Agenda

General introduction about ARM

Basic Concepts

What is ARM ?

Why ARM?

ARM Design Philosophy

ARM Application

ARM License and families

ARM ISA

Embedded System Hardware

Embedded System Software

ARM Processor Technology

PiTechnologies

20

What is ARM ?

Advanced RISC Machine

ARM: 32-bit RISC processor
Developed by ARM Ltd founded 1990
In 2000 billion arm core in the market
In 2009, ARM processors account for approximately
90% of all embedded 32-bit RISC processors.
Example products: iPod, iPhone, Nokia
N93,N95,NEXUS, ..etc

PiTechnologies

21

Agenda

General introduction about ARM

Basic Concepts

What is ARM ?

Why ARM?

ARM Design Philosophy

ARM Application

ARM License and families

ARM ISA

Embedded System Hardware

Embedded System Software

ARM Processor Technology

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22

Why ARM ?

Reduce power consumption

Code density.
Arm have great hardware debugging technology
so you can view what happen on hardware during
the execution with great visibility

PiTechnologies

23

Agenda

General introduction about ARM

Basic Concepts

What is ARM ?

Why ARM?

ARM Design Philosophy

ARM Application

ARM License and families

ARM ISA

Embedded System Hardware

Embedded System Software

ARM Processor Technology

PiTechnologies

24

ARM Design Philosophy

ARM is not a pure RISC arch. (some enhancement )
ARM instruction set differ from pure RISC to make arm
suitable for embedded application
Differences between arm and RISC

Variable cycle execution for certain instructions

Inline barrel shifter leading to more complex instructions
Thumb 16-bit instruction set
Conditional execution
Enhanced instructions (DSP like, 16 x 16-bit multiplication)

Agenda

General introduction about ARM

Basic Concepts

What is ARM ?

Why ARM?

ARM Design Philosophy

ARM Application

ARM License and families

ARM ISA

Embedded System Hardware

Embedded System Software

ARM Processor Technology

PiTechnologies

26

ARM Application

ARM Application

ARM Applications

ARM Processor: CortexA8

Silicon Partner:
Qualcomm

ARM Processor
Family: Cortex-A
Series
ARM
Processor: CortexA8
Silicon Supplier:
Samsung

ARM Processor
Family: ARM11
Silicon Supplier
Freescale i.MX353
applications
processor

ARM Processor
Family: Cortex-A Series
ARM Processor: CortexA8
Silicon Supplier:
Qualcomm QSD 8650
@ 1 GHz

ARM
Processor
Family: ARM9

ARM Processor Family: CortexA Series

ARM Processor: Cortex-A8
Silicon Supplier: Samsung
Hummingbird S5PC110

ARM Application

ARM Application
TEGRA CHIP

ARM Application
Dual-Core ARM Cortex A9 CPU:
NVIDIA Tegra features the worlds first dual core CPU for
mobile applications in addition to support for Symmetric
Multi-Processing (SMP) which enable :

Tasks to be parallelized between the two ARM Cortex A9

processors,
Delivers faster load times of Web pages, quicker UI
responsiveness, and faster rendering of complex Web
pages.

ARM Application
TEGRA Powered Devices
Tablets

ARM Applications
The Snapdragon application
processor core, is Qualcomm's
own design.
Based on ARM Cortex-A8 core
and ARM v7 instruction set, but
theoretically has much higher
performance for multimediarelated SIMD operations.
All Snapdragon processors
contain the circuitry to
decode high-definition
video (HD) resolution

ARM Applications
The Samsung Hummingbird is
a system-on-a-chip (SoC) designed
for mobile devices, which is based
on the 45nm ARM Cortex
A8 architecture with
a PowerVR SGX540 GPU.
One advantage of the Hummingbird
SoC is the high performance with
low power consumption.
The chip was first used in
the Samsung Galaxy S, followed
by the Samsung Wave,
the Samsung Galaxy Tab,
the Samsung GT-I9020T (Google
Nexus S),

ARM Applications

ARM and Open Source

Technologies

ARM and Open Source

Smartphones
Open hardware mobile
phone
ARM9 processor based on
SC32442 from Samsung
Support multiple Linux
distribution and hold
capabilities to support multi
boot
Schematic ,Hardware and
reference manuals are
available to community for
use

ARM and Open Source

txtr reader is product of Txtr, Berlin based company
engaged in building tools & services for digital reader.
It is based on Freescale i.Mx31 SoC which
contains ARM11 processor core.
It can also encourages existing device vendor to
integrate txtr service on there platform.

Reader hardware consist of

Bluetooth, Wifi,
Near Field Communication (NFC)
EDGE modem to communicate with device.
Interface such as,
3D Accelerator meter,
Touch screen based Electronic ink display,
vibrator motor makes it more attractive platform for
developing entertainment applications.

ARM and Open Source

Odroid is for developers focused
on entertainment and gaming
device.
It comes with schematics &
includes it's support in Linux &
Android.
Odroid contains Samsung
S5PC100 SoC, which contains
ARM Cortex-A8 833MHz
processor, 512 MB RAM, Touch
screen & HDMI output, Wi-Fi,
Bluetooth

ARM Applications

From all the previous we conclude that why ARM is one of

the most commonly used 32-bit embedded processor core
Top semiconductor companies depend build product based
on ARM because

PiTechnologies

Low power consumption

High code density
Low cost memory
Internal debugging capabilities

41

Agenda

General introduction about ARM

Basic Concepts

What is ARM ?

Why ARM?

ARM Design Philosophy

ARM Application

ARM License and families

ARM ISA

Embedded System Hardware

Embedded System Software

ARM Processor Technology

PiTechnologies

42

ARM Naming Convention

ARM x y z labels
Number of the core
Memory management model
Cache information
Extra features

ARM Naming Convention

Agenda

General introduction about ARM

Basic Concepts

What is ARM ?

Why ARM?

ARM Design Philosophy

ARM Application

ARM License and families

ARM ISA

Embedded System Hardware

Embedded System Software

ARM Processor Technology

PiTechnologies

45

ARM ISA

ARM processor provides support for two sets:

ARM

Instruction Set

32-bit

Thumb

instruction length

Instruction Set

16-bit

instruction length
It improves code density
Compressed version of ARM Instruction Set
Jazelle
PiTechnologies

Java

byte codes
46
Allows faster operation for JME mobile applications

Conclusion
ARM feature
power consumption
High Code Density
Low Cost Memory
Internal Debugging Capabilities
ARM Instruction Set
Variable Cycle Execution
Inline barrel Shifter
Thumb 16 bit inst.
Conditional execution
Enhanced instruction
PiTechnologies

47

Agenda

General introduction about ARM

Basic Concepts

What is ARM ?

Why ARM?

ARM Design Philosophy

ARM Application

ARM License and families

ARM ISA

Embedded System Hardware

Embedded System Software

ARM Processor Technology

PiTechnologies

48

Embedded System Hardware

ARM processor controls the embedded device. Different versions are

available to suit the desired operating characteristics

ARM processor core is the engine that execute instructions and

manipulates data
Controller coordinate important functional block interrupt and
memory controllers are commonly used
Peripherals provide all input-output capability external to chip
Bus used to communicate between the core and surrounding parts

Embedded System Hardware

Embedded System Hardware

Selection of memory depends on:
Performance
Power

consumption

Price

Memory characteristics:
Memory

hierarchy
Memory types
Memory width

Embedded System Hardware

Memory width:

PiTechnologies

8, 16, 32 and 64-bit

Consider as design issue when you deal with ARM
Also have effect on over all cost and performance ratio

52

Agenda

General introduction about ARM

Basic Concepts

What is ARM ?

Why ARM?

ARM Design Philosophy

ARM Application

ARM License and families

ARM ISA

Embedded System Hardware

Embedded System Software

ARM Processor Technology

PiTechnologies

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Embedded System Software

PiTechnologies

54

Agenda

General introduction about ARM

Basic Concepts

What is ARM ?

Why ARM?

ARM Design Philosophy

ARM Application

ARM License and families

ARM ISA

Embedded System Hardware

Embedded System Software

ARM Processor Technology

55

PiTechnologies

ARM Technology

There are a common set of industry-leading technologies found

across the entire range of ARM processors, including
The powerful ARM, Thumb and Thumb-2 instruction sets
DSP and SIMD extensions
NEON advanced SIMD instructions for efficient multimedia
processing
IEEE 754-compliant hardware floating point support (VFP)
Hardware-accelerated Java support (Jazelle)
TrustZone security extensions
PiTechnologies

56

ARM Processor Fundamentals

ARM Core Data Flow Model
Registers
Program Status Registers
Processor Modes
Pipeline
Core Extension

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57

ARM Core Data Flow Model

This figure shows the ARM Von-Neumann
Architecture
For Von-Neumann the same bus hold data
and address
HARVARD implementation of the core use
two different busses
Instruction decoder translate instruction
before they are executed

Sign Extend unit converts sign 8/16-bit

numbers into 32-bit values before storing
in the register file
Register file is storage bank made up of 32bit register and data placed on it

ARM Core Data Flow Model

ARM use Load-Store architecture like all RISC
processor, load copy data from memory to register in
the core and store copy data from register to
memory
Register Can hold sign or unsigned 32-bit values
ALU: Arithmetic Logic Unit
MAC: Multiply Accumulate unit
Operation flow will be by taking Rn and RM from
busses then the results Rd Stored in register file

ARM Core Data Flow Model

Load/store instructions use ALU to generate memory
address to be stored in address register
The Incrementer is responsible for incrementing the
address on the address register for reading multiple
registers from sequential addresses

Its Clear that barrel shifter and ALU can calculate wide
range of expressions and addresses

Registers
All registers are 32-bits wide and
can hold either data or an address
There are up to 18 active register 16 for datar0 to r15 - visible to all programmer and 2 for
processor status

r13 - sp: stack pointer register, which holds

stack head in the current processor mode

r14 - lr: link register, which hold the

return address whenever subroutine is called
r15 - pc: program counter register, which hold
the current instruction address

Registers
Depending on the context r13 and r14 may be used
as general purpose and banked during processor
mode change
But its dangerous to use r13 as general register as its
hold as valid stack point

Register r0 to r13 are orthogonal so any instruction

applied to r0 can be applied to r13
In addition there is 2 program status register CPSR
and SPSR

Registers ..contd
CPSR : Current Program Status Register
32-bit register holds current processor's status
To monitor and control internal operations
Some processor have J-bit in flags for Jazelle

Program Status Registers

Conditional flags

Q indicate overflow and saturation for core contain DSP extension

J set for jazella enabled in some cores (need software license

from SUN and ARM)to take advantage of this mode

Program Status Registers

Processor Modes

Processor mode determine which register are active and read

/write access to CPSR
Privileged mode allow full read-write access to CPSR, nonprivileged allow read for control field but allow read and write
to conditional flags

Processor Mode

Processor Modes
ARM Processor Runs in one of 7 Modes:
Processor
mode
User
FIQ
IRQ
Supervisor
Abort

Abb. Description

Undefined

und

System

sys

usr
fiq
irq
sve
abt

Normal program execution mode

Used for fast interrupt handling
Used for general purpose interrupt handling
A protected mode for the operating system
Implements virtual memory and/or memory
protection
Supports software emulation of hardware
coprocessors
Runs privileged operating system tasks

Processor Mode
Abort mode when attempt to access not exist memory location
Fast int. & int. mode represents two level of interrupts
Supervisor Mode the mode processor in it in starting up and
after reset and when operating system want to make its
initialization and kernel operate on it
System Mode is special version of user mode but have full read
and write access to CPSR
User Mode for program and applications
Undefined Mode for unknown instructions and Coprocessor

Processor Modes
Modes other than user mode are called Privileged
mode
FIQ, RIQ, Supervisor, Abort and Undefined are called
Exception mode
The following triggers change the mode of the
processor:
Software control (by operating system)
External interrupt (IRQ or FIQ)
Processor exceptions (data abort , prefetch abort
,undefined inst.,)

Registers

Based on Processor modes,

different types of registers exist.
The user and system mode come
with r0-r15 plus the CPSR.

Registers
The previous figure illustrate 37 register in register file
There is 20 register hidden from program at different times
This shading register is available when processor in particular
mode
Any processor mode can change its mode by write to CPSR
except user mode
CPSR is saved is SPSR when mode changed (interrupt)

Pipeline
The average rate of instruction execution per processor cycle is
called Instruction Throughput
To speed up the execution, RISC processors fetch the next
instruction while executing the current instruction, which is known
as Pipeline Mechanism
Basic RISC pipeline stages are:
Fetch: load the instruction to be executed from memory
Decode: identify the instruction to be executed

Execute: perform instruction processing and write the results back to

corresponding registers

Pipeline
An examples of three instruction sequence execution:

Pipeline

ARM Vs. THUMB

ARM architecture with core v4 and above define 16 bit instruction set
called THUMB
THUMB instruction set is subset of ARM instruction set also function
and aliases
Program in THUMB state cannot execute ARM state and vice versa
You must switch the assembler to produce appropriate opcode
Functionality of THUMB instruction set is subset of ARM instruction set
In THUMB only branch can be conditionally executed

ARM Vs. THUMB

In THUMB mode most instructions can access only low
register ro to r7- but high register has limited access
Barrel shifter used in separate instructions not in the same
instruction
No instruction will access CPSR or SPSR directly
No instruction for semaphore and co-processor
operating in general purpose register for data processing
instruction with two operand and the result putted in one
of the two input operand

Core Extensions
Core extensions are a set of components reside close to the
ARM core to do extra functionality
Its standard components placed next to ARM core
Its improve performance ,mange resources, designed to
provide flexibility in handling particular application
Each ARM family has its own set of extensions available
There is three hardware extensions exist around arm core
depending on ARM family

Core Extensions

The extensions is
Cache and Tightly Coupled Memory
Memory Management
Co-processor Interface

Core Extensions Cache &TCM

Cache is block of fast memory placed between main memory

and core
With cache processor can run the majority of the time without
having to wait for data from slow external memory
Most ARM use single -level internal to processor
Not all embedded system need the performance gained by
using cache

Core Extensions Cache &TCM

We have two cache forms for von-Neuman style cores and
Harvard style core
In von- Neumann called unified cache why ?
The logic that connect memory system with the AMBA bus
called control and logic block
Cache increase the performance but decrease system
predictability

Core Extensions -Cache & TCM

Predictability problem will appear in real time system
In this system I have defined time to execute each task so its hard to
violate this time
In cache I don't know what is the content exist on it when I executing any
task
So I cannot determine the accurate time required for executing
In hard real time system big problem will occurs if the execution not in
time

Core Extensions-Cache & TCM

The conclusion I cannot predict the full status of the cache

and time required for execution after period of time or the
cache able to serve me in deterministic time or not
Also I don't know if the required data exist in cache so the
execution will be fast or I need extra time to access main
memory
So in real-time system its hard to use cache
Solution in TCM

Core Extensions - TCM

Tightly Coupled Memory is a fast SRAM located close to the

core processor
TCM is treated as a memory in the address map, and can be
accessed as a fast memory
Performance is highly improved without affecting predictability
when TCM is used As i can put or remove data from TCM
An ARM processor may have both TCM and cache
(performance and real time response )

Core Extensions - MMU

MMU used to mange multiple memory devices to
organize this device and help in protecting devices
from application that trying to make inappropriate
access
ARM core have three different type of MM
hardware
No extension provide no protection for system
Memory Management extensions in ARM are:
Memory Protection Unit (MPU)
Memory management unit (MMU)

Core Extensions -MM

Memory protection unit
Provides partial protection, divides memory into memory regions each
with special co-processor registers for specific access permissions for
each
Memory Management Unit:
Has tables and provides virtual to physical memory maps and access
permissions, used for sophisticated embedded systems with OSs supported
multitasking

Non protected memory

Fixed and provide no flexibility used for simple system It is normally used for
small, simple embedded systems that require no protection from rogue
applications

Core Extensions - Coprocessor

Co-processor is a unit that can be attached to the core
Each coprocessor can come with its own registers, instructions,
processing capabilities
There can be multiple co-processors attached to the core.
When decoding an instruction, and it is found that it is a
coprocessor instruction it is passed to the relevant coprocessor
for execution
If the coprocessor does not exist, then the core performs a
UNDEF exception
This allows the programmer to handle the coprocessor
instructions in SW (by handling the UNDEF exception)

Exceptions, Interrupts and Vector Table

When an exception or interrupt occurs, the PC is filled by the appropriate

address from the vector table.
Each vector must contain a branch instruction to the appropriate routine
Linux and windows CE can use the advantage of high and low memory
address
When exception or interrupt occurs the processor suspend normal execution
and start loading instructions from exception vector table
Each vector table entry contains a form of branch instruction pointing to the
start of specific routine (just address)

Exceptions ,Interrupts and Vector

Exceptions, Interrupts and Vector Table

RESET: Occurs at power up or at reset of CPU in this case the branch instruction will
jump to the initialization code so its the first instruction executed by processor after
power up

UNDEF: Occurs when an instruction can not be decoded or processor cannot decode
instruction

SWI: Occurs when SWI instruction is executed (used used as the mechanism to
invoke OS routine)
PABT: occurs when the processor attempts to fetch an instruction from an address
without the correct access permissions. The actual abort occurs in the decode stage.

Exception ,interrupts and vector

table

DABT: similar to pre fetch abort but raised when an instructions

attempt to access data memory without correct access
permission .
IRQ/FIQ: H/W Interrupts (if not masked in CPSR) used by
external hardware to interrupt the normal execution of the
processor FIQ reserved for hardware requiring faster

response

Lets Start .

Can You Build Your Own Core ?

Lets Start .

Available tools to start

Skyeye
GNU ARM
Open Cores

101

ARM Families
ARM Instruction Set

ARM Families

ARM Families

ARM has designed a number of processors that are grouped into different families
according to the core they use.
The families are based on the ARM7, ARM9, ARM10, and ARM11cores

ARM 7 FAMILY
Von-neuman style
Three stage pipeline
Execute ARM v4T instruction set
Example : ARM7TDMI
Very popular core
used in most embedded 32 bit applications
provide very good performance to power ratio

First core include THUMB, Fast multiply instructions and embedded

ICE technology

ARM Families
ARM 9 Family
announced in 1997
Because of its five-stage pipeline, the ARM9processor can run at higher clock
frequencies than the ARM7 family. The extra stages
improve the overall performance of the processor.
The memory system has been redesigned to follow the Harvard architecture
The first processor in the ARM9 family was the ARM920T, which includes a separate D + I
cache and an MMU. This processor can be used by operating systems requiring virtual
memory support.
The ARM940T includes a smaller D +I cache and an MPU. The ARM940T is designed for
applications that do not require a platform operating system.
Both ARM920T and ARM940T execute the architecture v4T instructions.
There are two variations: the ARM946E-S and the ARM966E-S. Both execute architecture
v5TE instructions. They also support the optional embedded trace macrocell (ETM), which
allows a developer to trace instruction and data execution in real time on the processor.
This is important when debugging applications with time-critical segments.

ARM Families
The ARM946E-S includes TCM, cache, and an MPU.
The sizes of the TCM and caches are configurable. T
his processor is designed for use in embedded control applications that
require deterministic real-time response. I
n contrast, the ARM966E does not have theMPU and cache extensions
but does have configurable TCMs.
The latest core in the ARM9 product line is the ARM926EJ-S
synthesizable processor core, announced in 2000. It is designed for use
in small portable Java-enabled devices such as 3G phones and personal
digital assistants (PDAs).
The ARM926EJ-S is the first ARM processor core to include the Jazelle
technology, which accelerates Java bytecode execution.

ARM Families
ARM10 Family
announced in 1999, was designed for performance. It extends the ARM9
pipeline to six stages. It also supports an optional vector floating-point (VFP)
unit, which adds a seventh stage to the ARM10 pipeline. The VFP significantly
increases floating-point performance and is compliant with the IEEE
754.1985 floating-point standard.
The ARM1020E is the first processor to use an ARM10E core. Like the
ARM9E, it includes the enhanced E instructions. It has separate 32K D + I
caches, optional vector floating-point unit, and an MMU. The ARM1020E also
has a dual 64-bit bus interface for increased performance.
ARM1026EJ-S is very similar to the ARM926EJ-S but with both MPU and
MMU. This processor has the performance of the ARM10 with the flexibility
of an ARM926EJ-S

ARM Families
Specialized Processors
StrongARM was originally co-developed by Digital Semiconductor and is now exclusively

licensed by Intel Corporation.

It is has been popular for PDAs and applications that require performance
with low power consumption.
It is a Harvard architecture with separate D+I caches.
StrongARM was the first high-performance ARM processor to include a fivestage pipeline, but it does not support the Thumb instruction set.
It is a Harvard architecture and is similar to the StrongARM, as it also
includes an MMU.
SC100 is at the other end of the performance spectrum. It is designed
specifically for low-power security applications. The SC100 is the first
SecurCore and is based on an ARM7TDMI core with an MPU.
This core is small and has low voltage and current requirements, which
makes it attractive for smart card applications

Questions?

Mahmoud S.Khalifa
msmahmoud@PiTechnologies.net

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