Scientific American 1970-1992 Article Index

Scientific American 1970-1992 Article Index
1 of 152
http://www.davelo.net/sciam/regular1970-1992-index.html

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Issue
Title
Summary
May
1948
The Future of the Amazon
keywords: Amazon; developing countries; economic

planning; electric power; forest management; mineral
resources; resource prospecting; tropical rain forest
May
1948
The Man-apes of South

Africa
keywords: Australopithecus Paranthropus; human evolution;

man-apes; Plesianthropus; primates
May
1948
Concerning `Social Physics'
keywords: `social physics'; physical sciences; social sciences;

statistics
May
1948
Vesalius: Discoverer of the

Human Body
keywords: human anatomy; medical history; Renaissance;

Vesalius
May
1948
The Dust Cloud Hypothesis
keywords: cosmology; dust cloud hypothesis; gravitational

collapse; gravity; light pressure; solar system; Sun;
thermonuclear reaction
May
1948
The Luminescence of Living

Things
keywords: `cold light'; abyssal fish; bioluminescence; firefly;

glow worm; luciferase
May
1948
Davisson and Germer
keywords: Davisson-Germer experiment; diffraction;

electron; electron diffraction; interference fringes;
wave-particle duality
May
1948
Smelting under Pressure
keywords: blast furnace; iron ore; smelting; steel production
Jun
1948
The National Science

Foundation
keywords: fundamental research; National Science

Foundation (NSF); science education; science funding;
university research
Jun
1948
keywords: airborne infection; coccidioidomycosis;

Histoplasmosis: the Unknown
epidemiology; fungal infection; histoplasmosis; respiratory
Infection
infection
Jun
1948
The Army Ant
keywords: ants; army ant; comparative psychology;

feedback; insect behavior; natural history; pheromones;
philosophy of science; reproduction; social insect;
trophallaxis
Jun
1948
The Ultimate Particles
keywords: electron; elementary particles; mesons; neutrino;

neutron; nuclear binding force; particle accelerator; particle
counters; photon; positron; proton
Jun
1948
The Biology of Old Age
keywords: aging; death; life expectancy
Jun
1948
If a Slave Girl Fled...
keywords: cuneiform script; Hammurabi; law code; LipitIshtar; Sumer
Jul 1948
Recovery of Europe (C.E.

Report)
keywords: East-West trade; Economic Commission for

Europe; economic development; European economy;
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industrial reconstruction; trade deficit

Jul 1948 Antiquity of Modern Man
keywords: Charente skull; Galley Hill skull; Homo sapiens;

Neanderthal man; Swanscombe cranium
Jul 1948 Galaxies in Flight
keywords: `synthetic' elements; cosmology; element

abundance; galactic recession; red shift; universe expansion
Jul 1948 Allergy: A Definition
keywords: allergy; antibodies; antigens; hypersensitivity;

immune reaction; serum sickness
Jul 1948 Physics and Music
keywords: acoustics; harmony; musical scale; physics; piano;

string instruments; voice; wind instruments
Jul 1948 Insect Vision
keywords: color perception; compound eye; insect behavior;

insect eye; optical resolution
Jul 1948 The Beginnings of Coal
keywords: Carboniferous period; coal; flora; fossil;

Mississippian period; Pennsylvanian period; tropical flora
Jul 1948 The Philips Air Engine
keywords: external combustion engines; heat engines; hot-air

engine; Philips air engine; Stirling engine
Aug
1948
Measurement by Mercury
keywords: interference fringes; interferometry; mercury 198;

standard of length
Sep
1948
The Transistor: Basic

research in the electrical
properties of solids has
opened up an entirely new
way of manipulating
electrons to do useful work
Nov
1948
Gulliver was a bad biologist
Jan
1949
The Invention of Analytic

Geometry
keywords: analytic geometry; conic sections; Descartes;

Euler; Fermat; mathematics; mathematics history
Aug
1949
Galileo
keywords: Galileo; gravity; inertia; moons of Jupiter
Dec
1949
The Nobel Prizes
May
1950
An Imitation of Life
Reports experiments with two autonomous, electronic

``turtles'' --- Elmer & Elsie --- equipped with various sensors
and simple control circuitry which wander around their
environment and interact with one another.
keywords: ai-history; ai-philos; ai-robotics; history
Jul 1950 The Limits of Measurement
keywords: Brownian motion; measurement; Planck's

constant; time; uncertainty principle; velocity
Feb
1951
keywords: `coppering'; Coulomb; friction; Leonardo;

molecular cohesion; sliding surfaces; technology history
Friction
Jul 1951 The Theory of Numbers
keywords: binary arithmetic; composite numbers; magic

squares; number theory; prime number
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Further experiments with Elmer & Elsie.
Aug
1951
A Machine that Learns
Mar
1952
Stream Pollution
keywords: biological oxygen demand; radioactive waste

disposal; sewage treatment; stream pollution; water pollution
Nov
1952
Is There an Infinity?
keywords: Cantor; cardinal number; equivalent sets; infinity;

set theory
May
1953
Mars
Nov
1953
How Children Form

Mathematical Concepts
Nov
1954
The Origin of Meteorites
keywords: ai-history; ai-philos; ai-robotics; history
Jan
1955
Projective Geometry
keywords: Desargue's theorem; Duer; Leonardo;

mathematics; Pascal's theorem; projective geometry;
Renaissance paintings
Feb
1955
Game Theory and Decisions
keywords: decision theory; games theory; minimax; mixed

strategy; pure strategy; worst-case analysis
Apr
1955
Man Viewed as a Machine
keywords: man-machine; refs-general
May
1955
The Monte Carlo Method
keywords: Buffon needle problem; mathematics; Monte

Carlo method; probability; random numbers
Oct
1955
Maupertuis, A Forgotten
Genius
Dec
1955
Isaac Newton
Jun
1956
The Chemistry of Jupiter
keywords: frozen free radicals; hydrazine radical; imine

radical; Jupiter
Sep
1956
The Distribution of Galaxies
keywords: cosmology; galactic clusters; gravitation; Monte

Carlo method; probability; universe
Oct
1956
Artificial Living Plants
Proposal for a species of self-reproducing machines which

would mine and refine raw materials to construct offspring,
and which would then be harvested for the materials from
which they constructed themselves.
keywords: alt-mat; applications; automata-biol; plants
Jan
1957
Chemical Milling
Nov
1957
Subjective Probability
Jan
1958
Experiments in
Discrimination
keywords: decision making; gambling; Monte Carlo fallacy;

probability; psychology; subjective probability
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Sep
1958
The Creative Process
keywords: creativity; Leonardo; philosophy of science;

Renaissance; scientific revolution
Dec
1958
Mathematical Sieves
keywords: mathematics; prime number; science history; sieve

of Eratosthenes
Apr
1959
The Solar System Beyond

Neptune
keywords: Neptune; orbital motion; Pluto; solar system
Jun
1959
Self-Reproducing Machines
Self-reproducing machines constructed out of simple

mechanical blocks which can hook onto one another to form
chains.
keywords: history; self-rep
Dec
1959
Computer Music
Jan
1960
The Green Flash
Jan
1961
The Growth of Snow Crystals
Jan
1962
The fine structure of the gene
Jun
1962
The Schooling of Fishes
keywords: computer music; information theory; music;

redundancy
Study of the development of schooling behavior in young

fish.
keywords: schooling
Jan
1963
The Lesson of the Pygmies
Jul 1963 The Voyage of Mariner II
keywords: Mariner 2; navigation; orbital motion; space

exploration; telemetry; Venus
Jul 1964 Radio Waves from Jupiter
keywords: Jupiter; magnetic field; radio emissions; Van Allen

belts
Computer Experiments in
Chemistry
keywords: computer modeling; gas kinetics; mathematical

model; Monte Carlo method
Sep
1964
Probability
keywords: Brownian motion; combinatorial analysis; Markov

chain; mathematics; normal curve; Pascal's triangle;
probability; statistics
Sep
1964
Moore predicts that the most significant applications of

Mathematics in the Biological
mathematics in the biological sciences will stem from the
Sciences
analysis of problems in the theory of computing machines.
Aug
1965
Infrared Astronomy
Sep
1965
The superellipse: A curve that

lies between the ellipse and
the rectangle
Nov
1965
Microelectronics
Jul 1964
keywords: atmospheric windows; extraterrestrial life; infrared

astronomy; Jupiter; Mars; moon; spectrometry; Venus
keywords: electronic components industry; integrated

circuits; microelectronics; silicon `chips'; transistor
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Jan
1966
The Ranger Missions to the

Moon
keywords: lunar exploration; lunar surface; moon; space

exploration; spacecraft design
Mar
1966
The Voyage of Mariner IV
keywords: artificial satellite; Mariner 4; Mars; space

exploration; spacecraft; spacecraft navigation; telemetry
Apr
1966
The Photographs from

Mariner IV
keywords: computer enhancement; computer graphics;

Mariner IV photographs; Mars; Martian topography; space
exploration; telemetry; television camera
Apr
1966
Early Metallurgy in the New

World
keywords: copper; gold; lost-wax casting; metallurgy; New

World archaeology; Old Copper culture; Peru
May
1966
keywords: atmosphere; cosmic radiation; interplanetary

The Scientific Experiments of
space; magnetosphere; Mariner 4; Mars; micrometeorites;
Mariner IV
solar wind; space exploration; trapped radiation
Sep
1966
Information
keywords: binary arithmetic; computer applications;

computer industry; computer privacy; computer technology;
information theory
Sep
1966
Information Storage and

Retrieval
keywords: computer technology; electronic scanner;

information retrieval; information storage; library science;
microfiche; microrecording
Jan
1967
Electric Currents in Organic

Crystals
Nov
1967
The Sociology of the Nobel

Prizes
keywords: education; Nobel prizes; scientific careers;

sociology; university education
Jul 1968
Radar observations of the

planets
keywords: astronomical observations; general relativity;

planets
Jul 1968 X-ray crystallography
keywords: teaching; X-ray crystallography
Aug
1968
High-power carbon dioxide

lasers
keywords: carbon compounds; gas lasers
Aug
1968
The infrared sky
keywords: astronomical observations; astronomical

telescopes
Aug
1968
Movements of the eye
keywords: cameras; eye
Sep
1968
Light
Oct
1968
Pulsars
keywords: radiofrequency cosmic radiation
Oct
1968
Cargo-handling
keywords: batch-processing; load dispatching; materials

handling
Oct
1968
How fast can computers add? keywords: computer facilities
Nov
1968
Strong and ductile steels
keywords: alloys; brittleness; mechanical strength; steel
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Nov
1968
Artificial plasma clouds in

space
keywords: ionosphere; magnetosphere; space research
Dec
1968
Radio signals from hydroxyl

radicals
keywords: free radicals; oxygen compounds; radiofrequency

cosmic radiation
Dec
1968
Sea-floor spreading
keywords: oceanography
Jan
1969
Seyfert galaxies
keywords: galaxies
Mar
1969
Brownian Motion and

Potential Theory
keywords: Brownian motion; harmonic functions; potential

theory; probabilistic potential theory
Mar
1969
The Atmospheres of Mars

and Venus
keywords: atmosphere; Mars; space exploration; Venus
May
1969
Typesetting
keywords: cathode-ray tube; computer applications; digital

computer; electronic typesetting; mechanical composition;
photographic typesetting; printing
Jul 1969
Systems analysis of urban

transportation
keywords: engineering applications of computers; simulation;

transportation
Jul 1969 Neutrinos from the sun
keywords: cosmic ray apparatus; cosmic ray neutrinos; solar

cosmic ray particles
Jul 1969 Liquid metals
keywords: liquid metals
Aug
1969
Metallising
keywords: diffusion in solids; electrolysis; metallurgy
Aug
1969
The size and shape of atomic

nuclei
keywords: nuclear size
Sep
1969
The origin of the oceans
keywords: oceanography
Sep
1969
The atmosphere and the

ocean
keywords: atmospheric movements; atmospheric pressure

and density; atmospheric temperature; oceanography
Oct
1969
Acoustical holography
keywords: holography
Nov
1969
Amorphous-semiconductor
switching
keywords: amorphous state; semiconductor devices;

semiconductor switches
Nov
1969
Magnetic recording
keywords: recording
Dec
1969
New methods for

approaching absolute zero
keywords: low-temperature production; reviews
Dec
1969
Measuring Earth strains by

laser
keywords: laser beam applications; light interferometers;

seismology
Jan
1970
Aerodynamic whistle
keywords: acoustic noise; acoustic waves; aerodynamics
Jan
1970
The shapes of organic

molecules
keywords: molecular rotation; organic molecule

configurations and dimensions; reaction kinetics
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Jan
1970
Gigantopithecus
keywords: Australopithecus; Gigantopithecus; hominid;

human evolution; pongids
Feb
1970
Large-scale integration in
electronics
keywords: circuits; large scale integration
Feb
1970
Particles that go faster than

light
keywords: elementary particles; general relativity
Mar
1970
The lunar laser reflector
keywords: laser beam applications; length measurement;

Moon
Mar
1970
Monomolecular layers and

light
keywords: light absorption; light interference; luminescence;

organic compounds
Apr
1970
Liquid-crystal display devices
keywords: colour; display systems; electric field effects;

liquid crystals
May
1970
The Surface of Mars
keywords: cratering; Mariner 6; Mariner 7; Mars; orbital

motion; polar cap; telemetry; television camera
May
1970
`Second sound' in solid

helium
keywords: solid helium
May
1970
How We Remember What

We See
keywords: image processing; linguistic material; memory;

perception; visual memory
Jun
1970
The origin of galaxies
keywords: galaxies
Jun
1970
Computer Displays
keywords: computer graphics; display systems
Jul 1970 Globular-cluster stars
keywords: age; globular clusters; stars; stellar evolution
Jul 1970 Network analysis
keywords: computer networks; cost reduction; critical path

analysis; digital computers; effectiveness; flow; flow handling
systems; gas pipelines; mathematics; network analysis; power
grids; power transmission; reliability
Jul 1970 Negative viscosity
keywords: eddies; fluid systems; hydrodynamics; negative

viscosity; nonuniform flows; rotating systems; viscosity
Aug
1970
The lunar soil
keywords: Moon
Aug
1970
Tandem Van de Graaff

accelerators
keywords: linear accelerators
Oct
1970
The breakup of Pangaea
keywords: geophysics
Oct
1970
The fundamental physical

constants
keywords: physics fundamentals
Oct
1970
Mathematical Games: The

Fantastic Combinations of
John Conway's New Solitaire
Game `Life'
The original description of Conway's game of LIFE. See

Bays:1987:CGL.
keywords: CA-LIFE
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Nov
1970
Fast breeder reactors
keywords: nuclear reactors
Nov
1970
Superdense water
keywords: liquid structure; water
Nov
1970
Why the sea is salt
keywords: seawater
Dec
1970
keywords: absorption line shifts; astronomical spectra;

The absorption lines of quasiemission lines; quasars; quasi-stellar objects; red shift; red
stellar objects
shifts; spectra
Dec
1970
Optical interference coatings
keywords: film stacks; light interference; optical components;

optical films; optical interference coatings; optical materials
Dec
1970
Permanent magnets
keywords: alloys; cobalt compounds; cobalt-rare earth alloys;

ferromagnetic properties of substances; magnetic materials;
magnetic properties; magnets; permanent magnets
Jan
1971
The nature of pulsars
keywords: Crab Nebula; neutron stars in rapid rotation

hypothesis; pulsars
Jan
1971
Circuit breakers
keywords: circuit breakers; circuit breaking arc dousing;

circuit-breaking arcs
Feb
1971
Solid stars
keywords: density; matter; neutron stars; pulsars; rigidity;

solid stars; stars; white dwarfs
Feb
1971
The prospects of fusion

power
keywords: feasibility; fusion power; fusion reactors; nuclear

power; nuclear reactors; plasma containers
Feb
1971
The fastest computer
keywords: computer; ILLIAC IV; multiprocessing systems;

overlapping; pipelining; processing units; simultaneous
operation; ultimate limitations
Feb
1971
Leonardo on Bearings and

Gears
keywords: bearing; friction; gears; Leonardo; technology

history
Feb
1971
Mathematical Games: On
Cellular Automata,
Self-Reproduction, The
Garden of Eden and the
Game of `Life'
Mar
1971
The magnetic structure of

superconductors
keywords: magnetic field effects; magnetic fields; magnetic

structure; superconducting materials; superconducting metals
Apr
1971
A high-resolution scanning
electron microscope
keywords: electron microscopy; high resolution scanning

electron microscopy
Apr
1971
Advances in pattern
recognition
keywords: character recognition equipment; experimental

reading machine; pattern recognition
Apr
1971
Superconductivity at high
pressure
keywords: high pressure; high-pressure phenomena and

effects; metals; pressure chamber; superconductivity
May
1971
Mercury in the Environment
keywords: mercury cycle; mercury poisoning; mercury

pollution; Minamata disease
Follow-up article on LIFE and other CA rules.

keywords: automata-selfrepro; automata-theory; CA;
CA-LIFE
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May
1971
keywords: galactic centre; gravitational radiation bursts;

The detection of gravitational
gravitational waves; gravitational waves detection; theory of
waves
relativity
May
1971
The evolution of quasars
keywords: evolution of quasars; quasars
May
1971
The induction coil
keywords: coils; induction coil
Jun
1971
Fusion by laser
keywords: fusion reactions; fusion reactors; laser

applications; laser beam applications; nuclear fusion
Jun
1971
The structure of the proton

and the neutron
keywords: electron-proton scattering; neutron; neutron

scattering; proton; proton scattering; scattering; ultrahigh
energy electrons
Magnetic bubbles
keywords: computer memory; cylindrical domains; domains;

ferromagnetic garnets; ferromagnetic properties of
substances; magnetic bubbles; magnetic devices; magnetic
film stores; magnetic storage devices; magnetic thin film
devices; magnetisation; thin films
Jul 1971 A new class of diode lasers
keywords: carrier wave generators; communications; diode

lasers; heterostructures; semiconductor lasers
Jul 1971 Supernova remnants
keywords: catastrophic stellar explosions; debris; emitted

radiation; novae; supernova remnants
Jul 1971 Photons as hadrons
keywords: hadrons; photons
Aug
1971
The magnetism of the Moon
keywords: Apollo 12; Apollo 14; astronauts; electric currents;

fossil magnetic material; lunar interior; lunar magnetic field;
lunar surface; magnetic field measurement; magnetism;
magnetometers; Moon; permanent magnetic fields; rock
magnetism; solar wind magnetic field; transient fields
Sep
1971
Energy in the universe
keywords: cosmology; energy flows; gravitation; nuclear

reactions; nuclear reactions and scattering; radiation;
universe
Sep
1971
The energy resources of the

earth
keywords: Earth; earth; earth's heat; energy resources; fission

fuels; fossil fuels; fusion fuels; solar energy; the tides
Sep
1971
The conversion of energy
keywords: automobile engines; conversion of energy; demand

for energy; earth's heat load; energy resources; energy
source; furnaces; light bulbs; steam turbines
Sep
1971
Energy and information

(thermodynamics and
information theory)
keywords: energy; information; information theory;

thermodynamics
Nov
1971
New superconductors
keywords: alloys; high superconducting transition

temperatures; intermetallic compounds; layered materials;
organic molecules; structural and chemical conditions;
superconducting materials; superconductor anisotropy;
superconductors
Dec
1971
The Gum nebula
keywords: Gum nebula; nebulae; reviews
Jun
1971
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Dec
1971
The rotation of the Earth
keywords: Earth rotation; Earth rotation nonuniformities;

earthquakes; seismology; wobble
Jan
1972
The scanning electron

microscope
keywords: cathode ray picture tube; electron microscopes;

electron tubes; scanning electron microscope; three
dimensional pictures
Jan
1972
Geothermal power
keywords: Earth's heat; energy resources; explorings;

geophysical prospecting; geothermal power; hot water;
steam; terrestrial heat
Jan
1972
The spectrum of the airglow
keywords: airglow; airglow spectrum; chemical processes;

physical conditions; upper atmosphere
Feb
1972
Technology assessment and

microwave diodes
keywords: economic and sociological effects; EM spectrum

efficient use; health hazards; microwave devices; microwave
diodes; microwave technology; social complications;
technology assessment; telecommunication
Feb
1972
The synthesis of speech
keywords: acoustics; data communication systems; digital

computers; speech synthesis; synthesis of speech; voices for
computers
Feb
1972
The pressure of laser light
keywords: applications; focused beam; laser beam

applications; laser light; radiation pressure
Feb
1972
Intercontinental radio
astronomy
keywords: electromagnetic wave interferometry;

interferometers; radio astronomy; radio sources;
radioastronomy; radiotelescopes; structures of quasars
Mar
1972
Electrostatics
keywords: charged body; contact electrification; corona

discharge; electrostatics; field; fly ash precipitators;
meteorological effects; modern applications; paint sprayers;
particles of matter; photography; Xerography; Xerox copying
machines
Mar
1972
How did Kepler discover his

first two laws?
keywords: celestial mechanics; distance; distances; ellipse;

epicycle theory; first two laws; initial hypothesis; Kepler;
Mars; orbit of Mars; planet; planetary motion; planets;
Ptolemy; sun; Sun; Tycho Brahe
Apr
1972
Collective-effect accelerators
keywords: collective effect accelerators; particle

accelerators; proton accelerators
Apr
1972
Tides and the Earth-Moon

system
keywords: Earth; Earth Moon system; evolution; Moon;

oceanography; origin; tidal friction
Apr
1972
Superconductors for power

transmission
keywords: power cables; power transmission;

superconducting devices; superconductors; underground
cables; underground lines
May
1972
How we control the

contraction of our muscles
keywords: automatic feedback system; biocontrol;

man-machine systems; muscle contraction; power assisted
steering; servomechanism; voluntary muscular movements
May
1972
Black holes
keywords: black holes; gravitational collapse; gravitational

waves; massive star collapse; radiation of gravitational
waves; stellar radiation
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Jun
1972
Organic matter in meteorites
keywords: carbonaceous chondrites; meteorites; organic

matter
Jun
1972
Contour and contrast
keywords: contour; contrast; neural mechanisms; vision
Jul 1972 The X-ray sky
keywords: celestial X-ray sources; clouds of Magellar; Crab

Nebula; galaxies; neutron star; pulsar; pulsars; quasar;
quasars; state of the art; X-ray sources (astronomical)
The Tokamak approach in

fusion research
keywords: confinement; controlled fusion; diffuse pinch;

fusion research; heating; high temperature plasmas; nuclear
reactors; plasma confinement; thermonuclear reactor
feasibility; Tokamak approach; toroidal plasma
Sep
1972
Communication channels
keywords: coaxial cables; communication channels; optical

channels; optical links; radio waves; reviews;
telecommunication; telecommunications; wires
Sep
1972
Communication networks
keywords: branch minimization; capacity; communication

networks; reviews; switching
Sep
1972
Communication terminals
keywords: communication networks; communication

terminals; reviews
Oct
1972
Acoustic surface waves
keywords: acoustic surface waves; acoustoelectric effects;

electronic devices; piezoelectric devices; semiconductor
devices; signal recognition; signal separation; signal storage
Oct
1972
The carbon chemistry of the

moon
keywords: analysis; Apollo samples; carbon chemistry; life

origin; moon; Moon; organic compounds
Oct
1972
The texture of the nuclear

surface
keywords: alpha particles; cluster; neutrons; nuclear cluster

model; nuclear size; nuclear surface; nuclei of atoms;
protons; texture
Nov
1972
Microcircuits by Electron
Beam
keywords: circuit components; computer technology;

computer-controlled fabrication; electron beam applications;
electron beam tracing; electron optics; electronic circuits;
integrated circuits; microcircuit fabrication; monolithic
integrated circuits; Si chips; silicon `chips'; transistors
Nov
1972
Pictorial perception and

culture
keywords: Africa; culture; learning; pictorial perception;

pictures; vision
Nov
1972
Exotic atoms
keywords: 6.2 BeV accelerator; exotic atoms; kaonic atoms;

mesic and muonic atoms; reviews; X-ray photons
Dec
1972
The tensile strength of liquids keywords: liquids; tensile strength
Jul 1972
Jan
1973
Mars from Mariner 9
keywords: erosion; evidence; information; internal heating;

Mariner 9; Mariner 9 results; Mars; Martian atmosphere;
Martian topography; planets; polar cap; solar system; space
exploration
Jan
1973
The control of sensitivity in

the retina
keywords: ambient illumination; eye; high contrast; nerve cell

interactions; neural image; neurophysiology; response range;
retina; sensitivity; sensitivity control
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Jan
1973
Conduction electrons in
metals
keywords: band structure; conduction electrons; crystal;

crystal electron states; electrical properties; electrical
properties of substances; energy structure; metal theory;
metals; quasi-particles; quasiparticles
Jan
1973
Snow crystals
keywords: arrangement; crystal growth; formation conditions;

natural environment; snow; snow crystals; specific
appearance; water molecules
Feb
1973
The microstructure of the

ocean
keywords: mapping; microstructure; ocean; oceanography;

saltiness; seawater; stirred; temperature; temperature
distribution; tides; wind; winds
Feb
1973
Metal-vapor lasers
keywords: continuous laser radiation; gas; gas lasers; laser

light; metal vapour lasers; power levels; vaporized metal;
wide range of wavelengths
Feb
1973
Rotation in high-energy
astrophysics
keywords: energy; enormous magnetic fields; gravitational

collapse; gravitational contraction; high energy astrophysics;
magnetohydrodynamics; pulsars; quasars; radiosources;
radiosources (astronomical); rapid rotation; rotating bodies;
rotation
Mar
1973
The fine structure of the

earth's interior
keywords: core; Earth interior; earth's interior; fine structure;

seismic wave analysis; seismology; solid kernel
Mar
1973
Interstellar molecules
keywords: formation mechanisms; interstellar matter;

interstellar molecules; review; reviews; spectroscopy
Mar
1973
Bicycle Technology
keywords: bicycle technology; economic development;

technology history
Apr
1973
The brightest infrared sources
keywords: brightest; celestial objects; debris; infrared

astronomy; infrared sources; review; reviews; stars
Apr
1973
Science and the citizen
Apr
1973
The control of the water

cycle
keywords: atmosphere; control; general circulation;

hydrologic studies; terrestrial atmosphere; water; water cycle
Apr
1973
Ion implantation
keywords: accelerator; doping; impurity atoms; ion

implantation; ionized atoms; microelectronic devices;
precision; technique; theory
May
1973
Cryptography and Computer

Privacy
keywords: code security; computer privacy; cryptography
May
1973
Galileo's Discovery of the

Law of Free Fall
keywords: falling-body velocity; free fall; Galileo; Merton

rule; science history
Jun
1973
The dynamics of the

Andromeda Nebula
keywords: Andromeda galaxy; dust; dynamics; galaxies; gas;

M31; NGC 224; spectrographic observations; spiral galaxy;
stars; stellar spectrophotometry
Jun
1973
Ultrafast phenomena in
liquids and solids
keywords: fluorescence; frequency spectra; laser beam

applications; laser pulses; liquids; relaxation time; solids;
ultrafast phenomena
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Jun
1973
Electronic numbers
keywords: diodes; display systems; electronic calculators;

electronic numbers; integrated circuit; reviews; transistors
Jun
1973
An advice-taking chess
computer
keywords: arithmetical operation of the computer; chess

computer; computer aided instruction; games of skill; logical
operations of the computer
Jul 1973 The physics of brasses
keywords: acoustic energy; acoustic impedance; brasses;

fundamental; harmonics; impedance patterns; instrument;
instrument's bell; musical acoustics; musical instruments;
musical tones; player's lips; playing frequency; standing
waves; trumpet; vibrations
Jul 1973
Advanced composite
materials
keywords: advanced materials; composite materials;

properties
Jul 1973
Meteorites and cosmic

radiation
keywords: bombarded; cosmic radiation; cosmic ray

particles; cosmic rays; exposure age; history; meteorites;
nuclear products; origin; size; solar system; space vacuum
Plate tectonics and mineral

Jul 1973
resources
keywords: continental drift; deposits; location; metals;

mineral resources; minerals; oil; plate tectonics; sea floor
spreading; tectonics
Aug
1973
Experiments with neutrino

beams
keywords: accelerators; neutrino beams; neutrino

interactions; neutrinos
Aug
1973
Metal-Oxide Semiconductor
Technology
keywords: electronic calculators; integrated circuits;

metal-oxide semiconductors; microelectronics; monolithic
integrated circuits; MOS fabrication technique; pocket
calculators; silicon `chips'; silicon chip; transistor
Aug
1973
The evolution of the Andes
keywords: Andes; Earth crust; Earth's crust; evolution;

geology; mountain belts; seismology
Oct
1973
Electromagnetic flight
keywords: electromagnetic flight; high speed ground

transportation; magnetic levitation; transportation
Oct
1973
The solar corona
keywords: solar corona
Oct
1973
Electron-positron collisions
keywords: annihilation; electron positron collisions; positron

annihilation
Nov
1973
Communication by optical
fiber
keywords: fibre optics; optical communication; optical fibres
Nov
1973
Proton interactions at high

energies
keywords: CERN colliding beam accelerator; energy

dependence; interaction probability; proton interactions at
high energies; proton-proton interactions
Nov
1973
The recognition of faces
keywords: machine recognition; pattern recognition;

perception; recognition of faces
Nov
1973
The evolution of the Pacific
keywords: crust movement; deep sea drilling; eastern basin;

evolution; oceanography; sea floor sediments; Western
Pacific basin
Nov
1973
Mathematical Games:
Fantastic patterns traced by
Description of Patterson's Worm system. Also see

Beeler:1973:PW.
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programmed `worms'
keywords: lattice-model; pattern-formation
Violent tides between

galaxies
keywords: computational physics; computer models of

galaxies; galaxies; interaction of galaxies; multiple galaxy
systems; simulation; tidal distortions; violent tides between
galaxies
Laser spectroscopy
keywords: extremely narrow resonances; laser beam

applications; laser spectroscopy; molecular spectra; optical
absorption spectra of gases; optical emission spectra of gases;
spectral line breadth; spectroscopy
The age of the elements
keywords: chemical elements age; chemical elements

formation; cosmology; element origin; formation of
radioactive nuclei; radioactive dating; spontaneous decay of
radioactive nuclei; universe age
Jan
1974
The physics of the bowed

string
keywords: acoustic noise; acoustic waves; acoustics; bowed

string physics; circuit concepts; electromagnetic method of
observing string motion; musical acoustics; oscillations;
vibrating bodies; vibration measurement; violin string
Feb
1974
Charge-coupled devices
keywords: charge-coupled devices; computer memories;

image sensors; information storage elements; semiconductor
electronics
Feb
1974
The nature of comets
keywords: Comet Kohoutek (1973f); comets; Oort cloud;

solar nebula
Feb
1974
The Batavia accelerator
keywords: 400 GeV; Batavia accelerator; Illinois

synchrotron; proton accelerator; proton accelerators;
superconducting magnet ring; superconducting magnets;
synchrotrons
Mar
1974
A dynamic model of cell

membranes
keywords: cell membranes; cell nuclei; cell organelles; cells;

cellular biophysics; dynamic model; lipid molecules;
membrane proteins; membranes; protein molecules
Mar
1974
The chemistry of the solar

system
keywords: cloud; planetary satellites; planets; solar system;

Sun; sun
Mar
1974
Inorganic polymers
keywords: inorganic polymers; macromolecular

configurations and dimensions; polymerisation; silicon
compounds; sulphur compounds
May
1974
Computer Graphics in
Architecture
Jun
1974
Rotating Chemical Reactions
Dec
1973
Dec
1973
Jan
1974
keywords: pacemaker, chemical, spiral, reaction
Unified theories of
Jul 1974 elementary-particle
interaction
keywords: electron; elementary particle interaction;

elementary particle interactions; elementary particle
symmetry; force; graviton; mutual interactions; neutrino;
neutron; photon; physical phenomena; proton; unified
theories
Jul 1974 The glory
keywords: atmospheric optics; glory; prismatic colours;

sunlight scattering; water droplets
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Aug
1974
The cosmic background

radiation
keywords: astronomical spectra; big bang; cosmic

background radiation; cosmology; galactic cosmic rays;
gamma rays; microwaves; radio waves; sky brightness; X
rays
Aug
1974
Superhard materials (crystal

binding)
keywords: bonds; boron compounds; crystal binding; cubic

BN; diamond; hardness; orientation; strength; superhard
materials
Oct
1974
The structure of emission

nebulas
keywords: cloud of interstellar gas; emission nebulas; ion

distribution; nebulae; structure; three colour photography
Dec
1974
The search for black holes
keywords: binary stars; black holes; Cygnus X-1; massive

star; orbit; X-ray source; X-ray sources (astronomical)
Dec
1974
The solidification of castings
keywords: cast metal; castings; solidification
Dec
1974
keywords: detection of neutral weak currents;

The detection of neutral weak
electromagnetic force; elementary particle weak interactions;
currents
neutral currents; neutrino interactions; weak force
Jan
1975
The nature of asteroids
keywords: asteroids; astronomical spectra; evolution;

meteorites; mineralogical composition; minor planets; origin
Feb
1975
Computer-managed parts
manufacture
keywords: automatic control; batch-processing; computer

managed parts manufacturing; control engineering
applications of computers; cost reduction; machining parts;
manufacturing processes; process control; small batches
Feb
1975
The most primitive objects in

the solar system
(carbonaceous chondrites)
keywords: carbonaceous chondrites; condensed; grains of

material; meteorites; mixtures; origin; planets; solar nebula;
solar system; unaltered minerals; wide range of temperatures
Feb
1975
Dual-resonance models of
elementary particles
keywords: dual resonance models; duality and dual models;

elementary particles; hadrons; massless strings;
multidimensional space; strongly interacting particles
Feb
1975
Alfred Wegener and the

keywords: Alfred Wegener; continental drift hypothesis;
hypothesis of continental drift geophysics; history; migrations; tectonic theory; tectonics
Mar
1975
X-ray-emitting double stars
Mar
1975
Interactive human
communication
Mar
1975
The Earth's mantle
keywords: Earth mantle; earth mantle
Mar
1975
Visual Pigments and Color

Blindness
keywords: colour blindness; colour vision; cone cell; visual

pigments
Apr
1975
The rotation of the Sun
keywords: rotating bodies; solar wind; Sun; Sun rotation
Apr
1975
The deformation of metals at

high temperatures
keywords: deformation of metals; heat treatment; high

temperatures; high-temperature phenomena and effects; hot
working; metals; plastic deformation
keywords: binary stars; X-ray emitting double stars; X-ray

sources (astronomical)
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Earthquake prediction
keywords: Earth crust; Earth crust resistivity; earthquake

prediction; plate tectonics; reviews; rock cracks; rock
dilatancy; rocks; seismic wave velocities; seismic waves;
seismology; terrestrial electricity
May
1975
Microcomputers
keywords: computer applications; integrated circuits;

metal-oxide semiconductors; microcomputer;
microcomputers; microelectronic chips; microelectronic
circuits; microelectronics; microprocessors; minicomputers;
reviews; silicon `chips'
Jun
1975
keywords: electron positron annihilation; meson production;

Electron-positron annihilation
meson resonances; particle production; positron annihilation;
and the new particles
psi particles
Jun
1975
Pulsating stars
keywords: composition; fundamental vibration; harmonics;

internal architecture; pulsars; pulsating stars; stellar
composition; stellar internal processes; stellar structure
Jun
1975
Visual motion perception
keywords: vision; visual motion perception
Jul 1975
Positrons as a probe of the

solid state
keywords: atomic structure; crystal defects; crystalline

substance; gamma rays; positron annihilate; positron
annihilation in liquids and solids; solid state
Aug
1975
Giant radio galaxies
keywords: energetic radio sources; galaxies; giant radio

galaxies; radio telescope; radiosources (astronomical)
Aug
1975
The floor of the Mid-Atlantic

Rift
keywords: continents; Earth crust; lava; Mid Atlantic Rift;

ocean floor; tectonics
Sep
1975
The solar system
keywords: reviews; solar system; space probes
Sep
1975
The origin and evolution of

the solar system
keywords: cosmogony; evolution; meteorites; origin; solar

system
Sep
1975
The Sun
keywords: atmosphere; reviews; solar surface; spacecraft

observations; Sun
Sep
1975
Mercury
keywords: Mariner 10; Mercury; Mercury (planet); reviews;

structure
Sep
1975
Venus
keywords: atmosphere; clouds; cratering; Earth; planets;

reviews; solar system; surface; temperature; Venus
Sep
1975
The Earth
keywords: atmosphere; crust; dynamic activity; Earth; living

organisms; reviews
Sep
1975
The Moon
keywords: geological record; geologically active outer layers;

lunar geology; Moon; reviews; satellite
Sep
1975
Mars
keywords: closeup photographs; cratering; Mars; planetary

surfaces; reviews
Jupiter
keywords: atmospheric circulation; Great Red Spot; H; He;

Jovian moons; Jupiter; liquid layers; liquid planets; massive
planets; reviews; solar system; turbulent atmosphere
May
1975
Sep
1975
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Sep
1975
The outer planets
keywords: composition; Neptune; outer planets; planets;

Pluto; remote unexplored planets; reviews; Saturn; Uranus
Sep
1975
The smaller bodies of the

solar system
keywords: asteroids; collisions; meteoroids; planetesimals;

reviews; solar system
Sep
1975
Interplanetary particles and

fields
keywords: charged particles; energetic bursts; interplanetary

fields; interplanetary magnetic fields; interplanetary matter;
interplanetary particles; magnetic fields; planets; solar wind
Oct
1975
keywords: U235 enrichment; CANDU system; heavy water;

Natural-uranium heavy-water
nuclear power station; nuclear power stations; nuclear
reactors
reactors; unenriched U
Oct
1975
Quarks with color and flavor
keywords: charm; colour; elementary particles; flavour;

quarks
Oct
1975
Image reconstruction from

projections
keywords: cross section; image reconstruction; internal

organs; mathematical technique; patient diagnosis;
projections; radiography; X-ray exposures
Nov
1975
The protein switch of muscle

contraction
keywords: conformation; macromolecular configurations and

dimensions; molecular biophysics; muscle contraction;
protein switch; proteins; regulatory proteins; tropomyosin;
troponin
Nov
1975
High-gradient magnetic
separation
keywords: generation; high gradient magnetic separation;

strong magnetic fields; very weakly magnetic particles;
wastewater purification; water treatment
Nov
1975
The subduction of the

lithosphere
keywords: Earth crust; Earth mantle; earthquakes; island

arcs; lithosphere; mountain ranges; oceanic trenches;
subduction; tectonics; volcanoes; volcanology
Nov
1975
The synthesis of diamond at

low pressure
keywords: crystal growth from vapour; diamond; low

pressure gas rich in C; synthesis
Dec
1975
X-rays from supernova

remnants
keywords: exploding supernova; interstellar medium;

supernova remnants; supernovae; X-ray emission; X-ray
sources (astronomical)
Dec
1975
The microstructure of
polymeric materials
keywords: mechanical properties; mechanical properties of

substances; microstructure; noncrystalline state structure;
polymeric materials; polymers; thermoplastic polymers
Jan
1976
The Volcanoes of Mars
keywords: Mariner 9; Mars; planetary surface; size;

volcanoes
Jan
1976
The search for new families

of elementary particles
keywords: elementary particles; high energy neutrinos;

hypothetical particles; neutrino interactions; new families
Jan
1976
Mirages
keywords: atmosphere; atmospheric optics; light refraction;

mirages; optical properties of fluid medium
Feb
1976
Is gravity getting weaker?
keywords: cosmology; eclipses of stars; gravitation;

gravitational constant; gravitational experiments; gravity;
Moon; occultations
Feb
1976
Robot systems
keywords: artificial intelligence; automatic control; automatic

control mechanisms; control engineering applications of
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computers; environmental uncertainties; factories; feedback;

industrial robots; instructable machines; robots
Mar
1976
The meteorology of Jupiter
keywords: atmospheric circulation; Great Red Spot; Jovian

meteorology; Jupiter; meteorology; model; planetary
atmosphere; planetary atmospheres; planets; solar system;
visible features
Mar
1976
Will the Universe expand

forever?
keywords: average density of matter; big bang; chemical

elements age; cosmology; D abundance; recession of distant
galaxies; Universe expansion
Mar
1976
The resources of binocular

perception
keywords: binocular perception; depth information; motion

information; stereograms; vision; visual input
Mar
1976
The small electronic

calculator
keywords: chip circuits; digital integrated circuits; electronic

calculators; information processing system; monolithic
integrated circuits; single microelectronic chip; small
electronic calculator
Mar
1976
Fluorescence-activated cell
sorting
keywords: animal cells; biological techniques and

instruments; cell biology; cellular biophysics; fluorescence;
fluorescence activated cell sorting; new technique
Apr
1976
Subjective contours
keywords: subjective contours; vision; visual system
Apr
1976
The analysis of materials by

X-ray absorption
keywords: crystal atomic structure; X-ray absorption; X-ray

crystallography technique
May
1976
The mass of the photon
keywords: limit of accuracy; mass; photon mass; photons;

rest mass
May
1976
The Galilean Satellites of

Jupiter
keywords: Callisto; Europa; Galilean satellites; Galileo;

Ganymede; Io; Jovian satellites; Jupiter; planetary satellites;
solar system
Mechanical alloying
keywords: alloys; cold welding; high energy ball mill;

mechanical alloying; metal powders; powder metallurgy;
welding
An electron-hole liquid
keywords: electron hole liquid; electron-hole drops; glowing

droplets; low temperature; luminescence of inorganic solids;
phase diagram; photoluminescence; quantum mechanical
fluid; semiconductor crystal; semiconductors; thermal
expansion
Jun
1976
Navigation between the

planets
keywords: aerospace applications of computers; computing

methods; Mars; navigation; planets; radionavigation; space
communication links; space vehicles; tracking; Viking
spacecraft
Jun
1976
Historical supernovas
keywords: history; stars; stellar evolution; stellar explosions;

supernovae
May
1976
Jun
1976
Jul 1976 A natural fission reactor
keywords: U235 abundance; dormant remains; geology;

geophysics; minerals; natural fission reactor; nuclear
reactors; Oklo deposit; U ore deposit; uranium; West Africa
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Jul 1976
The geometry of soap films

and soap bubbles
keywords: bubbles; configurations; disperse systems; films;

geometry; mathematical model; soap bubbles; soap films
Aug
1976
Hot spots on the Earth's

surface
keywords: Earth surface; fracturing of continents; hot spots;

ocean floor spreading; plate tectonics; terrestrial heat;
volcanic activity; volcanology
Aug
1976
The photographic lens
keywords: aberrations; antireflection coatings; glasses; high

performance lenses; optical materials; photographic lens;
photographic lenses; plastics; production methods
Aug
1976
The Curvature of Space in a

Finite Universe
keywords: cosmology; curvature of space; distortion of

distances; Einstein's general theory of relativity; finite
universe; general relativity; infinity; relativity theory; space
curvature
Oct
1976
The photovoltaic generation

of electricity
keywords: construction; electric power generation; electricity

generation; fabrication; operation; photovoltaic devices; Si
solar cell; solar cells
Oct
1976
Cosmic gamma-ray bursts
keywords: cosmic gamma ray bursts; cosmic ray origin;

cosmic ray photons; gamma-ray sources (astronomical);
gamma-rays; models; satellite observations
Oct
1976
White-light holograms
keywords: holography; incoherent light; light coherence;

reviews; white light holograms
Oct
1976
Dust storms
keywords: dust; dust storms; Earth; mechanisms; storms;

surface; wind
Nov
1976
The confinement of quarks
keywords: confinement within particles; forces; quark

confinement; quarks
Nov
1976
Convection currents in the

Earth's mantle
keywords: convection currents; Earth mantle; Earth's mantle;

plates; steady motion; tectonics; terrestrial heat
Dec
1976
The Pluralistic Economy of

the U.S.
keywords: employment; not-for-profit sector; pluralistic

economy; private-enterprise sector; productivity; public
sector; U.S. economy
Dec
1976
The reprocessing of nuclear

fuels
keywords: economics; fission power; fission products

removal; fission reactor fuel preparation and reprocessing;
nuclear fuels; Pu removal; Purex process; reprocessing; spent
fuel; U reclamation; USA needs
Dec
1976
keywords: contingent aftereffect; curve aftereffect; illusions;

Negative aftereffects in visual
negative aftereffects; perceptual systems; spiral aftereffect;
perception
tilt aftereffect; visual perception
Dec
1976
Superfluid helium-3
keywords: electronic structure; frictionless flow; liquid

helium-3; magnetic effects; nuclear properties;
superconductivity; superfluid He3; superfluid transition;
superfluidity
Dec
1976
Supernovas in other galaxies
keywords: external galaxies; galaxies; stellar cataclysms;

supernovae
Dec
1976
Fission-track dating
keywords: age; fission track dating; geophysical techniques;

minerals; radioactive dating; spontaneous fission; U traces
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Jan
1977
The quantum mechanics of

black holes
keywords: black holes; laws of thermodynamics; quantum

effects; quantum theory; tunnelling
Jan
1977
The perception of moving

targets
keywords: human visual system; moving targets; nerve

circuits; neurophysiology; visual perception
Jan
1977
Exoelectrons
keywords: crack detection; cracking; exoelectron emission;

exoelectrons; metal fatigue; metal surface; wear
Jan
1977
Cratering in the solar system
keywords: craters; inner solar system; planetary history;

planets; solar system
Feb
1977
Phobos and Deimos
keywords: Deimos; Mariner spacecraft; Mars; Phobos;

planetary satellites; Viking spacecraft
Feb
1977
Global satellite
communications
keywords: global satellite communications; microwave

pathways; satellite relay systems; transoceanic
communications
Feb
1977
Laser separation of isotopes
keywords: isotope separation; laser beam applications; laser

separation of isotopes
Feb
1977
keywords: acetylcholine; biomembrane transport; cell

membrane; cellular transport and dynamics; muscle cell;
The response to acetylcholine
muscle contraction; nerve; neuromuscular synapse;
neurophysiology; receptors
Mar
1977
Superphenix: a full-scale
breeder reactor
keywords: 1200 MW power station; construction in France;

FBR; fission reactors; full scale breeder reactor; joint
European project; nuclear power stations; Superphenix
Mar
1977
Waves in the solar wind
keywords: solar wind; velocity waves
Mar
1977
The acoustics of the singing

voice
keywords: acoustics; larynx; lungs; mouth; musical acoustics;

oscillator; pharynx; power supply; resonator; singing voice;
speech; vocal folds
Mar
1977
The oldest rocks and the

growth of continents
keywords: continental crust; dating; Earth age; Earth crust;

growth of continents; oldest rocks; tectonic processes;
tectonics
Apr
1977
The collision between India

and Eurasia
keywords: climate; collision; Earth crust; earthquakes;

Eurasia; geology; Indian subcontinent; land forms; tectonics;
topography
Apr
1977
Algorithms
keywords: algorithm; algorithm theory; computer language;

computer memory; information retrieval; nonnumerical
algorithms
Apr
1977
The companions of sunlike

stars
keywords: binary stars; multiple star combinations; multiple

stars; planetary systems; planets; spectra; stellar spectra;
sunlike stars
The theory of the rainbow
keywords: arcs; atmospheric optics; complex angular

momentum; geometric optics; history; light reflection; light
refraction; light scattering; rain; rainbow; raindrops; reviews;
scattered; sunlight
Apr
1977
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May
1977
Amorphous-semiconductor
devices
keywords: amorphous semiconductor devices; chalcogenide

glasses; electrical conductivity transitions; electronic
switches; glassy materials; memory devices; semiconductor
devices; semiconductor switches
May
1977
The case of the missing

sunspots
keywords: 1645 to 1715 period; history; Maunder minimum;

missing sunspots; solar activity; sunspots
May
1977
The ``jump proof'' and its

similarity to the toppling of a
row of dominoes
Jun
1977
The disposal of radioactive

wastes from fission reactors
keywords: deep geological formations; disposal; fission

reactors; radioactive waste; radioactive wastes; US nuclear
power plants; waste disposal
Jun
1977
The uses of synchrotron

radiation
keywords: synchrotron radiation; ultraviolet radiation; X-rays
Jun
1977
Bok globules
keywords: gas collapse stellar evolution; interstellar dust;

interstellar gas; interstellar matter; spherical clouds; stellar
evolution
Jul 1977 The atmosphere of Mars
keywords: atmosphere; clouds; Mars; planet surface shape;

planetary atmospheres; winds
Jul 1977
Biological Regeneration and

Pattern Formation
Discusses the role of cellular interactions in development.

keywords: biol-behavior; pattern-formation
Jul 1977 Anions of the alkali metals
keywords: alkali metal anions; alkali metals; ionisation of

atoms; negative ions; very reactive anions
Jul 1977 The compound eye of insects
keywords: compound eye; eye; insects; ommatidium
Jul 1977 Gauss
keywords: applied physics; astronomy; biographies;

biography; Gauss; mathematician; number theory
Aug
1977
BL Lacertae objects
keywords: BL Lac-type objects; BL Lacertae objects; intense

radiation; nature; radiosources; small nucleus
Aug
1977
Light-wave communications
keywords: glass fibres; laser; light wave communications;

light wave telephone service; optical communication; solid
state light sources; telephone systems
Aug
1977
The flow of heat from the

Earth's interior
keywords: continental crust; Earth interior; Earth's interior;

global heat flow map; heat flow pattern; oceanic crust; plate
tectonics; tectonics; terrestrial heat
`Second messengers' in the

brain
keywords: brain; chemical messages; long lasting

physiological actions; nerve cell communication;
neurophysiology; neurotransmitters; second messengers;
transient physiological actions
Microelectronics
keywords: economics; electronic circuitry; electronic

functions; integrated circuits; microelectronics; monolithic
integrated circuits; reviews; silicon `chips'; technological
innovation; technology
Aug
1977
Sep
1977
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Sep
1977
Special Issue on
Microelectronics
Sep
1977
Microelectronic circuit
elements
keywords: integrated circuits; microelectronic circuit

elements; monolithic integrated circuits; reviews; transistor;
transistor circuits
Sep
1977
The large-scale integration of

microelectronic circuits
keywords: Boolean logic; field effect integrated circuits;

integrated logic circuits; large scale integration; logic gates;
microelectronic circuits; n-MOS technology; reviews
Sep
1977
The fabrication of
microelectronic circuits
keywords: cost; fabrication; integrated circuit technology;

integrated circuits; microelectronic circuits;
photolithography; reviews
Sep
1977
Microelectronic memories
keywords: charge coupled devices; information storage;

integrated circuit memories; integrated memory circuits;
magnetic bubble devices; reviews; transistors
Sep
1977
Microprocessors
keywords: complete computer systems; microcomputers;

microcomputing system; microprocessor; single chip
Sep
1977
The role of microelectronics

in data processing
keywords: computer architecture; computer systems; data

processing; digital integrated circuits; integrated circuits;
microelectronics; reviews
Sep
1977

in instrumentation and
control
keywords: automatic control; control; digital instrumentation;

digital integrated circuits; industrial processes;
instrumentation; integrated circuits; machinery;
microelectronics; reviews
Sep
1977

in communication
keywords: circuit technologies; communication;

computerised signal processing; digital integrated circuits;
integrated circuits; microelectronics; radio; reviews; signal
processing; telephone; television
Sep
1977
Micro-electronics and
computer science
keywords: computer architecture; computer science;

integrated circuits; microelectronics; reviews
Sep
1977
Microelectronics and the

personal computer
keywords: microelectronics; minicomputers; personal

computer
X-ray stars in globular

clusters
keywords: accretion; binary stars; black hole; black holes;

dense central cores; double stars; globular star clusters;
neutron star; neutron stars; stellar radiation; X-ray sources
(astronomical); X-ray stars
Fundamental particles with

charm
keywords: charm; charm particles; electron positron

annihilations; electron-positron inclusive interactions;
fundamental particles; high energy physics; quantum
mechanical properties; quark models
Side-looking airborne radar
keywords: 1 to 30 cm wavelength; all weather imaging

system; cartography; Earth surface topography; geophysical
techniques; microwave antennas; microwave images; radar
antenna; radar antennas; radar applications; remote sensing;
SHF; side looking airborne radar; terrain evaluation; UHF
Oct
1977
Oct
1977
Oct
1977
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Nov
1977
The Search for Life on Mars
keywords: biological experiments; chemistry; extraterrestrial

life; life processes; Mars; planet; space research; surface;
Viking landers
Nov
1977
The clustering of Galaxies
keywords: clusters of galaxies; cosmology; galaxy clustering;

Local Supercluster
Dec
1977
The nucleotide sequence of a

viral DNA
keywords: bacterial virus phi X174; coding ability; DNA;

molecular biophysics; nucleotide sequence; viral DNA
Dec
1977
The motion of the ground in

earthquakes
keywords: earthquake prediction; earthquakes; fault; ground

motion; seismic waves; slippage
Dec
1977
The Retinex Theory of Color

Vision
keywords: colour vision; retina and cortex system; retinex

theory
Dec
1977
Disclinations
keywords: disclinations; thin periodic structures; twisted

materials; virus shells; warped materials
Jan
1978
The carbon dioxide question
keywords: air pollution; atmospheric composition; carbon

compounds; climate; climatology; CO2 content; Earth's
atmosphere; forests; ocean
Jan
1978
The surgical replacement of

the human knee joint
keywords: artificial knee; design; human knee joint;

materials; prosthetics; Spherocentric knee; surgical
replacement
Jan
1978
The structure of the

interstellar medium
keywords: galactic structure; interstellar gas; interstellar

matter; interstellar medium; pictorial analysis; radio signals;
radioastronomical observations; structure
Jan
1978
The efficiency of algorithms
keywords: algorithm theory; algorithms; computational

complexity; efficiency; operations research; travelling
salesman problem
Feb
1978
The origin of metal deposits

in the oceanic lithosphere
keywords: Earth crust; geochemical processes; geochemistry;

metal deposits; mid ocean ridges; minerals; oceanic crust;
oceanic lithosphere; plates; spreading centres
Feb
1978
Computer-controlled
assembly
keywords: assembling; computer controlled; computerised

materials handling; high volume products; machines; process
computer control; product assembly; production control;
robot; robots
Feb
1978
Microcircuits in the nervous

system
keywords: behaviour; bioelectric phenomena; dendrites;

microcircuits; nerve circuits; nervous system;
neurophysiology
Feb
1978
Supergravity and the

unification of the laws of
physics
keywords: basic forces; elementary particle gravitational

interactions; elementary particle symmetry; gravitational
force; physics fundamentals; quantum field theory of
gravitation; supergravity; supersymmetry; unified theory
Mar
1978
Heavy leptons
keywords: antiparticle; antitau; heavy leptons; lepton family;

SPEAR electron positron storage ring; tau
Mar
1978
The electronic telephone
keywords: advanced electronic telephone set; technological

forecasting; telephone sets
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The surface of Mars
keywords: cratered terrain; flowing water; high velocity

wind; Mars; Martian atmosphere; planetary atmospheres;
rocks; soil; surface temperature; visible astronomical
observations; volcanic activity; water vapour content
How cells make ATP
keywords: adenosine triphosphate; ATP synthesis;

biomembrane transport; carrier molecules; cellular
biophysics; chemiosmotic theory; closed envelope; energy
metabolism; light; membrane; organic compounds; oxidation;
proton gradient; topological properties
Mar
1978
The combinatorial
mathematics of scheduling
keywords: combinatorial mathematics; combinatorial theory;

finite sets of quantities; productive interaction; scheduling;
scheduling models; set theory; subroutines; theory of
algorithms
Apr
1978
Mathematical games: White

and brown music, fractal
curves and 1/f fluctuations
keywords: fractal
Mar
1978
Mar
1978
Apr
1978
The Tracks of Moving Cells
Description of similarities in the behavior of the daughter

cells resulting from a cell-division.
keywords: bio-behavior
The birth of massive stars
keywords: cool interstellar gas clouds; interstellar dust;

interstellar matter; massive stars; molecular clouds; OB-type
stars associations; shock wave effects; shock waves; star
formation; stars; stellar clusters and associations; stellar
evolution
Kimberlite pipes
keywords: calcite; coesite; diamonds; Earth mantle; Earth

mantle rocks; eclogite; fossil volcanoes; kimberlite pipes;
mantle source volcanism; olivine; peridotite; phlogopite mica;
reviews; rocks; sheared nodules; ultramafic nodules; upper
mantle; volcanology
Apr
1978
Atmospheric halos
keywords: atmospheric halos; atmospheric humidity;

atmospheric light propagation; atmospheric optics; coloured
halos; ice; ice crystals shapes; lunar halos; mock Moons;
mock Suns; refraction halos; solar halos; spinning ice crystals
May
1978
When the Black Sea was

drained
keywords: Black Sea; oceanography
May
1978
The cosmic background

radiation and the new aether
drift
keywords: cosmic background radiation; cosmology; new

aether drift; special relativity
May
1978
Ultrasound in medical
diagnosis
keywords: biological effects of acoustic radiation; biomedical

ultrasonics; medical diagnosis; patient diagnosis; US imaging
May
1978
The adjacency principle in

visual perception
keywords: adjacency principle; visual perception
Jun
1978
Mathematical Games: A
Mathematical Zoo of
Astounding Critters,
Imaginary and Otherwise
Apr
1978
Apr
1978
Organisms with mathematically interesting structure.

keywords: models-math
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Exotic light nuclei
keywords: exotic atoms; exotic light nuclei; light elements;

nuclear decay theory; nuclear structure; radioactive decay;
unequal numbers of protons and neutrons
Jun
1978
Cosmic masers
keywords: interstellar matter; maser action; masers;

microwave frequencies; nebulae; nebular regions; stellar
atmospheres
Jun
1978
Complexity Theory
keywords: complex systems; complexity theory; computers;

simple components; system theory; systems analysis;
telephone exchanges
Jun
1978
The highest-energy cosmic

Jul 1978
rays
keywords: cosmic ray showers and bursts; EAS; extensive air

showers; fast particles; high-energy cosmic ray interactions;
highest energy cosmic rays; showers
Jul 1978 Computer poker
keywords: computer poker; computer science; decision

making model; games of skill
Aug
1978
The gas centrifuge
keywords: centrifuges; fission reactor fuel preparation and

reprocessing; gas centrifuge; gaseous uranium compound;
isotope separation; radioisotopes; spinning; U isotopes;
uranium
Aug
1978
Stellar winds
keywords: mechanisms; steady matter ejection; stellar

atmospheres; stellar winds
Aug
1978
Negative absolute
temperatures
keywords: absolute scale; negative absolute temperature;

negative temperature; temperature
Aug
1978
The tektite problem
keywords: glass; meteorites; origin; tektite problem
Oct
1978
Brain function and blood

flow
keywords: blood flow; brain; brain energy metabolism; brain

function; haemodynamics; human cerebral cortex;
radioactive isotope; radioisotope scanning and imaging
Oct
1978
The upsilon particle
keywords: massive new quark; meson resonances; quark

models; unobserved elementary subparticles; upsilon particle
Oct
1978
Did a supernova trigger the

formation of the solar
system?
keywords: cosmogony; cosmology; developing solar system;

formation; isotope relative abundance; isotopes; massive star;
meteorites; primitive meteorites; solar system; supernova;
supernovae
Fermat's Last Theorem
keywords: Euler; Fermat's last theorem; Kummer;

mathematical proof; mathematics; number theory;
Pythagorean theorem
Oct
1978
Oct
1978
Pattern Formation in
Biological Development
This and the preceding paper discuss of the manner in which

the context in which cells find themselves affects their
development.
keywords: pattern-formation
Dec
1978
Nuclear molecules
keywords: clusters; neutrons; nuclear cluster model; nuclear

dynamics; nuclear molecules; nuclear structure; nuclei;
protons
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Dec
1978
Fuel-cell power plants
keywords: electric utilities; electricity generation; electricity

supply industry; fuel cell power plants; fuel cells; power
plants
Dec
1978
Hemoglobin structure and

respiratory transport
keywords: haemodynamics; haemoglobin structure;

macromolecular configurations; molecular biophysics;
proteins; respiratory transport; structure
Dec
1978
Animal eyes with mirror

optics
keywords: animals; eye; eyes; mirror optics; mirrors
Dec
1978
Gaseous nebulas
keywords: clouds; gaseous nebulae; nebulae;

radiospectroscopy; star formation; stellar evolution
Jan
1979
The Assembly of Cell

Membranes
Details of low-level self-assembly of cell membranes.

keywords: bio-behavior; coop-behave
Jan
1979
Guided-wave optics
keywords: communication; design; devices; guided wave

optics; integrated optics; laser beams; light waves; optical
communication equipment; optical waveguides; thin
transparent films
Jan
1979
The deep structure of the

continents
keywords: chemical composition; continents; deep root

zones; deep structure; Earth structure; rock; tectonic plates;
tectonics
Jan
1979
The coupled motions of piano keywords: coupled motions; frequency; musical acoustics;
strings
musical instruments; piano strings; tone; vibrating bodies
Jan
1979
Robert A. Millikan
keywords: biographies; cosmic rays; Nobel prize winner;

Robert A Millikan
Feb
1979
Solitons
keywords: hypothetical particles; massive elementary

particles; nonlinear field theory; shape; size; solitons
Feb
1979
The source of the Earth's

magnetic field
keywords: dynamo; Earth core; Earth's core; Earth's

magnetic field; geomagnetism; gravitational l energy; sinking
of heavy material; source
Mar
1979
Apollo objects
keywords: Apollo objects; asteroid like bodies; asteroids;

nuclei of comets; orbits
Mar
1979
The spectrum of atomic

hydrogen
keywords: atomic H2; atomic hydrogen; atomic spectra;

hydrogen neutral atoms; laser beam applications; lasers; light
emission; structure of matter
Mar
1979
The perception of surface

blacks and whites
keywords: colour vision; distribution of light; distribution of

shadow; perceived spatial relation; perception; shade of gray;
surface; surface blacks; surface whites; visual perception
Mar
1979
keywords: biomembrane transport; cellular transport and

Ion channels in the nerve-cell dynamics; ion channels; K+; molecular channels; Na+; nerve
cell membrane; nerve impulse; neurophysiology; potassium;
membrane
sodium
Apr
1979
keywords: clusters of galaxies; disk galaxies; environment;

The evolution of disk galaxies evolution; galaxies; galaxy clusters; lenticular galaxies; rich
cluster; S0-type galaxies; spiral galaxy
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Apr
1979
The physics of karate
keywords: bare hand; concrete blocks; fracture; karate;

physical force; sports and entertainment; velocity; wood
Apr
1979
Ink-jet printing
keywords: computer; drops; ink; ink jet printing; nozzle;

printed characters; printing
May
1979
Carbon monoxide in the

Galaxy
keywords: carbon compounds; CO radio emission; cold star

forming clouds; emission wavelength; inner Milky Way;
interstellar CO; interstellar matter; invisible inner reaches of
the Milky Way; molecular clouds; radiosources
(astronomical); stellar evolution; The Galaxy
May
1979
The spin of the proton
keywords: proton; proton+proton interactions; proton-proton

interactions; protons; spin; violent collisions
May
1979
The molecular basis of cell

movement
keywords: cell motility; cell movement; creeping; internal

streaming of cytoplasm; molecular biophysics; muscle cells;
proteins
May
1979
Laser chemistry
keywords: chemical pathway; chemical reactions; frequency;

laser chemistry; photochemistry
May
1979
A brain-cooling system in
mammals
keywords: biothermics; brain; brain cooling system;

carnivorous mammals; cooling; extremes of heat and
exertion; heat exchange network; mammalian prey; mammals
May
1979
Intrinsically Difficult
Problems
keywords: ìnherently exponential problem'; algorithms;

checkers; computability theory; efficiency of algorithm;
four-color-map problem; mathematical proof; roadblock;
Turing machine; uncomputable problems
Jun
1979
Automatic control by
distributed intelligence
keywords: automatic control; control; distributed intelligence;

industrial computer control; industrial plant; integration of the
entire plant; microelectronics
Jun
1979
Ultracold neutrons
keywords: fundamental properties; metal bottle; neutron;

neutrons; ultracold neutrons
The history of the Atlantic
keywords: Atlantic; deep probes; geochronology;

geomagnetism; growth; heat flow; history; magnetism;
oceanic crust; oceanography; plate tectonic theory; tectonics;
terrestrial heat; topography of its bottom
The year without a summer
keywords: 1816; AD 1816; August; climatology; economic

and sociological effects; frosts; history; ice; Indonesia; June
snow; meteorology; New England; snow; social
consequences; Tambora eruption; volcano; volcanology; year
without summer
Jun
1979
Jun
1979
The central parsec of the

Jul 1979
Galaxy
keywords: black holes; central parsec; dust; Galaxy; gas; IR

observations; massive black hole; radio observations; swirling
mass of stars; The Galaxy; ultracompact object
Jul 1979
The bag model of quark

confinement
keywords: bag model; bubbles; liquid; quark confinement;

quark models
Jul 1979
The visual perception of

motion in depth
keywords: human visual perception system; motion in depth;

visual information processing; visual perception
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Aug
1979
Progress toward a Tokamak

fusion reactor
keywords: fusion reactors; superhot H plasma; Tokamak

fusion reactor; toroidal magnetic bottle
Aug
1979
Supernovas and star

formation
keywords: explosive death; massive star; meteorites; star

formation; stellar evolution; supernova remnants; supernovae
Aug
1979
The Mathematics of
Public-Key Cryptography
keywords: computer privacy; cryptography; electronic

communications; encoding; encryption; knapsack problem;
mathematics; P-NP problem; public key cryptography;
public-key cryptosystem; random numbers; security of data;
trap-door one-way functions
Aug
1979
Problems in physics with

many scales of length
keywords: classical theories of fluid structure; fluid

dynamics; fluids; magnetism; magnets; many scales of length;
physics; renormalisation; renormalization group
Sep
1979
Small Systems of Neurons
Sep
1979
Brain mechanisms of vision
keywords: brain; brain visual mechanisms; neuronal

organisation; neurophysiology; primary visual cortex; sensory
information processing; vision
Oct
1979
Acid rain
keywords: acidity; air pollution; atmospheric composition;

fossil fuel burning; N oxides; nitrogen compounds; pH; rain;
S; snow; sulphur
Oct
1979
Linear-chain conductors
keywords: electronic properties; linear chain conductors; one

dimensional conductivity; one-dimensional conductivity;
reviews; single axis
Oct
1979
The acoustic microscope
keywords: acoustic microscope; acoustic microscopes;

resolution; ultrasonic imaging technology
Oct
1979
The photosynthetic
membrane
keywords: asymmetry; biomembranes; chemical energy;

conversion of light energy; electron microscope examination
of materials; electron microscopy; green plants;
photosynthesis; photosynthetic membrane; plant cell;
thylakoid membrane
Oct
1979
The lava lakes of Kilauea
keywords: Earth mantle; Earth's mantle; eruptions; Hawaiian

volcano; lava lakes; magma; molten basalt; volcanology
Nov
1979
Shape-memory alloys
keywords: martensitic transformations; plastic deformation;

shape; shape memory alloys; shape memory effects;
temperature
Nov
1979
Primeval galaxies
keywords: cosmology; galaxies; older galaxies; primeval

galaxies; red shift
Nov
1979
The quantum theory and

reality
keywords: quantum mechanics; quantum theory; reality
Dec
1979
Energy-storage systems
keywords: batteries; compressed air; energy storage; energy

storage systems; pumped water
Dec
1979
Programming languages
keywords: computer; encoding complex problems;

information processing; mechanisms; procedure oriented
languages; programming languages
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Dec
1979
Electrical responses evoked

from the human brain
keywords: brain; electrical responses;

electroencephalography; health; human brain; neurological
disease; neurophysiology; scalp; sensory regions; voltage
shifts
Dec
1979
The decay of the vacuum
keywords: antimatter; binding energy; matter; quantum

electrodynamics; superheavy atomic nucleus
Dec
1979
Tephra
keywords: airborne fragments; dating of ancient events;

erupting volcano; geochronology; tephra; tephra deposits;
volcanic deposits; volcanology
Jan
1980
The next generation of

particle accelerators
keywords: multinational sponsorship; particle accelerators;

smallest of objects
Jan
1980
World uranium resources
keywords: development; fission reactor fuel; limiting factor;

mineral resources; minerals; natural resources; nuclear
power; uranium; US mining records; world U resources
Jan
1980
The Galilean moons of

Jupiter
keywords: Amalthea; Callisto; earthlike bodies; Europa;

Galilean moons; Ganymede; IO; Io; Jovian satellites; Jupiter;
moons of Jupiter; planetary satellites; terrestrial bodies;
Voyager expeditions; Voyager spacecraft
Feb
1980
The allocation of the radio

spectrum
keywords: 10 kHz to 300 GHz; allocation policy; frequency

allocation; ITU; radio spectrum; radiocommunication
Feb
1980
The Einstein X-ray

observatory
keywords: artificial satellites; astronomical observatory;

astronomical telescopes; Einstein X-ray observatory;
HEAO-2 satellite; high energy phenomena; X-ray apparatus;
X-ray astronomical observations; X-ray telescope
Feb
1980
Yellowstone Park as a
window on the Earth's
interior
keywords: Earth crust; Earth's crust; Earth's interior; geology;

geology, intraplate volcanism; hot spot; seismically active
region; tectonic activity; tectonics; USA; volcanic activity;
volcanology; Yellowstone Park
Feb
1980
Hydrogen storage in metal

hydrides
keywords: ambient temperature; energy storage; energy

storage compounds; fuel; fuel for motor vehicles; H storage;
hydrogen; hydrogen compounds; metal hydrides; storage
methods
Mar
1980
The safety of fission reactors
keywords: fission reactor safety; fission reactors; quantitative

methods of assessing risks; safety; Three Mile Island
Mar
1980
The inner structure of the

proton
keywords: inner structure; jet of debris; particles; proton;

protons; quark models; quarks; violent collision of particles
Mar
1980
The spin of comets
keywords: comets; icy nucleus; orbital period; Periodic

Comet Encke; rotating bodies; rotation; spin; thrust of gases
Apr
1980
Metallic glasses
keywords: metallic glasses; noncrystalline atomic structure;

noncrystalline state structure; reviews
Apr
1980
The structure of the early

Universe
keywords: cosmology; early Universe; large scale structure
Apr
1980
keywords: axon; cellular transport; cellular transport and

The transport of substances in
dynamics; nerve endings; neurophysiology; neutronal
nerve cells
transport; reviews
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May
1980
The superconducting
computer
keywords: Josephson effect; logic devices; microelectronic

technology; superconducting computer; superconducting
junction devices; superconducting switches; switches;
transistors
May
1980
The role of gravity in

quantum theory
keywords: general relativity; gravitational fields; gravity;

interferometers; neutron interferometer; neutron waves
interfere; quantum theory
May
1980
keywords: chemical evolution; continental rock samples;

Earth composition; Earth crust; Earth mantle; Earth's mantle;
The chemical evolution of the
geochemistry; isotope relative abundance; isotopic ratios;
Earth's mantle
mantle's differentiation; oceanic crust; rock samples; trace
elements
May
1980
The N-ray affair
keywords: history; N-ray affair
Jun
1980
Basaltic meteorites
keywords: basaltic meteorites; eucrites; meteorites;

shergottites; solar system; volcanic activity
Jun
1980
Gauge theories of the forces

between elementary particles
keywords: elementary particle symmetry; elementary particle

theory; elementary particles; gauge field theory; symmetries
Jun
1980
The deep-Earth-gas
hypothesis
keywords: deep Earth gas; Earth mantle; earthquakes; fuel

resources; mantle; methane; natural resources; organic
compounds
Jul 1980 Gamma-ray-line astronomy
keywords: astronomical spectra; astrophysical processes; EM

radiation; gamma ray line astronomy; gamma-ray astronomy
Jul 1980 Megalithic monuments
keywords: astroarchaeology; megalithic monuments;

Neolithic period; Stonehenge
Jul 1980 Convection
keywords: convection; surface tension; temperature;

viscosity
Jul 1980 Convection

Aug
1980
The surface of Venus
keywords: cartography; cratering; geology; radar; radar

astronomy; radioastronomical observations; surface; Venus;
volcanoes
Aug
1980
The isolated electron
keywords: electron; electrons; g factor; g-factor
Aug
1980
Disk-storage technology
keywords: disc storage technology; laser applications;

magnetic disc and drum storage; read facility; write facility
Aug
1980
Newton's Apple and Galileo's

keywords: Galileo; gravity; Newton
Dialogue
Oct
1980
The bizarre spectrum of SS

433
keywords: emission lines; jets; radiosources (astronomical);

spectrum; SS 433; stellar spectra; variable star; variable stars;
X-ray sources (astronomical)
The causes of color
keywords: atomic transitions; band gap colours; colour;

colour centres; crystal field colours; crystal field interactions;
energy ladder; metals; molecular orbitals; semiconductors
Oct
1980
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Oct
1980
The southern Appalachians

and the growth of continents
keywords: COCORP; continent growth; plate margins;

seismic reflection survey; seismology; southern
Appalachians; tectonics
Oct
1980
Positron-emission
tomography
keywords: biological investigations; clinical diagnosis;

computerised tomography; nuclear medicine; positron
emission tomography; radioisotope scanning and imaging
Nov
1980
The discovery of a
gravitational lens
keywords: 0957+561 A, B; double quasar; elliptical galaxy;

gravitational lens; gravitational lenses; quasars; single quasar
multiple images
Nov
1980
Superconductors in
electric-power technology
keywords: electric-power technology; superconducting

machines; superconductors
Dec
1980
The cosmic asymmetry

between matter and
antimatter
keywords: antimatter; conservation laws; cosmic asymmetry;

cosmology; elementary particle theory; matter; particle
physics
Dec
1980
Galileo's Sighting of Neptune
keywords: Galileo; Jovilabe; Jupiter; Neptune; orbital motion;

telescopes
Dec
1980
Mirror images
keywords: curved mirrors; mirror image; mirrors; optical

images; transformations
Jan
1981
The total artificial heart
keywords: artificial organs; cardiology; total artificial heart
Jan
1981
The Andromeda Galaxy
keywords: apparent luminosities; distance; galaxies; globular

clusters; H I; hot gas clouds; M31; NGC 224; planetary
nebulae; spiral-arm; star content; star formation; structure
Jan
1981
The Mind Body Problem
Jan
1981
Two paths to the telephone
keywords: Alexander Graham Bell; Elisha Gray; history;

telephone; telephony
The activity cycles of stars
keywords: activity cycle; Ca; close stars; cyclic activity;

emission line; HD 101501; HD 103095; HD 10700; HD
156026; HD 160346; HD 165341; HD 201091; HD 22049;
HD 32147; nearby stars; spectra variation; star; stars; stellar
spectra; Sun; variable star; variable stars; visible astronomical
observations
Feb
1981
A deep-sea neutrino
telescope
keywords: array; astronomical techniques; astronomical

telescopes; astronomy; deep-sea; marine; neutrino detection
and measurement; neutrino telescope; neutrinos; ocean;
sensors
Mar
1981
The eruptions of Mount St.

Helens
keywords: Mount St. Helens; volcanic eruption prediction;

volcano; volcanology
Mar
1981
The Milky Way galaxy
keywords: galactic mass; galactic radius; Milky Way galaxy;

The Galaxy
Mar
1981
Anorthoscopic perception
keywords: anorthoscopic perception; psychological events;

psychology; retina; visual perception
Feb
1981
Hardware of the brain vs. behavior of that hardware.

keywords: ai-philos
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Mar
1981
Newton's discovery of gravity
keywords: gravity; history; mathematical representation;

Newton
Apr
1981
Catastrophic releases of
radioactivity
keywords: accident; accidents; detonation; fission reactor

safety; nuclear explosions; nuclear reactor; nuclear weapon;
pollution; radioactivity; weapons
Apr
1981
A unified theory of
elementary particles and
forces
keywords: elementary particles; forces; instability; unified

field theories; unified theory
Apr
1981
Speech recognition by
computer
keywords: automatic recognition; computer; human speech

patterns; speech recognition
Apr
1981
The Origin of Genetic

Information
A good, general introduction to Eigen's theories on quasispecies, hyper-cycles, and the origin of life.
keywords: evolution; origins
keywords: nova; novae; nuclear fuel; nucleosynthesis; shell's
spectrum; stellar evolution; stellar spectra; white dwarfs;
white-dwarf star
Apr
1981
The shells of novas
May
1981
keywords: celestial X-ray bursts; neutron stars; old binary

The sources of celestial X-ray
systems; thermonuclear flashes; X-ray energy; X-ray sources
bursts
(astronomical)
May
1981
The crest of the East Pacific

Rise
keywords: axial volcanic zone; chemical balance; crest;

crustal formation; East Pacific Rise; geologic maps;
hydrothermal vents; magma chamber; oceanic crust; rift
system
May
1981
Countercurrent systems in
animals
keywords: animals; biological fluid dynamics; camels;

countercurrent systems; fluids; inhospitable environment;
whales; zoology
May
1981
Highly excited atoms
keywords: atomic excited states; exotic properties; highly

excited atoms; reviews; Rydberg atoms
Jun
1981
Gas-cooled nuclear power

reactors
keywords: fission reactor safety; high-temperature gas cooled

reactor; HTGR; nuclear power; nuclear power reactor
Jun
1981
The decay of the proton
keywords: baryon decay; baryon number nonconserving

interactions; electroweak interactions; energy scale; proton
decay; protons; strong interactions; symmetry group; unified
field theories; unified field theory
Jun
1981
The allocation of resources

by linear programming
keywords: algorithm; linear programming; management;

management science; operations research; planning; resource
allocation
The Formation of the Earth

from Planetesimals
keywords: colliding bodies; computer modeling; Earth; Earth

origin; formation; gravitational focusing; Mars; Mercury;
N-body computer simulations; planetesimal collision;
planetesimals; planets; rocky inner planets; solar nebula;
solar system; Venus
Jun
1981
Jul 1981 The salinity of rivers
keywords: agriculture; chemical composition; dissolved solid;

hydrology; pollution; rivers; salination; salinity; saltification;
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soil; United States; USA; water quality

Jul 1981 The Atmosphere of Venus
Jul 1981
Fiber bundles and quantum

theory
keywords: atmosphere; atmospheres; carbon dioxide; CO2;

H2SO4 clouds; Pioneer Venus orbiter; planetary atmospheres;
sulfuric acid; Venera probes; Venus; wind; winds
keywords: curvature; elementary particle interaction models;
elementary particles; fiber bundles; Mobius strip; quantum
field theory; quantum theory; topological analogues
Jul 1981 Binocular depth inversion
keywords: binocular depth inversion; perspective; solid

object; visual perception
Aug
1981
The newest stars in Orion
keywords: gas streams; interstellar matter; IR sources;

molecular clouds; Orion I; Orion Nebula; radiation; radio;
star formation; stellar clusters and associations; Trapezium
Oct
1981
Gravitational waves from an

orbiting pulsar
keywords: accelerating mass; binary pulsar; gravitational

waves; orbiting pulsar; PSR 1913+16; pulsars; radiate energy;
stellar radiation
Oct
1981
Neuropeptides
keywords: amino acids; hormone; nerve cells; nervous

system; neuropeptides; neurophysiology
Oct
1981
The acoustics of violin plates
keywords: acoustics; musical acoustics; vibrational

properties; violin plates
Oct
1981
Image processing by
computer
keywords: blurred photograph; computer; computerised

picture processing; image processing
Oct
1981
Quantum logic
keywords: classical patterns of inference; lattices; quantum

logic; quantum theory
Oct
1981
Vitruvius' Odometer
keywords: Archimedes; Leonardo; odometer; Vitruvius
Nov
1981
The microchannel image

intensifier
keywords: electron multipliers; image intensifiers;

microchannel image intensifier
Nov
1981
Rings in the solar system
keywords: Jupiter; planetary rings; ringlets; rings; Saturn;

solar system; Uranus
The fluid phases of matter
keywords: fluid phases of matter; gas structure; hard sphere

model; kinetic theory of gases; liquid structure; liquid theory;
structure of liquids
Nov
1981
Nov
1981
The Color Patterns of

Butterflies and Moths
Description of the way in which the wide variety of complex

wing patterns of butterflies and moths emerge from the
actions of a few simple rules.
keywords: pattern-formation; refs-bottomup; self-org
Nov
1981
A 16th-Century Basque
Whaling Station in Labrador
keywords: Basque whalers; Labrador; underwater

archaeology; whaling
Dec
1981
Magnetic navigation in
bacteria
keywords: aquatic bacteria; bacteria; biomagnetism; cell

motility; earth's magnetic field; magnetic field effects;
magnetic navigation; magnetotactic; orientation; reviews
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Dec
1981
The recumbent stone circles

of Scotland
keywords: astroarchaeology; astronomical observatories;

astronomy and astrophysics; megalithic monuments;
Scotland; stone circles
Dec
1981
The hearing of the barn owl
keywords: barn owl; dark; hearing; reviews; zoology
Dec
1981
Jupiter and Saturn
keywords: atmospheric absorption; atmospheric circulation;

coaxial cylinders; computer modeling; fluid depths; fluid
planets; Great Red Spot; Jupiter; planetary atmospheres;
relative abundance of elements; Saturn; surface layer;
Voyager expeditions; winds
Dec
1981
Fibrinogen and fibrin
keywords: blood; blood clot; fibrin; fibrinogen; molecular

biophysics; proteins; reviews; structure
Dec
1981
Computer Algebra
keywords: Algebra; algorithms; computer; linear algebra;

numerical analysis; routine mathematical work; subroutines
Dec
1981
Computer Algebra
Jan
1982
The mass extinctions of the

Late Mesozoic
keywords: animals; asteroid; asteroids; BP Myr 0063;

dinosaurs; evolution (biological); geology; Ir rich material;
Late Mesozoic; mass extinctions; plants; terrestrial
atmosphere
Jan
1982
The stabilization of atomic

hydrogen
keywords: electron spin polarisation; hydrogen neutral atoms;

quantum fluids; quantum gas; spin polarised atomic H;
stabilization
Jan
1982
The Moons of Saturn
keywords: cratering; craters; geological evolution; moons;

planetary satellites; satellites; Saturn; terrain; Voyager
expeditions
Jan
1982
Supercomputers
keywords: computer selection and evaluation; Cray-1;

CYBER 205; fluid dynamics; general purpose computers;
ILLIAC IV; S-I multiprocessor; supercomputers
Feb
1982
The biological effects of

low-level ionizing radiation
keywords: artificial sources; biological effects; biological

effects of radiation; hazard; health hazards; human beings;
low-level ionizing radiation; natural sources
Feb
1982
Titan
keywords: atmosphere; composition; models; moon;

planetary satellite atmospheres; Saturn; Solar System;
surface; Titan; Voyager missions
Feb
1982
Quasars as probes of the

distant and early Universe
keywords: cosmology; galactic muclei; galactic nuclei;

quasars; Universe
Feb
1982
Color vision in fishes
keywords: blue; colour vision; evolution; eye; fishes; green;

near infrared; retinal pigments; visual environments
Feb
1982
Henry A. Rowland
keywords: American physicist; biographies; diffraction

gratings; Henry A. Rowland; ruling engine; spectroscopy
Mar
1982
The search for intermediate

vector bosons
keywords: intermediate bosons; intermediate vector bosons;

proton antiproton collisions; weak nuclear force
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Mar
1982
Rings of the Gulf Stream
keywords: Atlantic Ocean; biology; currents; eddies; Gulf

Stream; oceanography; Sargasso Sea
Mar
1982
Superclusters and voids in the keywords: clusters of galaxies; cosmology; galaxy

distribution of galaxies
superclusters; galaxy voids; Universe structure
Mar
1982
The infrared `vision' of

snakes
keywords: biothermics; heat-sensitive nerve fibers;

heat-sensitive pits; obloid snakes; pit organs; pit vipers;
pythons; rattlesnake; snakes; sources of infrared radiation;
visible-light information; vision
Apr
1982
A major earthquake zone on

the Mississippi
keywords: continental craton; earthquake zone; earthquakes;

embayment; Mississippi; North American plate; seismology;
USA
Apr
1982
Giant molecular-cloud
complexes in the Galaxy
keywords: Galaxy; giant molecular cloud complexes;

interstellar matter; nebulae; The Galaxy
Apr
1982
Superheavy magnetic
monopoles
keywords: magnetic monopoles; superheavy magnetic

monopoles; unified field theories
May
1982
Quarkonium
keywords: antiquark; heavy quark; meson resonances; quark

confinement; quarkonium
May
1982
NMR imaging in medicine
keywords: biomedical measurement; medicine; NMR

imaging; nuclear magnetic resonance; patient diagnosis;
proton magnetic resonance
May
1982
Cosmic jets
keywords: cosmic jets; galactic nuclei; interstellar matter
Jun
1982
Radio astronomy by
very-long-baseline
interferometry
keywords: atomic clocks; electromagnetic wave

interferometry; radio astronomy; radio telescopes;
radioastronomical techniques; very-long-baseline
interferometry; VLBI
Jun
1982
The quantum mechanics of

materials
keywords: charge-density maps; computational methods;

electron waves; quantum mechanics; quantum theory;
reviews
Jul 1982 Organic superconductors
keywords: organic compounds; organic superconductors;

superconducting materials
Energetic outflows from

Jul 1982
young stars
keywords: circumstellar disks; circumstellar shells; CO; dust;

energetic outflows; gas clouds; interstellar matter; star
formation; stellar birth; stellar winds; young stars
Aug
1982
Carbon dioxide and world

climate
keywords: atmospheric CO2; atmospheric composition;

carbon compounds; climatology; latitudes; world climate
Aug
1982
The coronas of galaxies
keywords: coronas; galaxies; hot gas; spiral galaxies; The

Galaxy
Aug
1982
Surface diffusion
keywords: adsorbed atoms; adsorption; deuterium; field

emission electron microscopy; hydrogen; low temperature
effects; metal surface; surface diffusion; tunnelling
Aug
1982
Ophiolites
keywords: oceanic crust; ophiolites; rocks; tectonics
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The mechanization of work
keywords: computer; human brain; Industrial Revolution;

information gathering; information processing; labor force;
mechanization of work; production of goods; social aspects
of automation; social change; technology
The mechanization of
agriculture
keywords: agriculture; electric power; farm; farm produce;

fertilizers; improved crop plants; irrigation works; labor
force; mechanization; pesticides; plows; productivity;
reapers; rural areas; social aspects of automation;
transportation network
The mechanization of mining
keywords: coal; human muscular exertion; labor force;

mechanization; mineral needs; mining; social aspects of
automation; U.S. economy; working conditions
The mechanization of design

and manufacturing
keywords: CAD; coordinating; data-processing technology;

design; factory floor; managing; manufacturing;
manufacturing data processing; manufacturing DP;
mechanization; new technology; planning; social aspects of
automation; social outcome; white-collar jobs
commerce
keywords: commerce; communications; distribution;

distributive data processing; distributive DP; finance;
financial data processing; mechanization; social aspects of
automation; transport; transportation; warehouse automation
Sep
1982
The mechanization of office

work
keywords: administrative data processing; ADP;

communications systems; electronics; information work;
information-processing machines; job satisfaction;
mechanization; office work; paperwork; productivity; service
to customers; social aspects of automation; U.S. economy
Sep
1982
women's work
keywords: labor force; low pay; mechanization; occupational

segregation; revolutionary; social aspects of automation;
technology; women's work
Oct
1982
Calcium in synaptic
transmission
keywords: bioelectric phenomena; calcium; Co ions; nerve

cell; neuronal junction; neurophysiology; synaptic
transmission
Oct
1982
Charge-Coupled Devices in
Astronomy
keywords: accuracy; astronomical instruments; astronomy;

CCD imager; charge coupled devices; charge-coupled device
circuits; image sensors; radiation detector; radiation detectors
Oct
1982
Artificial intelligence
keywords: artificial intelligence; blocks world; common

sense; computer programs; concept learning; heuristic
principles; language understanding; visual information
Oct
1982
Magnetic fluids
keywords: ferrofluid; ferromagnetic particles; magnetic fluid;

magnetic fluids
Oct
1982
Tidal bores
keywords: moving wall of water; rivers; tidal bores; tides
Oct
1982
Historical eclipses
keywords: eclipses; lunar eclipses; solar eclipses
Nov
1982
The growth of western North

America
keywords: plate tectonics; tectonics; terrain translocation;

tethyan fusulinids; tethyan region; western North America
Sep
1982
Sep
1982
Sep
1982
Sep
1982
Sep
1982
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Nov
1982
Glueballs
keywords: atoms of colour; bound states; colour force; colour

model; glueballs; gluons; QCD; quark confinement
Nov
1982
The physics of kettledrums
keywords: kettledrums; musical acoustics; musical

instruments; physics; pitch
Dec
1982
Radar images of the Earth

from space
keywords: backscatter; backscattered microwaves; Earth;

radar images; remote sensing; surface features
Personal Computers
keywords: applications; computer revolution; computers,

digital; computers, microprocessor; hardware;
microcomputers; personal computers; personal computing;
proliferation; software
Dec
1982
Samples of the Milky Way
keywords: cosmic ray composition; cosmic ray nuclei; cosmic

ray observations; galactic cosmic rays; Galaxy; isotope
relative abundance; isotopic composition; Milky Way;
satellite observations
Dec
1982
The Search for Prime

Numbers
keywords: composite number; computer programming;

Fermat's test; modular arithmetic; number theory; prime
number; sieve of Eratosthenes
Jan
1983
Large-Scale Cultivation of
Mammalian Cells
keywords: biological materials; biomedical equipment
Jan
1983
The hair cells of the inner ear
keywords: balance; ear; hair cells; hearing; human beings;

inner ear; mechanoception
Jan
1983
Machines that Walk
keywords: control equipment; robotics
Jan
1983
keywords: biological materials; biological techniques and

instruments; biomagnetism; cellular biophysics; chemical
NMR Spectroscopy of Living reactions of metabolism; living cells; living tissue; magnetic
Cells
resonance spectroscopy; NMR spectroscopy; nuclear
magnetic resonance; spectroscopy, nuclear radiation --Applications
Jan
1983
The physics of organ pipes
keywords: acoustics; musical instruments; organ pipes;

organs; physics
Jan
1983
The origin of the cosmic

X-ray background
keywords: cosmic background radiation; cosmic rays; cosmic

X-ray background; quasars; X-ray sources (astronomical);
x-rays
Jan
1983
Mass Production of Iron

Castings in Ancient China
keywords: cast iron; iron foundry practice
Feb
1983
The lattice theory of quark

confinement
keywords: axiomatic field theory; chromoelectric field;

colour transformations; free quark; gauge field; gauge field
theory; lattice theory; quark confinement
Feb
1983
Hidden visual processes
keywords: hidden visual processes; vision; visual perception
The optical computer
keywords: computers; digital computers; optical bistability;

optical computer; optical information processing; optical
logic gates; optical switches; optical transistor; optics;
technological forecasting; trillion operations per second
Dec
1982
Feb
1983
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Feb
1983
The active solar corona
keywords: active solar corona; dynamic activity; solar

activity; solar corona; solar magnetism; Sun
Mar
1983
Microprogramming
keywords: computer metatheory --- Programming Theory;

computer systems programming; computers; microprocessor;
microprogramming
Mar
1983
Mitochondrial DNA
keywords: biological materials; genetic engineering
The future of the Universe
keywords: astronomy; astrophysics; black holes; cosmology;

cyclic model; expanding Universe; future forecast; galaxies;
proton decay
Mar
1983
Chemical examples of the way in which simple, local

reactions can lead to complex global behavior.
Mar
1983
Oscillating Chemical
Reactions
Apr
1983
Silicon micromechanical
devices
keywords: accelerometer; chemically etched; electric sensing

devices; elemental semiconductor; elemental semiconductors;
gas chromatograph; nozzles; pressure sensors; Si
micromechanical devices; silicon; single-crystal; valves
Apr
1983
Silicon Micromechanical
Devices
keywords: accelerometer; gas chromatographer; mechanical

engineering; microelectronics; micromechanical devices;
silicon and alloys; silicon chips
Apr
1983
The structure of quarks and

leptons
keywords: composite model; composite models of elementary

particles; leptons; quark confinement; quarks; structure
Apr
1983
Hot springs on the ocean

floor
keywords: chemical content; geochemistry; hot springs;

ocean floor; oceanic crust; terrestrial heat; volcanic activity;
volcanology
Apr
1983
Intuitive physics
keywords: intuitive physics; moving objects; Newton's laws;

physics
May
1983
Smart Weapons in Naval

Warfare
keywords: naval warfare; rockets and missiles
May
1983
Vibrations of the Atomic

Nucleus
keywords: atomic nucleus; nuclear collective states and giant

resonances; nuclear forces; nuclear particles; nuclear spin
and parity; nuclear vibrational modes; physics
May
1983
Modern Pork Production
keywords: agricultural engineering; agriculture; pork

production
May
1983
New Inorganic Materials
keywords: cement; inorganic compounds; materials science
May
1983
Computer-Intensive Methods
keywords: mathematical statistics; statistical methods
in Statistics
May
1983
Sudden Cardiac Death: a

Problem in Topology
keywords: chaos; chemical reactions; dynamics; patternformation; self-org
keywords: bioelectric phenomena; biological materials;

cardiac death; cardiology; fibrillation; heart muscle fibers;
mathematical theorem; muscle; sudden deaths; topology
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Jun
1983
Vector for Introducing New

Genes into Plants
keywords: agricultural engineering; genetic engineering
Jun
1983
Giant Volcanic Calderas
keywords: geophysics; volcanoes
Jun
1983
Dark Matter in Spiral

Galaxies
keywords: astronomy; astrophysics
Jun
1983
Georg Cantor and the Origins keywords: Cantor; infinity; mathematics; science history; set
of Transfinite Set Theory
theory
Jun
1983
Slide Fastener
Jul 1983 How Continents Break up

Jul 1983
Salmonid Fishes as a Natural

Livestock
keywords: fasteners
keywords: continental break up; Earth crust; Earth's crust;
geology; plate properties; tectonics
keywords: aquaculture; biomass; fisheries; salmonid fish
Jul 1983 Microelectronic packaging
keywords: chips; cooling; digital computer; interconnections;

microcomputers; microelectronic packaging; microprocessor
chips; packaging; performance
Jul 1983 Microelectronic Packaging
keywords: `board'; `card'; `packaging' (of chips); chip carrier;

computers, digital --- Electronics Packaging; integrated
circuits, digital; microelectronics; printed-circuit board;
thermal conduction module
Jul 1983 Particles with naked beauty
keywords: antiquark; B mesons; CESR; e+ + e-; electronpositron annihilation; electron-positron inclusive interactions;
fifth quark; flavor; hadron electroproduction; meson
production; naked beauty; quark confinement; quark models
Aug
1983
Trauma
keywords: accidents --- Medical Applications; biomedical

engineering; trauma
Aug
1983
Purification and Manufacture

keywords: bacteriology; biomedical engineering; interferons
of Human Interferons
Aug
1983
Magnetic Fields in the

Cosmos
keywords: astrophysics; cosmos; dynamo mechanism;

galactic field; geomagnetism; interstellar magnetic fields;
magnetic field generation; magnetic fields; oscillating field;
planetary magnetism; solar magnetism; stellar magnetism;
Sun; Venus
Aug
1983
Interstellar Matter in
Meteorites
keywords: astrophysics; carbonaceous chondrites; interstellar

matter; meteorites
Aug
1983
Digital Typography
keywords: computer controlled typesetting; computerised

typesetting; digital typesetter; digital typography; typesetting
Sep
1983
Ocean
keywords: geochemistry; seawater
Sep
1983
The dynamic Earth
keywords: dynamic Earth; Earth; geology; geophysics; plate

tectonics; tectonics
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Sep
1983
The Earth's mantle
keywords: convection; Earth interior; Earth mantle;

geochemistry; mantle; structure; tectonics
Sep
1983
The Earth's core
keywords: convection; earth; Earth core; geomagnetism;

geophysics; interior structure
Sep
1983
The ocean
keywords: Ca; CaCO3; carbonate; chemical composition;

chemistry; CO2; marine biology; O2; ocean; oceanography;
phosphate; seawater
Sep
1983
The oceanic crust
keywords: geology; geophysics; midocean ridges; oceanic

crust; plate tectonics; tectonics
Sep
1983
The continental crust
keywords: continental crust; Earth crust; geology;

geophysics; tectonics
Sep
1983
Ocean
keywords: geochemistry; seawater
Sep
1983
The atmosphere
keywords: atmosphere; climate; earth atmosphere; general

circulation; meteorology; terrestrial atmosphere; weather
forecasting
Oct
1983
The large-scale structure of

the Universe
keywords: big bang; clusters of galaxies; cosmology; density

perturbations; galactic superclusters; large-scale structure;
Universe; voids
Oct
1983
The engineering of magnetic

fusion reactors
keywords: engineering; experimental reactors; fusion

reactors; magnetic field trapping; magnetic fusion reactors;
magnetic mirrors; magnetic traps; nuclear energy --- Fusion
Reactions; nuclear reactors, thermonuclear; thermonuclear
fusion; tokamak
Nov
1983
Uncertainties of a Preemptive
keywords: military equipment; nuclear explosions
Nuclear Attack
Nov
1983
Slurry Pipelines
keywords: coal transportation; slurry pipelines
Nov
1983
Centaurus A: the Nearest

Active Galaxy
keywords: 4U 1322-42; active galaxy; astronomy;

astrophysics; Centaurus A; galactic nuclei; radiogalaxies;
X-ray sources (astronomical)
Nov
1983
Solid-state superlattices
keywords: band structure of crystalline semiconductors and

insulators; properties; reviews; semiconductor superlattices;
semiconductors; solid state superlattices
Nov
1983
Molecular Basis of Cancer
keywords: biomedical engineering
Nov
1983
Solid-State Superlattices
keywords: physics --- Solid State; semiconductor devices
Nov
1983
The eruption of Krakatau
keywords: AD 1883 08 27; air waves; Krakatau; sea waves;

volcanic deposits; volcanic eruption; volcanology
Dec
1983
Modern Icebreakers
keywords: Icebreakers; naval architecture; ships; waterway

transportation --- Arctic
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Dec
1983
Io
keywords: exotic volcanic fluids; geyserlike eruptions; Io;

Jupiter; massive lava flows; moon; planetary satellites;
volcanic world
Dec
1983
The DNA helix and how it is

read
keywords: base-sequence information; DNA; DNA helix;

double-helical DNA molecule; local structure; X-ray analysis;
X-ray diffraction examination of molecular structure
Dec
1983
Quantum gravity
keywords: continual fluctuations; geometry; quantum field

theory of gravitation; quantum gravity; space; space-time
configurations; time
Dec
1983
Aerodynamics of HumanPowered Land Vehicles
keywords: aerodynamics --- Drag; human-powered land

vehicles; vehicles
Jan
1984
keywords: AD 1982 03 to 04; aerosols; atmospheric

The atmospheric effects of El composition; atmospheric effects; El Chichon; eruption;
Chichon
H2SO4 cloud; Mexico; stratosphere; sulphate aerosol;
volcano; volcanology
Jan
1984
High-Energy Collisions
Between Atomic Nuclei
keywords: anomalon production; collisions; heavy

ion-nucleus reactions; heavy-ion collisions; High Energy;
nuclei; particle accelerators; physics
Jan
1984
The packing of spheres
keywords: digital signalling; lattice theory and statistics;

sphere packing
Feb
1984
The Earth's orbit and the ice

ages
keywords: chronology; climate; climatology; Earth orbit;

geochronology; glaciations; glaciology; ice ages
Feb
1984
The structure of proteins in

biological membranes
keywords: biological materials; biological membranes;

biological techniques and instruments; biomembranes;
electron microscope examination of materials; electronmicroscope techniques; lipid; lipids; macromolecular
configurations; macromolecules; membranes; proteins; water
Feb
1984
The spectroscopy of
supercooled gases
keywords: condensation temperature; cryogenics; gases;

low-temperature techniques; molecular electronic states;
molecular energy states; molecular spectra; Spectroscopic
Analysis; spectroscopy; supercooled gases; supercooling
Mar
1984
The dynamic abyss
keywords: cold currents; deep ocean; dynamic abyss; ocean

bottom; oceanography; sediment; sediments; storms
Mar
1984
Muscle sounds
keywords: bioacoustics; contracting muscle; muscle; muscle

sounds
Mar
1984
Excitonic Matter
keywords: biexcitons; electron hole liquid; electron-hole

drops; electrons; exciton; excitonic molecule; excitonic
molecules; excitons; light; photons; physics; semiconductor;
semiconductor materials; semiconductors
Mar
1984
The Amateur Scientist: What

is a Fish's View of a
Fisherman and the Fly He
Has Cast on the Water?
keywords: optic
Apr
1984
Molecular clouds, star

formation and galactic
keywords: galactic structure; galaxies; interstellar matter;

molecular clouds; radioastronomy; spiral galaxies; star
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structure
formation; The Galaxy
Apr
1984
The diamond-anvil
high-pressure cell
keywords: diamond-anvil high-pressure cell; high pressure

engineering; high-pressure phases; high-pressure techniques;
mechanisms
Apr
1984
The tornado
keywords: flow; storms; thunderstorm; tornado; whirlwind;

wind
How the brain processes visual information may be suggested
by studies in computer vision.
Apr
1984
Vision by man and machine
Apr
1984
Prehistoric Rice Cultivation

in Southeast Asia
May
1984
Computer Recreations: In the Description of a computer game in which short pieces of code
game called Core War hostile reproduce and compete for occupation of memory.
programs engage in a battle
keywords: models-computer
of bits
May
1984
Steel Minimills
keywords: iron and steel plants; minimills; steelmaking
May
1984
Oceanic fracture zones
keywords: crust; ocean basin; ocean floor; oceanic crust;

oceanic fracture zones; plate tectonics; tectonics
May
1984
Turing Machines
keywords: computability; computability and decidability;

computability limits; computer metatheory; computers; digital
computer; operation; Turing machines
May
1984
The inflationary universe
keywords: cosmology; inflationary universe; primordial big

bang
Jun
1984
The structure and evolution

of interstellar grains
keywords: chemical processes; cosmic dust; evolution;

interstellar grains; interstellar matter; organic mantle;
structure
Jun
1984
Nuts and Bolts
keywords: bolts and nuts; fasteners --- Manufacture;

Manufacture
keywords: brain; computer programs; computerised pattern

recognition; machine; man; stereo vision; vision; visual
perception
keywords: agricultural revolution; Ban Na Di site; Chinese
archaeology; metal artifacts; rice; village farming
communities
Jul 1984 Undersea volcanoes
keywords: bathymetry; Earth's crust; ocean floor; oceanic

crust; rocks; undersea volcanoes; volcanology
Jul 1984 Symbiotic stars
keywords: cataclysmic binary stars; celestial objects;

compact hot companion star; giant stars; infrared sources
(astronomical); red-giant star; small dense nebula; stellar
models; stellar spectra; symbiotic stars; variable stars
Jul 1984
The mathematics of threedimensional manifolds
keywords: cosmology; mathematics; three-dimensional

manifolds; topology
keywords: Arabic; Character Sets; computerized typing; data

Jul 1984 Multilingual Word Processing processing; editing; Japanese; linguistics; multilingual word
processing; word processing
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keywords: air pollution; climatic effects; climatology; dust;

global nuclear winter; nuclear explosions; nuclear war;
smoke; smoke clouds
Aug
1984
The climatic effects of

nuclear war
Aug
1984
keywords: 30 Doradus Nebula; emission lines star; giant

nebula; HD 38268; Large Magellanic Cloud; LMC;
A superluminous object in the
Magellanic Clouds; NGC 2070; R136; spectrum; stellar
Large Cloud of Magellan
evolution; stellar radiation; stellar spectra; supergiant;
supergiant stars; superluminous object
Aug
1984
Proteins of Oncogenes
keywords: genetic engineering; oncogenes; proteins
Aug
1984
Fiber Optics in Plants
keywords: biological materials; cells; cellular biophysics;

fiber optics; light pipes; optical fibers; physiology; plants;
tissues
Aug
1984
keywords: Computer Applications; computer system;

The mechanical manipulation computerised pattern recognition; industrial robots; industry;
of randomly oriented parts
mechanical manipulation; mechanisms --- Mechanization;
randomly oriented parts; robotics; robots
Sep
1984
Computer Software
keywords: agent-based systems; computer software;

computers; dynamic spreadsheets; hypertext; programming;
software techniques; state-of-the-art; user illusion
Sep
1984
Programming languages
keywords: capabilities; features; language constructs;

programming languages; software languages
Data Structures and

Algorithms
keywords: algorithm theory; algorithms; arrays; binary trees;

computer programming; computer software; data structure;
data structures; lists; procedures; search algorithm; searching;
sets; verifying
Operating systems
keywords: abstractions; complexity; computer operating

system; electronic switching; layers; operating systems;
operating systems (computers)
Sep
1984
Computer Software for

Graphics
keywords: computer graphics; I30 overview, software for

graphics; image synthesis; interactive computer graphics;
interactive systems; software developments; software
packages; viewing transformation
Sep
1984
Computer software for

process control
keywords: computer software; process computer control;

process control programs; process-control computer;
real-time systems
Sep
1984

Working With Language
keywords: ambiguity; computer software; computer

translation; human languages; language; linguistic symbols;
linguistics; meaning; natural language; predicate calculus;
semantic network; syntactic analysis; word processing
Sep
1984
keywords: complicated systems; computer software; digital

Computer software in science
simulation; mathematical systems; mathematics; science;
and mathematics
scientific systems; simulation
Sep
1984
Computer software for

intelligent systems
Sep
1984
Sep
1984
keywords: artificial intelligence; expert systems; intelligent

computer programs; intelligent problem solving; intelligent
software; intelligent systems; random search
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Information Management
keywords: B-trees; computer software; data base; data bases;

database management systems; hierarchical data base;
hierarchical systems; information management; information
processing; information retrieval; network data base;
relational data base; relational systems
Oct
1984
Epsilon Aurigae
keywords: binary star system; eclipse; eclipsing binary stars;

Epsilon Aurigae; infrared observations; stellar models;
supergiant stars; ultraviolet observations
Oct
1984
Continuous Processing of
Metals in the U.S.S.R.
keywords: continuous processing; metal finishing --- ussr;

metal forming; metal refining --- ussr; ussr
Japanese technology today
keywords: aerospace; biotechnology; computer applications;

computers; economics; factory automation; high-technology
industries; industrial robots; Japanese technology; new
materials; office automation; research and development
expenditure; research and development management;
semiconductors; telecommunication; telecommunication
networks; telecommunications
Nov
1984
The infrared sky
keywords: artificial satellites; galaxy; Infrared Astronomical

Satellite; infrared sky; infrared sources (astronomical); IRAS;
solar system; Universe
Nov
1984
The C3 laser
keywords: C3 laser; cleared coupled cavity laser; laser cavity

resonators; semiconductor junction lasers; semiconductor
lasers
Dec
1984
Computer Recreations:
Description of program for simulating predator-prey
Sharks and fish wage an
dynamics.
ecological war on the toroidal
planet Wa-Tor
Sep
1984
Nov
1984
Dec
1984
Atomic memory
keywords: atomic systems; decayed; initial order;

interactions; kinetic theory of gases; memory systems; optical
pumping; order-disorder transformations; ordered states;
recover; thermodynamics
Dec
1984
The digital reproduction of

sound
keywords: digital devices; digital reproduction; discrete

numbers; sound; sound reproduction
Jan
1985
Collapse and formation of

stars
keywords: clouds of gas; debris; dust; early stages; final

stages; formation; modelling; solar system; star; star-forming
matter; stellar evolution; stellar models
Jan
1985
Hot nuclear matter
keywords: heavy ion relativistic collisions; heavy ion-nucleus

reactions; hot nuclear matter; nuclear matter; plasma; solid;
vapor
Jan
1985
Reliability of Computer
Memories
keywords: computers, digital; mathematical techniques --Error Analysis; memories; Reliability
Feb
1985
Predicting the next great

earthquake in California
keywords: California; earthquake; earthquakes; predictions;

probability; San Andreas fault
Feb
1985
Gamma-ray bursters
keywords: gamma ray source; gamma-ray bursters;

gamma-ray sources (astronomical); high-energy radiation;
mechanisms
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Feb
1985
Brownian Motion
keywords: Avogadro's number; Brownian motion; Einstein;

Fick's law; mass of the atom; mathematical model;
probability; random course; thermodynamics; time reversal
Feb
1985
The functional replacement

of the ear
keywords: auditory nerve; deafness; ear; electrical stimuli;

functional replacement; hearing aids; implantable prosthesis;
inner ear; prosthetics; sensory hair cells
Feb
1985
Phased-Array Radars
keywords: antenna phased arrays; antennas --- Radar; phased

array radars; phased-array radars; radar; radar antennas;
radar systems; small antenna elements; wave interactions
Mar
1985
Computer Recreations: A
Core War bestiary of viruses,
worms and other threats to
computer memories
Review of self-propagating programs.

Mar
1985
The Volcanoes and Clouds of

Venus
keywords: atmosphere; atmospheres; chemical analysis;

clouds; crust; delay-Doppler-mapping; H2SO4 clouds;
planetary atmospheres; radar; radar maps; S gases; sulfuric
acid clouds; Venus; volcanoes
Mar
1985
The hidden dimensions of

spacetime
keywords: basic forces of nature; eleven dimensional

structures; general relativity; hidden dimensions; space-time
configurations; spacetime; unified account; unified field
theories
Mar
1985
Ion Implantation of Surfaces
keywords: composition; Ion Implantation; ion implantation;

Ion Implantation; materials; structure; surface properties;
surface structure; surfaces; surfaces --- Radiation Effects
Apr
1985
The Earth's hot spots
keywords: Earth mantle; hot rock; hot spots; mantle;

midocean plateaus; plate-tectonic cycle; swells; terrestrial
heat; volcanoes
Apr
1985
Elementary particles and

forces
keywords: camouflage; colours; electroweak symmetry;

elementary particles; forces; fundamental interactions;
nuclear forces; quarks; screening; superconducting
supercollider; unification; unified field theories
Apr
1985
The clouds of Magellan
keywords: companion glasses; encounters; evolution; Galaxy;

intergalactic gas stream; LMC; Magellanic Clouds;
magellanic Clouds; SMC
May
1985
How a supernova explodes
keywords: bounce; core collapses; gravitational collapse;

milliseconds; nuclear fuel; shock wave; star's mass;
supernova explodes; supernovae
May
1985
Crystals at high pressure
keywords: atomic structure; crystals; gem-quality diamonds;

high pressure; high-pressure phenomena and effects;
high-pressure solid-state phase transformations; increased
pressure; polyhedral geometry
May
1985
Crystals at High Pressure
keywords: atomic structure; crystals; High Pressure Effects;

physics --- Atomic
Jun
1985
Choice of Technology
keywords: Economic and Sociological Effects; technology
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Jun
1985
Jun
1985
Jun
1985
The search for proton decay
keywords: 8000-ton underground detector; proton decay
Globular clusters
keywords: ancient stars; clusters; dense crowds; evolution of

stars; galaxies; globular clusters; globular star clusters;
gravitation; universe
The First Organisms
Another readable exposition of life-from-clays and genetic

takeover.
keywords: alt-mat; origins-clays
Description of a program for wiring up simple simulated

robots using actuators, sensors, motors, and etc. in order to
circuitous odyssey from
perform simple task in a simulated environment. Should be
Jul 1985
Robotropolis to the electronic extended to allow interactions between robots.
gates of Silicon Valley
The moons of Uranus,
Jul 1985
Neptune and Pluto
Jul 1985
The Fundamental Physical

Limits of Computation
Fossil Water Under the

Jul 1985
Sinai-Negev Peninsula
keywords: ground based studies; moons; Neptune; outer solar

system; planetary satellites; Pluto; pluto; Pluto; space
vehicles; Uranus; voyager 2; Voyager expeditions
keywords: automata theory --- Turing Machines;
computability; computation; computer metatheory;
Efficiency; friction; fundamental physical limits; information
processing; information theory; logic circuits; logic design;
logic devices --- Gates; minimum energy; switching theory
keywords: aquifer; aquifers; deserts; fossil water; geology --Hydrology; glacial age; groundwater; hydrogeology; Israel;
Israel, Egypt; Sinai-Negev peninsula; springs; water resources
--- Underground; water supply; water wells; wells
Aug
1985
computer microscope zooms
in for a look at the most
complex object in
mathematics
Aug
1985
The scanning tunneling

microscope
keywords: electron microscopy; microscopes; scanning

tunneling microscope; structures; surfaces; surfaces --Microscopic Examination; tunnelling
Aug
1985
The classical vacuum
keywords: classical field theory; classical vacuum; distinctive

pattern; electromagnetic field theory; electromagnetic fields;
electron theory; heat radiation; matter
Aug
1985
Young supernova remnants
keywords: expanding shells; intense X-ray sources; orbiting

telescope; pulsar; pulsars; shock-heated gas; stellar
explosions; structure; supernova remnants; X-ray sources
(astronomical)
Aug
1985
The Antarctic ice
keywords: Antarctic ice; bedrock; climatic history;

climatology; continent; deep cores; ice; mapped
Helioseismology
keywords: acoustic waves; composition; dynamics;

helioseismology; oscillations; solar composition; solar
interior; solar rotation; solar surface; stellar pulsations;
Sep
1985
Exploring the Mandelbrot set.

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structure; Sun
Sep
1985
Bimetallic Catalysts
Nov
1985
Exploring the field of genetic
algorithms in a primordial
computer sea full of flibs
keywords: catalysts; chemical reaction rates; metal clusters;

metals and alloys --- Chemical Reactions
Description of a program for experimenting with genetic
algorithms.
keywords: genetic-algorithms; models-computer
Cosmic rays from Cygnus

X-3
keywords: binary star; cosmic rays; Cygnus X-3; galactic

cosmic rays; gamma rays; gamma-ray sources (astronomical);
high-energy particles; infrared sources (astronomical); IR
source; X-ray binary stars
Nov
1985
Terranes
keywords: continents; Earth crust; fault-bounded blocks;

geologic collages; Pacific Ocean; plate tectonics; sediments;
subduction zone volcanism; tectonics; terranes; volcanology
Nov
1985
Smart cards
keywords: credit cards; digital IC; digital integrated circuits;

EFTS; microelectronic chip; smart cards
Dec
1985
The development of software

for ballistic-missile defense
keywords: ballistic-missile defense; military computing;

missiles; SDI; software; star wars defense; Strategic Defense
Initiative; weapon systems
Dec
1985
Optical phase conjugation
keywords: applications; four wave mixing; optical phase

conjugation; stimulated Brillouin scattering; wave motion
Dec
1985
Cricket auditory
communication
keywords: animal behavior; bioacoustics;

biocommunications; cricket auditory communication;
hearing; male's calling song; nervous-system activity
Dec
1985
Polar wandering on Mars
keywords: axis of spin; lithosphere; Mars; planet's equator;

polar wandering
Dec
1985
The enormous theorem
Jan
1986
How Close Encounters with

Star Clusters are Achieved
with a Computer Telescope
Jan
1986
Space Science, Space

Technology and the Space
Station
Jan
1986
Growth, Differentiation and

the Reversal of Malignancy
Nov
1985
keywords: comet tails; comets; interplanetary; interplanetary

magnetic fields; magnetic field; Periodic Comet Giacobini
Zinner (1984e); Periodic Comet Halley (1982i); plasma tail;
solar wind
Jan
1986
The Structure of Comet Tails
Jan
1986
keywords: 'time-reversed' light; adaptive optics; applications;

atmospheric turbulence; decode messages; image patterns;
Applications of Optical Phase laser beams; laser-beam quality; message encoding; mirror;
Conjugation
mirrors; optical information processing; optical phase
conjugation; optics; satellite tracking; time reversed light
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waves
Jan
1986
The Chemical Defenses of

Higher Plants
Jan
1986
Mineral Deposits from

Sea-Floor Hot Springs
Jan
1986
Kin Recognition in Tadpoles
Jan
1986
An Inexpensive Homemade
Polarimeter Can Analyze
Optically Active Compounds
Jan
1986
Radiocarbon Dating by
Accelerator Mass
Spectrometry
Feb
1986
The King (a Chess Program)

is Dead, Long Live the King
(a Chess Machine)
Feb
1986
The T Cell and its Receptor
keywords: chemical exchanges; fractured volcanic rock;

geochemistry; metal deposits; mineral deposits; mineralogy;
minerals; ocean crust; oceanic crust; rocks; sea-floor hot
springs; seawater; seawater --- Chemical Reactions;
Subaqueous; terrestrial heat
keywords: C14; accelerator mass spectrometry;

anthropological specimens; anthropology; archaeological;
archaeology; carbon; chronologies; Dating; geochronology;
geology; geophysical technique; geophysical techniques;
geophysics --- Radioactive Methods; mass spectroscopy;
radioactive carbon 14; radioactive dating; radiocarbon
keywords: air pollution; dioxin; Environmental Impact;

herbicides --- Toxicity; organic compounds; tcdd; water
pollution; weed control --- Environmental Impact
Feb
1986
Dioxin
Feb
1986
Quantum Chemical Reactions

in the Deep Cold
Feb
1986
The Heart as an Endocrine

Gland
Feb
1986
Reconstructing Bird
Phylogeny by Comparing
DNA's
Feb
1986
Inca Stonemasonry
Feb
1986
William Herschel and the

Making of Modern
Astronomy
keywords: astronomy; astronomy and astrophysics;

biographies; history; William Herschel
Feb
1986
Seismic Images of Plate

Boundaries
keywords: oceanic crust; reflections; rock layers; seismic

images; seismology; tectonic plate boundaries; tectonics
Feb
1986
A Homemade Device for

Testing Particle Scattering;
Experiments in Zero Gravity
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Mar
1986
How a Pair of Dull-Witted

Programs Can Look Like
Geniuses on IQ Tests
Rethinking Nuclear Power
keywords: capacity factors; centrally fabricated nuclear

reactors; Energy Policy; fission reactor safety; fission reactor
theory and design; inherent safety; lower-power; nuclear
energy; nuclear power; nuclear power stations; nuclear
reactors --- Accident Prevention; pebble bed reactor; pius
reactor; Pius reactor
Mar
1986
The Earth's magnetotail
keywords: bright auroras; Earth's magnetic field; Earth's

magnetotail; interplanetary space; magnetized gas;
magnetosphere; solar wind
Mar
1986
The Molecular Genetics of

Hemophilia
keywords: biological materials --- Blood; biomedical

engineering; cells; genetic engineering; proteins
Mar
1986
The Superconducting
Supercollider
keywords: accelerators; elementary particles; physics --- High

Energy; superconducting devices; Superconducting
Supercollider; synchrotrons
Mar
1986
Computer-Simulated Plant
Evolution
Mar
1986
Mental Imagery and the

Visual System
Mar
1986
Computer-Simulated Plant
Evolution
Mar
1986
A model which traces the fossil record of the evolution of

plant structure.
keywords: computer-model; evolution-model; plants
Mar
1986
Crop Storage at Assiros
Mar
1986
Methods and Optics of

Perceiving Color in a Blackand-White Grating
Mar
1986
Athletic Clothing
Apr
1986
A Program for Rotating

Hypercubes Induces
Four-Dimensional Dementia
Apr
1986
Can the U.S. Trust the

U.S.S.R.?
Apr
1986
The Quantized Hall Effect
Apr
1986
The Dynamics of Proteins
Apr
1986
Islamic Astronomy
keywords: aerodynamics; Design; sporting goods; sports

clothing
keywords: quantized Hall effect; quantum Hall effect

Computer simulation of the dynamic structure of proteins.
keywords: models-computer; models-graphics
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Apr
1986
Internal Rhythms in Bird

Migration
Apr
1986
The ``Stress'' of Being Born
Apr
1986
Optical Gyroscopes
Apr
1986
Playing the Baroque Trumpet
Apr
1986
Wonders with the

Retroreflector, a Mirror that
Removes Distortion from a
Light Beam
May
1986
Branching Phylogenies of the

Paleozoic and the Fortunes of
English Family Names
May
1986
Sudden Cardiac Death
May
1986
Glycosphingolipids
May
1986
The Climate of Mars
May
1986
Aqueous Foams
May
1986
The Cheetah in Genetic Peril
May
1986
Superconducting tunnel
detectors in radio astronomy
May
1986
Postglacial Foraging in the

Forests of Europe
May
1986
Darwin as a Geologist
May
1986
Superconducting Tunnel
Detectors in Radio
Astronomy
May
1986
Wire that ``Remembers'' its

Shape is Put to Work
Running an Engine
Jun
1986
Casting a Net on a
Checkerboard and Other
keywords: gyroscopes; optical devices; optical gyroscope
keywords: atmospheric absorption; atmospheric circulation;

carbon-dioxide cycle; climate; climate history; CO2; dust
cycle; flowing water; Mars; permafrost; planet atmosphere;
planetary atmospheres; poles; water cycle
keywords: photodetectors; radiation detector; radio

astronomy; radiosource; radiotelescopes; star formation sites;
superconducting junction devices; superconducting tunnel
detectors; superconductive tunnelling
keywords: antennas; astrophysics; electrons --- Transport

Properties; interferometers; radiation detectors; radio
astronomy --- Equipment; superconducting devices;
superconducting tunnel detectors; tunneling
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Puzzles of the Forest

Jun
1986
Beyond the Era of Materials
Jun
1986
Fibronectins
Jun
1986
Is Nature Supersymmetric?
Jun
1986
El Nino
Jun
1986
The Heart as a Suction Pump
Jun
1986
Sexual Selection in
Bowerbirds
Jun
1986
The Perception of Apparent

Motion
Jun
1986
Mirrors Make a Maze so

Bewildering that the Explorer
Must Rely on a Map
Jun
1986
Modern Windmills
Jul 1986
A Sublime Flight of Fancy

over a Deserted Data Base
keywords: supersymmetric; supersymmetry; unified field

theories
keywords: aerodynamics --- Lift; blades; electric power

generation; Energy Resources; rotors; wind power --Efficiency; wind turbines; windmills
Jul 1986 Potential New Crops

Jul 1986
Very large structures in the

Universe
keywords: clusters of galaxies; cosmology; early Universe;

galaxy clusters; high-energy interactions; superclusters; voids
Jul 1986 Anti-idiotypes and Immunity

Jul 1986
The Structure of Mountain

Ranges
keywords: Andes; crustal roots; dynamics; Earth crust; Earth

mantle; Earth structure; gravity; Hawaii; Himalayas; mantle;
mountain ranges; structure; tectonics; Tibetan Plateau
Jul 1986 Exotic Atomic Nuclei

Jul 1986 Space, Time and Touch
Jul 1986 Flight Simulation
keywords: aircraft; computer graphics; computer simulation;

Flight Simulators; pilot training
Jul 1986 The Arthropod Cuticle

Exotic Patterns Appear in
Jul 1986 Water When it is Freezing or
Melting
Aug
1986
Digital Prestidigitation: The

Fine Art of Magic and
Illusion by Computer
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Aug
1986
The Strategic Nuclear Forces

of Britain and France
Aug
1986
Quasicrystals
Aug
1986
Transplantation in the Central

Nervous System
Aug
1986
Progress in Laser Fusion
Aug
1986
The Origin of Corn
Aug
1986
The Solar Cycle in

Precambrian Time
Aug
1986
Thermal Niches of Striped

Bass
Aug
1986
The Emergence of Maya

Civilization
Aug
1986
Retracing the Steps by which

Aluminum Metal was Initially
Purified back in 1886
Sep
1986
Wallpaper for the Mind:

Computer Images That Are
Almost, But Not Quite,
Repetitive
Sep
1986
The Microwave Problem
Sep
1986
Predicting Chemistry from

Topology
Sep
1986
Superstrings
Sep
1986
The Blood-Brain Barrier
Sep
1986
The Colors of Things
Sep
1986
The Sun and the interstellar

medium
Sep
1986
Brachiopods
Sep
1986
Leonardo's Contributions To
Theoretical Mechanics
keywords: amorphous; crystal structure; crystalline;

noncrystalline state structure; quasicrystals; structure; tiling
keywords: fusion power; fusion reactor ignition; laser fusion
keywords: biological effects; biological effects of

microwaves; biological materials --- Radiation Damage;
exposure limits; low levels; microwave; microwave hazards;
Microwaves; radiation effects
keywords: duality and dual models; elementary particles;

quantum theory; strings; superstrings; supersymmetry; unified
field theories
keywords: Earth's climate; interstellar gas; interstellar matter;

interstellar medium; Sun
keywords: crossbow; Leonardo; Madrid Codices; mechanics
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Sep
1986
Rainbow Holograms, Unlike

Conventional Ones, Can be
Observed in Ordinary Light
Oct
1986
The Compleat Computer

Caricaturist and a Whimsical
Tour of Face Space
keywords: advanced materials; composites; economic and

sociologic effects; economics; economy; engineering --Social Aspects; materials; materials and society; materials
demand; materials economics; materials science; new
technology; productivity enhancement; strength of materials
Oct
1986
Advanced Materials and the

Economy
Oct
1986
keywords: communication materials; data communication

systems; electronic equipment --- Materials; information
Materials for Information and
materials; integrated circuits; materials; materials research;
Communication
materials science; optical communication; optical fibres;
telecommunication; transistors
Oct
1986
Materials for Aerospace
keywords: advanced materials; aerospace; aerospace

engineering; aerospace materials; alloys; composite materials;
composites; light weight; materials; materials research;
materials science; resistance to heat; strength
Oct
1986
Materials for Ground

Transportation
keywords: automobiles --- Materials; lightweight materials;

materials science; motor transportation
Oct
1986
Materials for Medicine
keywords: biocompatible materials; ceramics; composites;

glasses; human tissue replacement; materials; medicine;
polymers; prosthetics
Oct
1986
Materials for Energy

Utilization
keywords: energy consumption; energy conversion; energy

resources; energy transmission; energy utilization; material
developments; materials; materials research; materials
science
Oct
1986
keywords: biological materials --- Tissue; biomaterials;

biomedical engineering; burn therapy; ceramics; composite
materials; glass; materials science; Medical Applications;
medical care; polymers; prostheses
Oct
1986
keywords: biological materials --- Tissue; biomaterials;

biomedical engineering; materials science; Medical
Applications
Oct
1986
The Science of Materials
keywords: improved performance; materials; materials --Reviews; materials preparation; materials properties;
materials research; materials science; new materials
synthesis; novel structures
Oct
1986
Electronic and Magnetic

Materials
keywords: electronic materials; high-speed logic operations;

magnetic materials; materials technologies; semiconducting
chips; semiconductor materials; semiconductor technology;
semiconductors
Oct
1986
Photonic Materials
keywords: electro-optical switch; glass fibres; lasers; light --Transmission; materials science; nonlinear materials;
nonlinear optics; optical communication; optical computers;
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optical fibres; optical glass; optical information processing;

optical materials; photonic materials; semiconductor alloys;
semiconductor materials; semiconductor technology;
semiconductors; transmitting light signals; ultrapure glass
Advanced Metals
keywords: advanced metals; alloys; corrosion resisting alloys;

heat resisting alloys; metal deformation; metallic crystalline
structure; metallography; metals; metals and alloys;
processing techniques; strong alloys; superalloys
Oct
1986
Advanced Ceramics
keywords: advanced ceramics; brittleness; ceramic materials;

ceramics; chemical attack resistance; cracking tendency;
crystallography; glass; glass ceramics; glassy ceramics; hard
materials; heat resistance; materials science
Oct
1986
Cracks in a Surface Look

Intricately Random But
Actually Develop Rather
Systematically
Oct
1986
Oct
1986
Advanced Polymers
keywords: advanced polymers; materials preparation;

materials science; polymer fibres; polymer science; polymer
structure; polymers; processing methods; structure; synthesis;
tacticity
Oct
1986
Composites
keywords: advanced materials; composite materials;

composites; fibre reinforced composites; hybrid materials;
materials science; performance; structural roles
Nov
1986
Star Trek Emerges from the

Underground to a Place in the
Home-Computer Arcade
Nov
1986
The Shadow Market in

Housing
Nov
1986
Engineering Voyager 2's

Encounter with Uranus
keywords: Control; data compression; data transmission

rates; fuel situation; heating; interplanetary navigation; light
levels; mechanical breakdowns; Miranda; radio control;
remote control; space communication links; space flight --Interplanetary Flight; space vehicles; spacecraft; Uranus;
voyager 2; Voyager expeditions; Voyager-2
Nov
1986
Studying the Earth by

Very-Long-Baseline
Interferometry
keywords: astrophysics; crust; drift; Earth crust; Earth

rotation; geodesy; geophysical technique; geophysical
techniques; interferometry; plates; quasars; radiowave
interferometry; spin rate; tectonics; VLBI; wobble
Nov
1986
RNA as an Enzyme
Nov
1986
The Higgs Boson
Nov
1986
Antarctic Fishes
keywords: fundamental forces; GVT; Higgs Boson;

intermediate bosons; magnetic monopoles; masses; unified
field theories
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keywords: identities; labels; meaningful wholes; memory;

multidimensional wholes; objects; perception; visual
information; visual perception; visual processing
Nov
1986
Features and Objects in

Visual Processing
Nov
1986
Galileo and the Specter of

Bruno
Nov
1986
The Hyperscope and the

Pseudoscope Aid
Experiments on ThreeDimensional Vision
Dec
1986
Computer Graphics at Pixar,

of Fractal Mountains, Graftal
Plants and Other ...
Dec
1986
Corporate Medicine for Profit
Dec
1986
Chaos
keywords: attractors; Brownian motion; causal relationships;

causality; chaos; dynamical systems; fractals; order; Poincare
recurrence; prediction; randomness; state space; turbulence
Dec
1986
Dark matter in the Universe
keywords: astrophysics; clusters of galaxies; cosmology; dark

matter; galaxies; interstellar matter; particle physics; stars;
Universe
Dec
1986
The First Human Retrovirus
Dec
1986
The Functional Architecture

of the Retina
Dec
1986
How Roots Respond to

Gravity
Dec
1986
Human-Powered Watercraft
Dec
1986
A Roman Apartment
Complex
Dec
1986
Methods for Going Through a

Maze Without Becoming
Lost or Confused
Jan
1987
Results of the first international competition.
program called MICE nibbles
its way to victory at the first keywords: models-computer
Core War tournament
Jan
1987
The Yields of Soviet Strategic

Weapons
Jan
1987
Uranus
keywords: cells; cellular biophysics; eye; functional

architecture; retina; vision
keywords: ammonia clouds; atmosphere; atmospheres;

composition; Coriolis force; electroglow; internal heat
source; magnetic field; magnetosphere; methane clouds;
planet; planetary atmospheres; planetary magnetism; plasma
motions; rotating bodies; rotation rate; structure; Uranus;
Voyager 2 mission; Voyager-2
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Jan
1987
The AIDS Virus
Jan
1987
Learning by Instinct
Jan
1987
Fractal Growth
keywords: air bubbles; bubbles; crystallisation; diffusion;

fluids; fractals; lattice theory; lattice theory and statistics;
percolation
Jan
1987
Power from the Sea
keywords: closed cycle; desalination; designs; electric power

generation; fresh water production; low-boiling-point fluid;
low-pressure system; ocean thermal energy conversion; open
cycle; OTEC system; power generation; seawater; working
fluid
Jan
1987
Liposomes
Jan
1987
The Solution of the Fleece
Jan
1987
Reflections from a Water

Surface Display Some
Curious Properties
Feb
1987
The Game Life Acquires

Some Successors in Three
Dimensions
Feb
1987
Computer Recreations: The

Game of Life Acquires some
Successors in Three
Dimensions
Feb
1987
Hunger in the U.S.
Feb
1987
The Microtubule as an
Intracellular Engine
Feb
1987
The oldest pulsars in the

Universe
Feb
1987
Genetic Recombination
Feb
1987
Whales and Walruses as

Tillers of the Sea Floor
Feb
1987
Marriage, Motherhood and

Research Performance in
Science
Feb
1987
The Secret of a Microwave

Oven's Rapid Cooking Action
is Disclosed
keywords: aids; biomedical engineering; biotechnology;

human retrovirus; virus
Description of Carter Bays' 3D extensions of Conway's game

of LIFE. See also Bays:1987:CGL.
keywords: CA-LIFE; models-computer
keywords: pulsars; stellar evolution; stellar rotation
keywords: Bering Sea; bioturbation; bivalve mollusc;

Chuckchi; coast; crustacean; feeding; furrow; gray whale;
groove; mammal; marine biology; Norton Sound;
oceanography; Pacific; pit; sea floor; seafloor disturbance;
seal; sediment; sedimentation; sediments; walrus; zoology
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Feb
1987
Ballistic Electrons in
Semiconductors
keywords: ballistic electron devices; ballistic electrons;

electron's quantum-mechanical properties; electrons; FET;
high field effects; quantum theory; semiconductor devices;
semiconductors; theta device; Transport Properties
Feb
1987
The Computer as a Musical

Instrument
keywords: audio acoustics; computer; Computer

Applications; computer generated music; digital sound
synthesis; electronic music; musical instrument; musical
instruments; musical instruments, electronic
Mar
1987
Braitenberg Memoirs:
Vehicles for Probing Behavior
Roam a Dark Plain Marked
by Lights
Mar
1987
Discussion of programming techniques for implementing
Braitenberg Memoirs --Vehicles for probing behavior Braitenberg's vehicles Braitenberg:1984:VES.
roam a dark plain marked by keywords: models-computer
lights
Mar
1987
Dyslexia
Mar
1987
The Structure of Poliovirus
keywords: macromolecular configurations; model; molecular

biophysics; poliovirus; structure; viral research
Mar
1987
Cooling and Trapping Atoms
keywords: cooling; laser cooling; laser light; magnetic bottles;

magnetic fields; radiation pressure; trapped atoms
Mar
1987
Monoculture
Mar
1987
The Rifting of Continents
keywords: continental crust; continents; Earth crust; hot spot;

mantle; ocean; rifting; tectonics; terrestrial heat; upwelling
molten rock
Mar
1987
Thermoregulation in Winter
Moths
keywords: biothermics; feed; fly; mate; near-freezing

temperatures; thermoregulation; winter moths
Mar
1987
Optical Neural Computers
keywords: Computer Applications; computer systems, digital;

neural nets; optical elements; optical information processing;
optical neural computer; optical neural computers; pattern
recognition systems; recognizing patterns
Mar
1987
A Mesolithic Camp in
Denmark
Mar
1987
Calculating the Distance to

the Sun by Observing the
Trail of a Meteor
Apr
1987
The Sound of Computing is

Music to the Ears of Some
Apr
1987
Third-Generation Nuclear
Weapons
Apr
1987
Third-Generation Nuclear
Weapons
keywords: military equipment; Nuclear Energy; nuclear

explosions; nuclear weapons
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How Photoreceptor Cells

Respond to Light
keywords: biological materials; brain; core cells; electrical

signal; eye; neural junctions; neural signals; photoreceptor
cells; Radiation Effects; retina; rod cells; synapses; vision
Apr
1987
The Moons of Uranus
keywords: Ariel; composition; cratering; densities; maps;

Miranda; moons of Uranus; Oberon; planetary satellites;
satellites; structure; surface features; Titania; Umbriel;
Uranus; Voyager 2 mission; Voyager-2; vulcanism
Apr
1987
Antiviral Therapy
keywords: antiviral strategy; biomedical engineering; Patient

Treatment; therapy; viruses
Apr
1987
The Emergence of Animals
Apr
1987
keywords: CdTe; charge carriers; CuInSe2; efficiency; GaAs;

million-watt power plants; photovoltaic cell; photovoltaic
cells; photovoltaic effects; semiconductor; Si; solar cells;
solar power plants; sunlight
Apr
1987
Photovoltaic Power
Apr
1987
keywords: acoustic characteristics; bells; Chinese bronze

Acoustics of Ancient Chinese
chime bells; instrumentation; music; musical acoustics;
Bells
musical instruments; octaves; pitches; scales
Apr
1987
The First Technology
Apr
1987
Making a Barometer That

Works with Water in Place of
Mercury
May
1987
Of Bulls, Bears and Programs

in the Pit
May
1987
A Surge in Inequality
May
1987
The Cosmic Synthesis of

Lithium, Beryllium and
Boron
keywords: astrophysics; B; Be; beryllium; beryllium and

alloys; big bang; boron; cosmic rays; cosmic synthesis;
cosmology; dust; element origin; interstellar matter;
interstellar space; Li; lithium; lithium and alloys --- Synthesis;
low-density gas; nuclear reactions; nuclei; nucleosynthesis;
primordial explosion
May
1987
Synapses that Compute

Motion
keywords: biophysical mechanism; brain; direction; eye;

information-processing; mechanoception; motion; moving
stimulus; nerve cell; neuron; neurophysiology; vision
May
1987
Climate Modeling
keywords: atmosphere; atmospheric movements --Mathematical Models; climate; Climatology; climatology;

Climatology; Cretaceous; El Chichon; evolution; greenhouse
effect; meteorology; nuclear war; physical principles;
pollution; volcanic eruptions
May
1987
Glucose and Aging
keywords: Aging; biological materials; collagen; glucose;

proteins; sugar
May
1987
Reappearing Phases
keywords: liquids --- Research; materials science; phases
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May
1987
Symbiosis in the Deep Sea
May
1987
keywords: Chapman; chemical processes; Detonation;

detonation; Detonation; detonation; Doering; eigenvalue;
The Detonation of Explosives explosions; explosives; hugoniot curves; Hugoniot curves;
Jouquet; pathological; Rayleigh lines; shock waves;
small-scale perturbations; von Neumann; Zel'dovich
May
1987
Concerning Disappearances,
Including the Cheshire Cat's
Odd Vanishing Act
Jun
1987
Drought in Africa
Jun
1987
Molecular Mechanisms of
Photosynthesis
keywords: molecular biophysics; molecular genetics;

molecular mechanisms; photosynthesis; spectroscopy; X-ray
crystallography
Jun
1987
Gravitational Wave
Observatories
keywords: Einstein's general theory of relativity; extragalactic

signals; general relativity; gravitational wave observatories;
gravitational waves
Jun
1987
The Anatomy of Memory
Jun
1987
Collapsing Volcanoes
Jun
1987
Diving Adaptations of the

Weddell Seal
Jun
1987
The Connection Machine
Jun
1987
The Birth of the U.S.

Biological-Warfare Program
Jun
1987
Puzzles in Two and Three

Dimensions, and Ways to
Simplify Their Solution
Jun
1987
Algopuzzles: Wherein Trains

of Thought Follow
Algorithmic Tracks to
Solutions
keywords: avalanches; catastrophic collapse; deposits;

volcanoes; volcanology
keywords: artificial intelligence; Connection Machine;

parallel computer; parallel machines
keywords: computer graphics; computer hardware; computer

technology; computers, digital; Connection Machine;
connection machine; convolution; parallel processing
Jun
1987
The Connection Machine
Jul 1987
Can Advanced Technology

Save the U.S. Steel Industry?
Jul 1987
The Molecules of Visual

Excitation
keywords: molecular biophysics; molecules; protein; proteins;

retina; transducin; vision; visual excitation
Jul 1987
Can Advanced Technology

Save the U.S. Steel Industry?
keywords: direct casting; integrated steel plant; iron and steel

industry --- United States; iron and steel plants --- United
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States; steelmaking; United States

Jul 1987 The Rings of Uranus
keywords: planetary rings; rings; Roche zone; Uranus;

Uranus' rings; Voyager 2 encounter; Voyager 2 mission
Jul 1987 Beaches and Barrier Islands

Jul 1987 Lyme Disease
Jul 1987
Aerodynamics of Wind
Pollination
Jul 1987
Arches and Vaults in the

Ancient Near East
Jul 1987 Cold Nuclear Fusion
Jul 1987
Why a Fluid Flows Faster

When the Tube is Pinched
Jul 1987
Probing the Strange

Attractions of Chaos
keywords: cold nuclear fusion; commercial energy source;

Fusion Reactions; muon-catalyzed fusion; muon-nucleus
reactions; muons; nuclear energy; nuclear fusion; nuclear
fusion reactions; nuclear reactions involving few nucleon
systems; nuclear reactors, fusion --- Research; nuclei with
mass number 1 to 5
Aug
1987
Collisions Between Spinning

Protons
keywords: AGS; Alternating Gradient Synchrotron; baryon

spin and parity; colour model; polarisation in elementary
particle interactions; polarized protons; proton+proton
producing X; proton-proton inclusive interactions; QCD; spin
directions; Zero Gradient Synchrotron; ZGS
Aug
1987
Stars & Stripes
keywords: boats --- United States; Computer Aided Design;

hulls; keels; sailing vessels; velocity prediction program
Aug
1987
The Causes of Down

Syndrome
Aug
1987
The Clonal-Selection Theory
Aug
1987
Salt Tectonics
Aug
1987
Gazelle Killing in Stone Age

Syria
Aug
1987
Gallium Arsenide Transistors
Aug
1987
Music and Ammonia Vapor

Excite the Color Pattern of a
Soap Film
keywords: diapirs; gas; geology; geophysical prospecting; oil;

prospecting; salt deposits; salt structures; Tectonics;
tectonics; upwelling
keywords: electron drift velocity; electrons --- Transport

Properties; GaAs; gallium arsenide; III-V semiconductors;
Materials; semiconducting gallium arsenide; semiconductor
devices; transistors
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Aug
1987
Word Ladders and a Tower of

Babel Lead to Computational
Heights Defying Assault
Aug
1987
Air Pollution by Particles
Sep
1987
Strategic Defense and

Directed-Energy Weapons
Sep
1987
The Large-Scale Streaming of keywords: clusters of galaxies; cosmology; galaxies;

Galaxies
large-scale streaming; mass; Milky Way; Universe
Sep
1987
Strategic Defense and

Directed-Energy Weapons
Sep
1987
Reverse Transcription
Sep
1987
Electrides
Sep
1987
Mimicry in Plants
Sep
1987
The Swahili Corridor
Sep
1987
How Children Learn Words
Sep
1987
Sticky Threadlike Substances

That Tend to Draw
Themselves out into Bead
Arrays
keywords: Acid Rain; acidic particles; air pollution;

atmosphere; earth atmosphere; fossil fuels
keywords: directed energy weapons; military engineering;

military equipment; strategic defense
keywords: crystalline materials; crystals; electrical properties

of substances; electrides; electronic properties;
Microstructure; negatively charged atoms; optical properties;
optical properties of substances; physics --- Atomic; trapped
electrons
keywords: Byzantine civilization; Holy Roman Empire;

Mtambwe Mknu site; mtepe sailing vessel; Shanga site;
Swahili corridor; trade
keywords: air pollution --- Gaseous Effluents; boiler firing --Coal; coal fired plants; coal fired power stations; coal
gasification; combustion --- Fluidized Beds; costs; electricity;
emissions; fossil fuel power plants; steam power stations
Sep
1987
Coal-Fired Power Plants for

the Future
Sep
1987
Diverse Personalities Search

for Social Equilibrium at a
Computer Party
Oct
1987
Chips for advanced

computing
keywords: computer architectures; integrated circuits;

microprocessor chips; parallel architectures; reviews
The Next Computer

Revolution
keywords: accessibility; computer architecture; computer

hardware; computer revolution; computing power;
convenience; fifth generation systems; historical review;
parallel machines; Reviews; reviews; systems design;
technological forecasting
Oct
1987
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Oct
1987
Oct
1987
Oct
1987
Oct
1987
Oct
1987
Oct
1987
Oct
1987
Oct
1987
Programming for advanced

computing
keywords: advanced computing; independent processes;

message exchange; parallel programming; reviews; tuple
space
Advanced Computer
Architectures
keywords: computer architecture; computer operating

systems --- Program Processors; distributed memory; parallel
architectures; parallel processing; pipelining; Reviews;
reviews; shared memory; supercomputers
Chips for Advanced

Computing
keywords: chips; computer technology; field-effect transistor

(MOSFET); integrated circuits; inverter circuit; logic circuits;
metal-oxide-silicon; mosfet; MOSFET; packing density; rent's
rule; Rent's rule; scaling factor; semiconductor devices,
mosfet; semiconductor devices, MOSFET; silicon chips;
single-chip computer
Programming for Advanced

Computing
keywords: compiler; computer metatheory; computer

programming; computer technology; Connection Machine;
digital language; message-passing program; parallel
computing; software; symmetric programming language;
symmetric-language program; tuple-space program; tuples
Data-Storage Technologies
for Advanced Computing
keywords: advanced computing; data storage technologies;

data storage, magnetic; data storage, optical; disk drives;
magnetic fields; magnetic storage; magnetic storage devices;
magnetization; magneto-optical devices; magneto-optical
technology; magnetooptical storage devices; parallel
processing; reviews
Interfaces for Advanced

Computing
keywords: advanced computing; artificial realities; computer

graphics; computer interfaces; computer simulation;
dataglove; electronic pad; eye movement; glove;
handwriting; mouse; object manipulation; peripheral
interfaces; reviews; sensors; speech recognition;
supercomputers; touch screen; user interfaces; user-computer
communication; voice communication
Networks for Advanced

Computing
Advanced Computing for

Science
The information generated by computing is useless until it is

communicated, and so the nature of the networks that link
computers is as important as raw computing power.
Establishing an effective network can be as difficult a task as
getting the machines to think.
keywords: advanced computing; circuit switching; collision
detection; computer hardware; computer networks; data
sharing; hardware sharing; networks; packet switching;
physical link; program sharing; protocols; reviews; wide-area
networks
keywords: advanced computing; astronomy; astrophysics --Computer Applications; astrophysics computing;
computational experiments; Computer Applications;
computer images; galactic collisions; galaxies; interacting
galaxies; natural sciences computing; reviews; scientific
investigation; small effects; stellar dynamics
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Advanced computing for

medicine
keywords: advice systems; communication systems; expert

systems; medical diagnostic computing; medical information
systems; medical practice; medicine; patient diagnosis
Oct
1987

Medicine
keywords: artificial intelligence --- Expert Systems;

biomedical engineering; Computer Applications; computer
systems, digital; computers --- Medical Applications; hospital
information systems; hospitals --- Computer Applications;
information retrieval systems; medical workstations
Oct
1987
Now There is Rubik's Magic,

a New Puzzle that Provides a
Study in Permutation
Operators
Oct
1987
Oct
1987

Manufacturing (aircraft
industry)
Oct
1987
`Àfter Mad'': A Computer

Game of Nuclear Strategy
That Ends in a Prisoner's
Dilemma
Nov
1987
Diet and Cancer
Nov
1987
Helium-Rich Supernovas
Nov
1987
Artificial Chromosomes
Nov
1987
Synchrotron Radiation
Nov
1987
The Ancestry of the Giant

Panda
Nov
1987
Demons, Engines and the

Second Law
Nov
1987
Early Farming in
Northwestern Europe
Nov
1987
Modeling Tidal Power
Nov
1987
Fluid Interfaces, Including

Fractal Flows, Can be Studied
in a Hele-Shaw Cell
keywords: aerodynamic-flow analysis; aerodynamics --Computer Applications; aerospace computing; aircraft;

aircraft industry; airflow; cad; CAD/CAM; cam;
computational analysis; Computer Aided Design; computer
aided design; computer aided manufacturing; manufacture;
manufacturing; nacelles; supercomputer; supercomputers
keywords: classification; evolution; galaxies; galaxy; model;

spectra; stellar evolution; stellar interior; stellar internal
processes; stellar models; stellar spectra; supernovae; Type Ib
supernovae
keywords: light sources; storage ring; storage rings;

synchrotron radiation; technological applications; ultraviolet
light; undulators; wigglers; X-ray production; X-rays
keywords: engines; heat engines; Maxwell's demon; second

law of thermodynamics; thermodynamics
keywords: computer simulations; economic cost;

environmental cost; geophysics computing; modelling; tidal
power; tides; wave power generation
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Nov
1987
Beauty and Profundity: The

Mandelbrot Set and a Flock
of its Cousins Called Julia
Nov
1987
Beauty and profundity: the
keywords: fractals
Mandelbrot set and a flock of
its cousins called Julia
Dec
1987
Technology in Services
The Moon's Ancient

Magnetism
keywords: axis of spin; directions; Earth-Moon system;

impacts; large craters; magnetic field; meteorite craters;
meteorites; Moon; orientation; planetary magnetism;
planetary satellites; polar wandering; strengths
How Animal Cells Move
keywords: animal cells; cell motility; endocytic cycle;

locomotion; motive force; nutrient molecules; outer
membrane
Dec
1987
Cosmic Strings
keywords: big bang; cosmic strings; cosmology; galaxy

formation; interactions; loops; string theory; unified field
theories; Universe
Dec
1987
Courtship in Unisexual
Lizards: A Model for Brain
Evolution
Dec
1987
H.M.S. Warrior
Dec
1987
How to Capture on Film the

Faint Glow Emitted When
Sticky Tape is Peeled off a
Surface
Dec
1987
Simple Special Effects

Illustrate the Art of
Converting Algorithms into
Programs
Dec
1987
Dec
1987
Dec
1987
Dec
1987
Jan
1988
Collective Computation in
Neuron-Like Circuits
keywords: analog VLSI; biomedical engineering; computation

theory; computational properties; content-addressable
storage; decision theory; decisions; electronic circuits; neural
models; neural nets; neurobiological models; neuronlike
circuits; parallel computation; VLSI
The Fracturing of Glass
keywords: atmosphere; atomic interactions; atomic structure;

catastrophic failure; chemical interactions; chemical models;
crack propagation; critical size; Fracture; fracture; fracture
mechanics; fracturing; glass; growth rate; incubation period;
interatomic bonds; oxide materials; physics --- Atomic;
product reliability; rupture; surface cracks; water
The Antarctic Ozone Hole
keywords: air pollution; Antarctic ozone hole; Atmosphere;

atmosphere; atmospheric chemistry; atmospheric
composition; O3; ozone; Ozone layer; ozone layer;
ozonosphere; South Pole; Ultraviolet-absorbing layer;
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ultraviolet-absorbing layer
thesaurus: Air pollution; Atmospheric chemistry;
Atmospheric composition; Ozone; Ozonosphere
Jan
1988
Jan
1988
How Killer Cells Kill
The Reality of the Quantum

World
keywords: Benchtop experiments; benchtop experiments;

Particle; particle; Photon; photon; Quantum mechanics;
quantum mechanics; quantum theory; Quantum world;
quantum world; Wave; wave; wave mechanics
thesaurus: Quantum theory; Wave mechanics
Jan
1988
The Very-Long-Baseline
Array
keywords: antennas; Antennas; array; Array; black holes;

Black holes; geodesy; quasars; Quasars; radio telescope;
Radio telescope; radiotelescopes; radiowave interferometers;
radiowave interferometry; Very-Long-Baseline Array; VLBA
thesaurus: Geodesy; Radiotelescopes; Radiowave
interferometers; Radiowave interferometry
Jan
1988
Intertidal Fishes
Jan
1988
The Not-So-Rare Earths
Jan
1988
Art, Illusion and the Visual

System
keywords: Brain; brain; Colour information; colour

information; Form; form; Images; images; Spatial
information; spatial information; Visual effects; visual effects;
visual perception; Visual system; visual system
thesaurus: Visual perception
Jan
1988
The Transformer
keywords: Electricity; electricity; High-current output;

high-current output; history; Low-current power; low-current
power; power transformers; reviews; Transformer;
transformer; Transmission; transmission
thesaurus: History; Power transformers; Reviews
Jan
1988
What Explains SubjectiveContour Illusions, Those

Bright Spots That are not
Really There?
Jan
1988
Nanotechnology: Wherein
Molecular Computers Control
Tiny Circulatory Submarines
Feb
1988
A Flaw in a Universal Mirror
keywords: Big bang; big bang; cosmology; Cosmos; cosmos;

CP invariance; Matter antimatter balance; matter antimatter
balance; Particle physics; particle physics; Universal mirror;
universal mirror
thesaurus: Cosmology; CP invariance
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Feb
1988
Gabaergic Neurons
Feb
1988
Chromosome Mapping with

DNA Markers
Feb
1988
How Climate Evolved on the

Terrestrial Planets
keywords: Climate evolution; climate evolution; climatology;

Earthlike climates; earthlike climates; Mars; Mathematical
models; mathematical models; planetary atmospheres; Solar
System; Terrestrial planets; terrestrial planets; Venus
thesaurus: Climatology; Mars; Planetary atmospheres; Venus
Feb
1988
The Adaptable Opossum
Feb
1988
Ramanujan and Pi
Feb
1988
The Bubonic Plague
Feb
1988
The Feathery Wake of a

Moving Boat is a Complex
Interference Pattern
Feb
1988
A Blind Watchmaker Surveys

the Land of Biomorphs
Feb
1988
Plastics that Conduct

Electricity
keywords: conductivity; Conductivity; doped polymers;

Doped polymers; Electric Conductivity; electrically
conducting plastics; Electrically conducting plastics; ionic
triplets; Ionic triplets; lightweight battery; Lightweight
battery; monomeric repeat units; one-dimensional
conductivity; plastics; polymer films; polymers; polymers --Doping
thesaurus: One-dimensional conductivity; Plastics; Polymers
Mar
1988
Mar
1988
The Nonacoustic Detection

of Submarines
The nonacoustic detection of

submarines
keywords: detectors; marine systems; military systems;

Nonacoustic detection; nonacoustic detection; Operating
principles; operating principles; remote sensing by laser
beam; Submarines; submarines
thesaurus: Detectors; Marine systems; Military systems;
Remote sensing by laser beam
Mar
1988
Gravity and Antimatter
keywords: Antimatter; antimatter; Antiproton experiment;

antiproton experiment; Gravitational acceleration;
gravitational acceleration; gravitational experiments
thesaurus: Gravitational experiments
Mar
1988
Catalytic Antibodies
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Mar
1988
Construction Cranes
Mar
1988
How the Leopard Gets its

Spots
Mar
1988
Fatness and Fertility
Mar
1988
The Quantum-Effect Device:

Tomorrow's Transistor?
keywords: AlGaAs-GaAs; aluminium compounds; Disruptive

effects; disruptive effects; field effect transistors; gallium
arsenide; III-V semiconductors; Integrated circuits; integrated
circuits; Quantum dot structure; quantum dot structure;
Quantum-effect device; quantum-effect device;
Semiconductor device; semiconductor device; semiconductor
superlattices; Transistor; transistor; tunnelling
thesaurus: Aluminium compounds; Field effect transistors;
Gallium arsenide; III-V semiconductors; Semiconductor
superlattices; Tunnelling
Mar
1988
The Roman Port of Cosa
Mar
1988
Why Sidespin Helps the

Bowler to Keep Scoring
Strikes
Mar
1988
A Home Computer
Laboratory in Which Balls
Become Gases, Liquids and
Critical Masses
Apr
1988
The Self, the World and

Autoimmunity
Apr
1988
Computers in Music
keywords: Computer Applications; computer-generated

music; Computer-generated music; computers, digital;
electronic music; Electronic music; music composing;
musical acoustics; musical instruments; sound; Sound;
spatialization program
thesaurus: Electronic music; Musical acoustics
Apr
1988
The Membrane Paradigm for

Black Holes
Apr
1988
Energy-Efficient Buildings
Apr
1988
Light Switches for Plant

Genes
Apr
1988
The Effects of Spin in Gases
Apr
1988
The Behavior of Baleen

Whales
keywords: black holes; electrically conducting spheroidal

membrane; general relativity; membrane paradigm; spacetime
keywords: atom; gases; H; He; heat conduction; helium;

nucleus; spin; spin polarised atomic hydrogen; thermal
conductivity of gases
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Apr
1988
Energy-Efficient Buildings
Apr
1988
Trembley's Polyps
Apr
1988
How to Map Electrically

Charged Patches with
Parsley, Sage, Rosemary and
Thyme
Apr
1988
An Ancient Rope-and-Pulley
Computer is Unearthed in the
Jungle of Apraphul
May
1988
Squeezed Light
keywords: buildings; electric lighting; Energy Conservation;

energy consumption; energy demand; energy efficient
buildings; energy utilization; heating
keywords: fluctuations; Light waves; light waves; Noise;

noise; Quantum fluctuations; quantum fluctuations; quantum
optics; Squeezed light; squeezed light; Uncertainty;
uncertainty
thesaurus: Fluctuations; Quantum optics
May
1988
Tumor Necrosis Factor
May
1988
Controlling Indoor Air

Pollution
May
1988
Ancient Magnetic Reversals:

Clues to the Geodynamo
keywords: air pollution; houses --- Climate Control; Indoor;

indoor pollution; radon; regulations
keywords: Core dynamo model; core dynamo model; Earth;
Geodynamo; geodynamo; Geomagnetic excursions;
geomagnetic excursions; Geomagnetic reversal; geomagnetic
reversal; geomagnetic variations; Geomagnetism;
geomagnetism; Magnetic field; magnetic field; Magnetic
reversals; magnetic reversals; Rebounds; rebounds
thesaurus: Geomagnetic variations; Geomagnetism
May
1988
The Platypus
May
1988
The Indian Neck Ossuary
May
1988
The Mystery of the

Cosmological Constant
keywords: constants; Cosmological constant; cosmological

constant; cosmology; Energy; energy; Hubble constant;
Universe; Vacuum; vacuum
thesaurus: Constants; Cosmology
May
1988
Icicles Ensheathe a Number

of Puzzles: Just How Does
the Water Freeze?
May
1988
Aerogels
May
1988
The Invisible Professor Holds

a Chalk-Talk Session on the
keywords: aerogels; gels; materials science; Reviews; sol-gel

process
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Display Monitor
Jun
1988
Economic Growth
Jun
1988
``Snurps''
Jun
1988
Particle Accelerators Test

Cosmological Theory
Particle accelerators test

cosmological theory
keywords: big bang; cosmological theory; cosmology;

elementary-particle physics; families; higher generation
particles; leptons; nucleosynthesis; particle accelerators;
quarks; spacetime; theory of everything; unified field
theories; Universe
Jun
1988
Perovskites
keywords: BaTiO3; ceramics; crystal atomic structure of

inorganic compounds; crystal structure; electrical properties;
high temperature superconductor; high-temperature
superconductors; perovskites; structure
Jun
1988
Bacteria as Multicellular
Organisms
They differentiate into various cell types and form highly

regular colonies that appear to be guided by sophisticated
temporal and spatial control systems.
Jun
1988
Polynyas in the Southern

Ocean
keywords: Antarctic; chemical composition; ice cover;

large-scale motion; oceanography; polar atmosphere;
polynyas; Southern Ocean; surface waters; temperature
Jun
1988
The Neurobiology of Feeding

in Leeches
Jun
1988
Early Iron Smelting in Central

Africa
Jun
1988
Does Convection or the

Bernoulli Principle Make the
Shower Curtain Flutter
Inward?
Jun
1988
Imagination Meets Geometry

in the Crystalline Realm of
Latticeworks
Aug
1988
The hodgepodge machine

makes waves
Jul 1988
The Geography of U.S.

Presidential Elections
Jun
1988
Jul 1988 Gravitational Lenses
keywords: Cosmology; cosmology; Einstein ring quasars;

Galaxies; galaxies; Gravitational lenses; gravitational lenses;
Large scale structure; large scale structure; quasars; Source
images; source images; Universe
thesaurus: Cosmology; Galaxies; Gravitational lenses;
Quasars
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Jul 1988
Hormones that Stimulate the

Growth of Blood Cells
Jul 1988 The Supercontinent Cycle
keywords: Conduction; conduction; Convective motions;

convective motions; Crust; crust; Decay; decay; Earth crust;
Heat; heat; Mantle; mantle; Plate tectonics; plate tectonics;
Radioactive elements; radioactive elements; Supercontinent
cycle; supercontinent cycle; tectonics; terrestrial heat
thesaurus: Earth crust; Tectonics; Terrestrial heat
Jul 1988 How the Human Eye Focuses
keywords: Biochemistry; biochemistry; eye; Eye's geometry;

eye's geometry; Focus; focus; Human eye; human eye; vision
thesaurus: Eye; Vision
Jul 1988
The Chaco Canyon

Community
Jul 1988 Randomness in Arithmetic
keywords: algorithmic information theory; computability

theory; halting problem; incompleteness theorem; number
theory; Pascal's triangle; randomness
Shadows Cast on the Bottom

Jul 1988 of a Pool are not like Other
Shadows. Why?
Jul 1988 Capacitors
keywords: capacitors; Construction; construction; Design;

design; Efficiency; efficiency; Electrolytic capacitor;
electrolytic capacitor; electrolytic capacitors; insulators;
integrated circuit manufacture; Leyden jar; leyden jar;
Leyden jar; manufacturing; multilayer ceramic capacitor;
Multilayer ceramic capacitor; multilayer ceramic capacitor;
Reviews; tantalum capacitors
thesaurus: Capacitors; Electrolytic capacitors
Jul 1988
How to Pan for Primes in

Numerical Gravel
Aug
1988
The High Fidelity of DNA

Duplication
keywords: Acid Rain; acid rain; acidified lakes; air pollution;
atmosphere; ecology; environmental impact; flue gases --Desulfurization; fossil fuel power station; industrial pollution;
pollution detection and control; rain and rainfall; river
systems; soil; USA; water pollution
Aug
1988
The Challenge of Acid Rain
Aug
1988
keywords: America; Canada; crustal deformation; geodesy;

geophysical techniques; Global Positioning Satellite; GPS;
Measuring Crustal
Deformation in the American measurement technique; plate tectonics; radioastronomical
very-long baseline interferometry; radionavigation satellite
West
method; tectonics; USA; VLBI radioastronomy method
Aug
1988
Beyond truth and beauty: a

fourth family of particles
keywords: fourth family; fundamental particles; hypothetical

particles; leptons; quarks; unified field theories
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Aug
1988
Light-Activated Drugs
Aug
1988
Perceiving Shape from

Shading
keywords: brain; perception; shading; single light source;

three-dimensional shape; visual perception
Aug
1988
X-Ray Imaging with Coded

Masks
keywords: astronomical techniques; cameras; coded mask

telescope; coded masks; high-energy X-ray sources; pinhole
camera; plasma diagnostic techniques; plasmas; reactors;
X-ray astronomy; X-ray imaging; X-ray telescope
Aug
1988
Perceiving Shape From

Shading
keywords: IMAGE PART FORM, LARGE

DIMENSIONALITY
Aug
1988
Some Entertaining Lessons in

Optics That May Make Air
Travel Easier to Endure
Aug
1988
The Hodgepodge Machine

Makes Waves
Aug
1988
Dr. Atanasoff's Computer
keywords: atanasoff-berry computer; computers, digital;

digital computers; electronic digital computers; history; logic
circuits; Reviews
Sep
1988
50 and 100 Years Ago
1888: How gravity would impart high velocity to an urban

railroad train.
Sep
1988
Civilian Casualties from

Counterforce Attacks
Sep
1988
Finding the Antioncogene
Sep
1988
Finding the Anti-Oncogene
Whereas oncogenes initiate cancer by actively promoting

excessive cell growth, an anti-oncogene normally constrains
growth; lacking it, a cell may proliferate out of control. The
author and his colleagues have isolated the first
anti-oncogene, whose inheritance in a mutated, inactive form
confers an inborn susceptibility to retinoblastoma, an eye
tumor.
The laser, tuned precisely to the frequency of the radiation
emitted or absorbed by an atom or a molecule, becomes a
highly sensitive probe. It can detect minute amounts of one
substance in another (plucking a single platinum atom out of
a trillion molecules of seawater, for example) or explore the
energetic structure of an atomic nucleus
Sep
1988
Detecting Individual Atoms

and Molecules with Lasers
keywords: atomic spectra; Individual atom detection;

individual atom detection; Individual molecule detection;
individual molecule detection; ionisation of atoms; ionisation
of molecules; molecular spectra; Resonance ionisation
spectroscopy; resonance ionisation spectroscopy;
spectrochemical analysis; spectroscopy
thesaurus: Atomic spectra; Ionisation of atoms; Ionisation of
molecules; Molecular spectra; Spectrochemical analysis;
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Spectroscopy
Sep
1988
The discovery of the visual

cortex
keywords: brain; Brains visual center; brains visual center;

Discovery; discovery; Head wounds; head wounds; history;
Russo-Japanese War; Soldiers; soldiers; vision; Visual cortex;
visual cortex
thesaurus: Brain; History; Vision
Sep
1988
The Insulin Factory
Sep
1988
Shock-Front Phenomena and

Other Oddities to Entertain a
Bored Airline Passenger
Insulin is made in the beta cell of the pancreas --- but how,
and in what stages? Combining biochemistry with advanced
electron micrography, the authors and others have traced the
subcellular assembly line, identifying successive workstations
where a precursor molecule is synthesized and processed into
insulin and the hormone is exported from the cell.
It has been two and a half years since an armada of

spacecraft lifted off for a close encounter with Halley's
comet. Intensive analysis of the data that were telemetered
from European, Japanese and Soviet probes confirms the
``dirty snowball'' model of comet structure and provides clues
to the nature of the materials that formed the solar system.
Sep
1988
A Close Look at Halley's

Comet
keywords: Comet nucleus; comet nucleus; comets; Element

relative abundance; element relative abundance; Giotto;
Halley's Comet; Periodic Comet Halley (1986 III);
Quantitative information; quantitative information; Space
probes; space probes
thesaurus: Comets
Sep
1988
Sep
1988
Sep
1988
Old and New ThreeDimensional Mazes
The Fossils of Montceaules-Mines
Plasma-Sprayed Coatings
Some 300 million years ago, when the continents were

grouped near the Equator, France's Massif Central was
tropical. Steams, lakes and estuaries teemed with amphibians,
fish, arthropods and mollusks, and giant ferns covered the
hills. A remarkable fossil cache has enabled paleontologists to
reconstruct what life there was like in the Upper
Carboniferous.
The plasma gun's high-temperature flame can convert almost
any powdered material into a molten spray. Jet-engine
components and other parts that will be subjected to fierce
heat, mechanical stress or chemical attack can now be
sheathed in an insulating ceramic almost as easily as a coat of
latex paint can be laid down with a spray gun.
keywords: Ceramic; ceramic; ceramics; Coating; coating;
Corrosion; corrosion; corrosion protective coatings; High
temperature; high temperature; Metal; metal; metals; plasma
arc spraying; Plasma sprayed coatings; plasma sprayed
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coatings; Powder; powder; Wear; wear; wear resistant

coatings
thesaurus: Ceramics; Corrosion protective coatings; Metals;
Plasma arc spraying; Wear resistant coatings
Sep
1988
The Discovery of the Visual

Cortex
The foundations of today's knowledge of how the brain

processes visual images were laid over a period of more than
a century by a series of investigators, many of them now long
forgotten. Ironically, knowledge of how the world is mapped
onto the cortex owes much to the introduction of a new
high-velocity rifle in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-5.
Sep
1988
Computer Recreations
Could These have got out of the labyrinth without having a

thread to follow?
Oct
1988
AIDS in 1988
Where do we stand? What are the key areas of current

research? The prospects for therapy or a vaccine? In their
first collaborative article the two investigators who
established the cause of AIDS answer these questions and tell
how HIV isolated and linked to AIDS.
Oct
1988
Just three viral genes can direct the machinery of an infected

cell to make a new HIV particle --- provided that at least
The Molecular Biology of the
three other viral genes give the go-ahead. These regulatory
AIDS Virus
genes give the virus its protean behavioral repertoire: they
spur viral replication, hold it in check or bring it to a halt.
The AIDS virus has a past and it has relatives. An inquiry into
its family history can reveal how the related viruses interact
with human beings and monkeys. The inquiry may also
uncover vulnerabilities: some forms of the virus have evolved
toward disease-free coexistence with their hosts.
Oct
1988
The Origins of the AIDS

Virus
Oct
1988
Since 1981 more than 66,000 people in the U.S. have

contracted AIDS; by 1992 there may be 300,000 more cases
The Epidemiology of AIDS in
--- even if the incidence of infection begins to decline. By
the U.S.
identifying risk groups and risky behaviors, epidemiology can
suggest nonmedical strategies for controlling AIDS.
Oct
1988
The International
Epidemiology of AIDS
The pandemic is still in its early stages. Although no one is

certain how many AIDS cases have already developed, the
World Health Organization estimates the number at 250,000.
Furthermore, at least five million people worldwide are
probably infected with the AIDS virus.
HIV Infection: The Clinical

Picture
To focus only on treating AIDS is to lose the battle against

HIV, the virus that causes it. AIDS is actually the final
manifestation of a progressive immune disorder that may be
silent for years. Early diagnosis and accurate staging of HIV
infection help physicians to optimize therapy.
HIV Infection: The Cellular

Picture
The AIDS virus can do no damage until it enters a target cell.

The first step in invasion is the binding of molecule on the
viral membrane to a molecule on the membrane of the target.
The receptor molecule, known as CD4 antigen, exists
primarily on certain immune-system cells.
Oct
1988
Oct
1988
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Oct
1988
The Social Dimensions of

AIDS
Oct
1988
AIDS Therapies
Oct
1988
Drop Two Stacked Balls from

Waist Height: The Top Ball
May Bounce up to the
Ceiling
Oct
1988
On Making and Breaking

Codes: Part I
Oct
1988
Nov
1988
AIDS Vaccines
The prognosis for treatment was once grim, but now

understanding of HIV's life cycle makes it possible to design
drugs that take aim at specific targets. The authors describe
an all-out effort to develop a number of drugs that can be
administered in a concerted attack.
A vaccine against HIV would be the most effective means of

stemming the AIDS crisis. Several candidate vaccines are
being tested in people, but HIV is a devious enemy and there
is no evidence that any of them will work. What kinds of
obstacles are investigators up against?
keywords: accretion; Accretion; accretion disks; Accretion

disks; emission; Emission; GX 5-1; magnetic field; Magnetic
field; mass transfer; neutron star; Neutron star; neutron stars;
Quasi-Periodic Oscillations in QPOs; quasi-periodic oscillations; Quasi-periodic oscillations;
stellar magnetism; stellar radiation; X-ray binary stars; X-ray
Celestial X-Ray Sources
sources
thesaurus: Accretion disks; Mass transfer; Neutron stars;
Stellar magnetism; Stellar radiation; X-ray binary stars
Nov
1988
Nov
1988
Educating Poor Minority

Children
The electrification of
thunderstorms
The inadequate education of black children from urban

ghettos condemns many of them to lives of chronic
unemployment and desperation. Is there a way to bring such
children into the mainstream of a technological society? The
author built on his own childhood experiences to develop a
strategy that is now working in 50 schools around the
country.
keywords: Atmosphere; atmosphere; atmospheric
movements; atmospheric precipitation; Cloud; cloud; clouds;
Convection; convection; Dipole characteristics; dipole
characteristics; Electrification; electrification; Global
electrical circuit; global electrical circuit; Lightning;
lightning; Microphysics; microphysics; Thunderstorms;
thunderstorms
thesaurus: Atmospheric movements; Atmospheric
precipitation; Clouds; Lightning; Thunderstorms
Nov
1988
Regular variations in the intensity of X-ray emanations can

yield information about a celestial X-ray source: it may be
Quasi-periodic Oscillations in orbited by an eclipsing star, for example, or may rotate like a
Celestial X-Ray Sources
lighthouse beam. What is one to make of powerful sources
near the center of our galaxy whose X-ray intensity fluctuates
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not quite periodically but not quite at random?
Nov
1988
Nov
1988
What Makes a Tumor Cell

Metastatic?
Superfluid turbulence
The tumor cells that undergo metastasis, traveling through the

bloodstream to establish new tumors, turn out to bear on their
surface a distinctive pattern of molecules that enable them to
evade the immune system. This feature and others that are
unique to metastatic cells point the way toward what may one
day be a new kind of cancer therapy.
keywords: He4; Friction; friction; Quantum theory; quantum
theory; Superfluid; superfluid; superfluid helium-4;
Turbulence; turbulence; Viscosity; viscosity; Vortex; vortex;
vortices
thesaurus: Superfluid helium-4; Turbulence; Vortices
Nov
1988
Infrared optical fibers
keywords: Fluoride optical fibre laser; fluoride optical fibre

laser; Heavy metal fluoride glasses; heavy metal fluoride
glasses; Highly transparent silica glass; highly transparent
silica glass; IR optical fibres; light absorption; Light
attenuation; light attenuation; optical fibres; SiO2;
Transparency; transparency
thesaurus: Light absorption; Optical fibres
Nov
1988
Nov
1988
Nov
1988
Nov
1988
Dec
1988
The Electrification of
Thunderstorms
An average thunderstorm generates several lightning flashes

per minute and as much electric power as a small nuclear
plant. To produce such large amounts of power a
thundercloud must be charged to potentials of several
hundred million volts. Models have been developed that
explain aspects of the charging process, but the fundamental
physics is still a mystery.
Superfluid Turbulence
Liquid helium cooled to within about two degrees of absolute

zero can flow without viscosity or friction, but it is not
immune to a form of turbulence that is quantum-mechanical
in nature. For example, the rates at which superfluid atoms
circulate in a vortex are precisely determined by the same
equation that fixes the radii of electron orbits in an atom.
Infrared Optical Fibers
Optical fibers made of highly transparent silica glass can

carry voice and data signals for as much as 50 kilometers
without reamplification. New materials that transmit longer
wavelengths of light can in theory be 20 times as transparent
as silica glass. They may eventually be able to carry signals
for hundreds or perhaps thousands of miles.
Obstacles to Developing
Vaccines for the Third World
The developing nations urgently need new vaccines to control

serious infectious diseases. Yet many of the vaccines --- in
particular those for diseases that are largely confined to the
Third World --- are unlikely to be produced if the decision is
left to pharmaceutical companies. Neither the developing
nations nor the United Nations can pay market prices.
The geometric phase
keywords: Anholonomy; anholonomy; Geometric phase;

geometric phase; geometry; Oscillation plane; oscillation
plane; Particle; particle; Pendulum; pendulum; Quantum
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states; quantum states; quantum theory; Rotation; rotation;

Wave function; wave function; wave functions
thesaurus: Geometry; Quantum theory; Wave functions
Dec
1988
Managing Solid Waste
Every year Americans transform cereal boxes, glassware,

refrigerators and food scraps into 140 million metric tons of
municipal waste; we have run out of places to put it. Yet the
problem can be solved. Manufacturers.could minimize
packaging, trash could be sorted and recycled, and new
incinerator and landfill technology could reduce pollution.
keywords: Landfills; Recycling Programs; Refuse Disposal;
Refuse Incinerators; Solid Waste
Dec
1988
Dec
1988
Dec
1988
Dec
1988
Dec
1988
The Geometric Phase
Sometimes a variable describing a physical system (say an

electron circling in a magnetic field) fails to return to its
original value when the system returns to its original position.
The geometric phase elegantly explains, in ways that are
useful to physicists and technologists, the behavior of
particles in certain quantum-mechanical situations.
Plasticity in Brain
Development
The infant's brain is not a fait accompli. Experience and use

refine and restructure the web of fibers connecting one nerve
cell to another. Now a protein has been discovered that plays
a major role in rewiring the visual system-the first such
protein to be identified. The finding could lead to better
understanding of how other brain areas are shaped by
experience.
Patterned Ground
Cycles of freezing and thawing can shape rocks, soil and

vegetation into varied and striking geometric figures. The
authors have developed models that show how convection
could account for some of the patterns.
Fertilization in Mammals
Multitudes of sperm bind to an ovum and penetrate its outer

coat, but only one manages to fertilize the egg. A single
molecule called the sperm receptor, a glycoprotein, governs
many of the events of fertilization, including the processes by
which the fertilized egg is rendered immune to the
blandishments of late arrivals.
Soft-X-ray lasers
keywords: Lasers, X-ray; Nova Laser; Nova laser; Photons;

Physics --- Atomic; Reviews; Soft X-Ray Lasers; Soft X-ray
lasers; soft X-ray lasers; Wavelengths; wavelengths; X-ray
lasers; X-rays --- Transport Properties
thesaurus: X-ray lasers
Dec
1988
Jan
1989
Canal builders of pre-Inca

Peru
Deep earthquakes
keywords: Archaeology; Canals; Construction; Inland

Waterways --- Peru
keywords: Deep earthquakes; deep earthquakes;
earthquakes; Failure; failure; High pressures; high pressures;
Laboratory studies; laboratory studies; Rock behavior; rock
behavior; rocks; Seismological observations; seismological
observations; Temperatures; temperatures
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thesaurus: Earthquakes; Rocks
On Science Advice to the

President
What worked for presidents Eisenhower and Kennedy will

work for President-elect Bush. The author advocates reviving
the President's Science Advisory Committee (which he
headed under Kennedy) to give the new president the
scientific community's best thinking on issues such as
industrial policy, defense and the environment.
How Gene Activators Work
A cell does not need all its genes all the time; it switches them
on and off. Regulatory proteins bind to specific regions of
DNA and start or stop the production of protein from nearby
or distant genes. By studying gene regulation in viruses and
yeast, the author and his colleagues have uncovered
principles that also apply in more advanced organisms.
Jan
1989
Deep Earthquakes
Earthquakes are often recorded at depths as great as 650

kilometers or more. These deep events mark regions where
plates of the earth's surface are consumed in the mantle. But
the earthquakes themselves present a conundrum: the high
pressures at such depths should keep rock from fracturing
suddenly and generating a tremor. What gives in deep
earthquakes?
Jan
1989
Carbohydrates and
Depression
Jan
1989
Jan
1989
Marbled endpapers, the eruption of a volcano and the making

of puff pastry are all instances of mixing by stretching and
folding. Laboratory mixing experiments offer insights into the
stunning complexities of everyday mixing and serve as
models of chaotic behavior: the time-varying flows wreck
disorder that nonetheless has a certain symmetry.
Jan
1989
The Mixing of Fluids
keywords: Agitation Processes; Chaos; Chaotic Models;

Computer models; Diffusion; Flow of Fluids; Fluid
Mechanics; Fluid mechanics; Fluid Mechanics; Fluids;
Mechanism; Mixing; Periodic patterns; Two dimensions;
Viscous fluids
thesaurus: Chaos; Flow simulation; Flow visualisation;
Mixing
Jan
1989
The Hunt for Proconsul
Jan
1989
Andre-Marie Ampere
Jan
1989
The Colors Seen in the Sky

Offer Lessons in Optical
Scattering
Jan
1989
The Shortest-Network
Problem
keywords: algorithms; computer capabilities;

exponential-time algorithms; graph theory; Graph theory;
Integrated Circuits --- Design; Mathematical Programming;
Mathematical Techniques; mathematics; mathematics
computing; Mathematics computing; Melzak's Algorithm;
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Network Problems; network problems; Network Problems;

operations research; Operations research; polynomial-time
algorithms; Pruning Methods; Shortest Network Problem;
shortest-network problem; Shortest-network problem; Steiner
problem; Topology
thesaurus: Graph theory; Mathematics computing; Operations
research
Jan
1989
People Puzzles: Theme and

Variations
Feb
1989
Soviets in Space
Feb
1989
The Genes for Color Vision
Feb
1989
Giant Ocean Cataracts
keywords: Cataracts; cataracts; Deep ocean; deep ocean;

Denmark Strait; Dynamics; dynamics; Ocean basins; ocean
basins; oceanography; Salinity differences; salinity
differences; Sills; sills; Strait of Gibraltar; Temperature
differences; temperature differences
thesaurus: Oceanography
Feb
1989
The New Superconductors:

Prospects for Applications
keywords: Electrical energy storage; electrical energy

storage; Generators; generators; High temperature
superconductors; high temperature superconductors;
high-temperature superconductors; Industrial applications;
industrial applications; Levitating trains; levitating trains;
Materials processing; materials processing; Power lines;
power lines; SQUIDs; Superconducting computers;
superconducting computers; superconducting devices;
Supermagnets; supermagnets; Theoretical limits; theoretical
limits
thesaurus: High-temperature superconductors;
Superconducting devices
Feb
1989
From Bird Song to

Neurogenesis
Feb
1989
The Chemical Effects of

Ultrasound
Feb
1989
Teeth and Prehistory in Asia
Feb
1989
The History of Census

Tabulation
Feb
1989
In an Emergency Stop,
Should a Car's Wheels be
Locked or Should the
Braking be Controlled?
Feb
1989
A Tour of the Mandelbrot Set

aboard the Mandelbus
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Feb
1989
tour of the Mandelbrot set
aboard the Mandelbus
Mar
1989
U.S. Access to Space
Mar
1989
Multidrug Resistance in
Cancer
Mar
1989
Plasma Particle Accelerators
keywords: fractals
keywords: collective accelerators; Electrons; electrons;

Fields; fields; Plasma; plasma; Plasma particle accelerators;
plasma particle accelerators
thesaurus: Collective accelerators
Mar
1989
Macromolecular Crystals
keywords: crystal atomic structure of organic compounds;

Crystal growth; crystal growth; Crystal structure; crystal
structure; Large molecules; large molecules; Macromolecular
crystals; macromolecular crystals; molecular biophysics;
Nucleic acid; nucleic acid; Protein; protein; proteins; X-ray
crystallography
thesaurus: Crystal atomic structure of organic compounds;
Crystal growth; Molecular biophysics; Proteins
Mar
1989
Modeling the Geochemical

Carbon Cycle
keywords: Atmosphere; atmosphere; atmospheric chemistry;

atmospheric CO2 enhancements; atmospheric composition;
carbon; carbon compounds; climatology; Earth; Geochemical
C cycle; geochemical C cycle; geochemistry; Greenhouse
effect; greenhouse effect; Land; land; Long-term cycle;
long-term cycle; Model; model; Sea; sea
thesaurus: Atmospheric chemistry; Atmospheric composition;
Carbon; Carbon compounds; Climatology; Geochemistry
Mar
1989
The Biology of Obsessions

and Compulsions
Mar
1989
Lessons of Sunraycer
Mar
1989
The Roman Aqueduct of

Nimes
Mar
1989
How to Get the Playground

Swing Going: A First Lesson
in the Mechanics of Rotation
Mar
1989
Of Worms, Viruses and Core

War
Apr
1989
Global Climatic Change
Apr
1989
The Turnover of Messenger

RNA
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Apr
1989
Quantum Interference and

the Aharonov-Bohm Effect
keywords: Aharonov-Bohm effect; Counterintuitive effects;

counterintuitive effects; Electromagnetic interactions;
electromagnetic interactions; Microelectronic devices;
microelectronic devices; Quantum interference; quantum
interference; quantum theory; Solid-state physics; solid-state
physics
thesaurus: Quantum theory
Apr
1989
Apr
1989
Astrocytes
Free-Electron Lasers
keywords: Crystalline structures; Free electron lasers; Light

waves; Magnetic field
thesaurus: Free electron lasers
Apr
1989
Sensory Function in the

Harbor Seal
Apr
1989
The Trireme Sails Again
Apr
1989
Children of the Garden Island
Apr
1989
How to Build a Planck-Mass

Accelerator in your Solar
System
Apr
1989
A Matter Fabricator Provides

Matter for Thought
May
1989
Technology, Employment and

U.S. Competitiveness
May
1989
Creating Superheavy
Elements
keywords: Heavy ion collision; heavy ion collision; heavy

ion-nucleus reactions; nuclear binding energy; nuclear fusion;
nuclear shape; nuclei with mass number 220 or higher;
Quantum-mechanical effects; quantum-mechanical effects;
Superheavy elements; superheavy elements
thesaurus: Heavy ion-nucleus reactions; Nuclear binding
energy; Nuclear fusion; Nuclear shape; Nuclei with mass
number 220 or higher
May
1989
May
1989
Topobiology
The Dynamic Aurora
keywords: Activity; activity; aurora; Auroral curtain; auroral

curtain; Auroras; auroras; Electromagnetic conditions;
electromagnetic conditions; Electrons; electrons;
Geomagnetic field; geomagnetic field; Ionosphere;
ionosphere; Magnetosphere; magnetosphere; Solar wind;
solar wind; Sun; sun
thesaurus: Aurora; Magnetosphere; Solar wind
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May
1989
The Past and Future Amazon
May
1989
Marsupial Frogs
May
1989
Optical Fibers in Medicine
keywords: Blood; blood; Fiber-optic technologies; fiber-optic

technologies; fibre optic sensors; Internal anatomy; internal
anatomy; laser applications in medicine; Laser systems; laser
systems; optical fibres; patient diagnosis; Surgery; surgery
thesaurus: Fibre optic sensors; Laser applications in
medicine; Optical fibres; Patient diagnosis; Surgery
May
1989
Henry Norris Russell
May
1989
How to Stop Worrying about

Vibration and Make
Holograms Viewable in White
Light
May
1989
Simulated Evolution:
Wherein Bugs Learn to Hunt
Bacteria
Jun
1989
Toward a New Industrial

America
Jun
1989
Hidden Earthquakes
keywords: Activated fold belts; activated fold belts;

Armenian earthquake; Basement-cover relations;
basement-cover relations; Blind faults; blind faults; Cover
rocks folding; cover rocks folding; Earth crust; earthquakes;
faulting; Folded terrain; folded terrain; Folds; folds; geology;
Hidden earthquakes; hidden earthquakes; Hidden faults;
hidden faults; Seismic faultings; seismic faultings;
seismology; Seismotectonics; seismotectonics; Stress release;
stress release
thesaurus: Earth crust; Earthquakes; Faulting; Geology;
Seismology
Jun
1989
A Different Kind of
Inheritance
Jun
1989
The Fossils of Monte San

Giorgio
Jun
1989
The Fourier Transform
Jun
1989
The Channeling of Electrons

and Positrons
keywords: Channeling radiation; channeling radiation;

channelling; channelling radiation; Crystal structure; crystal
structure; Electron channeling; electron channeling; Nuclear
reactions; nuclear reactions; Positron channeling; positron
channeling
thesaurus: Channelling; Channelling radiation
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Jun
1989
Authenticating Ancient
Marble Sculpture
Jun
1989
Absinthe
Jun
1989
The Mechanics of Rock

Climbing, or Surviving the
Ultimate Physics Exam
Jun
1989
A Potpourri of Programmed
Prose and Prosody
Jul 1989 Testing Weapons in Space

Jul 1989
Memory Storage and Neural

Systems
Jul 1989 Spin Glasses
keywords: Antiferromagnetic properties; antiferromagnetic

properties; antiferromagnetic properties of substances;
Composition; composition; Disorder; disorder; Energy states;
energy states; ferromagnetic properties of substances;
Ferromagnetism; ferromagnetism; Lattice; lattice; Magnetic
interactions; magnetic interactions; Magnetic properties;
magnetic properties; Modelling; modelling; Spin glasses; spin
glasses; Thermodynamic properties; thermodynamic
properties
thesaurus: Antiferromagnetic properties of substances;
Ferromagnetic properties of substances; Spin glasses;
Thermodynamic properties
Jul 1989 Volcanism at Rifts

Jul 1989
The Gastrointestinal Tract in

Growth and Reproduction
Jul 1989 Space Coloristics
keywords: colorimetry; Colour vision; colour vision; Errors;

errors; Human observers; human observers; Perception;
perception; Radiation spectra; radiation spectra; remote
sensing; Remote-sensing colorimeters; remote-sensing
colorimeters; Space flight; space flight; Spectral
characteristics; spectral characteristics
thesaurus: Colorimetry; Colour vision; Remote sensing
Jul 1989
Visual Thinking in the Ice

Age
Jul 1989 Synthetic Zeolites

What do Phonograph
Jul 1989 Records have in Common
with Windshield Wipers?
Catch of the Day: Biomorphs
Jul 1989 on Truchet Tiles, Served with
Popcorn and Snails
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Aug
1989
Alternatives to Animals in
Toxicity Testing
Aug
1989
keywords: Large Magellanic Cloud; LMC; Sk-69 degrees

202; SN 1987A; Stellar explosion; stellar explosion;
The Great Supernova of 1987 supernovae; Type II P; Type II supernova
thesaurus: Large Magellanic Cloud; Supernovae
Aug
1989
Viral Alteration of Cell

Function
Aug
1989
The Mating of Tree Crickets
Aug
1989
The Middle-Ear Muscles
Aug
1989
The Metamorphosis of
Information Management
Aug
1989
Maya Writing
Aug
1989
The Age-Of-The-Earth
Debate
Aug
1989
How to Analyze the Shock

Waves that Sweep through
Expressway Traffic
Aug
1989
A Cellular Universe of
Debris, Droplets, Defects and
Demons
Sep
1989
Managing Planet Earth
Sep
1989
The Changing Atmosphere
Sep
1989
The Changing Climate
Sep
1989
Threats to the World's Water
Sep
1989
Threats to Biodiversity
Sep
1989
The Growing Human

Population
Sep
1989
Strategies for Agriculture
Sep
1989
Strategies for Manufacturing
Sep
1989
Strategies for Sustainable

Economic Development
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Sep
1989
Toward a Sustainable World
Sep
1989
A Drop of Water Becomes a

Gateway into the World of
Catastrophe Optics
Sep
1989
Two-Dimensional Turing
Machines and Turmites Make
Tracks on a Plane
Sep
1989
Strategies for Energy Use
keywords: energy alternatives; energy consumption; Energy

consumption; energy efficiency; Energy efficiency; energy
resources; Energy resources; Fossil fuel; fossil-fuel
combustion
thesaurus: Energy resources
Oct
1989
The Quiet Path to

Technological Preeminence
Oct
1989
The Mitotic Spindle
Oct
1989
The Stanford Linear Collider
keywords: electron-positron inclusive interactions;

Electroweak force; electroweak force; intermediate boson
decay; intermediate boson mass; Lifetime; lifetime; linear
accelerators; Mass; mass; Stanford linear collider; unified
field theories; Z bosons; Z0 factory; Z0 mediator
thesaurus: Electron-positron inclusive interactions;
Intermediate boson decay; Intermediate boson mass; Linear
accelerators; Unified field theories; Z bosons
Oct
1989
Oct
1989
The Cycling of Calcium as an

Intracellular Messenger
Carbon Monoxide and the

Burning Earth
keywords: air pollution; Atmospheric CO; atmospheric CO;

carbon compounds; CO; From space; from space; Gas; gas;
Industry; industry; remote sensing; Transportation;
transportation; Tropical burning; tropical burning
thesaurus: Air pollution; Carbon compounds; Remote sensing
Oct
1989
Oct
1989
Waterweed Invasions
Scanned-Probe Microscopes
keywords: Features; features; Properties; properties; Scale;

scale; Scanned-probe microscopes; scanned-probe
microscopes; scanning tunnelling microscopy; Single
atom-diameter probe; single atom-diameter probe; Surface;
surface; surface structure; surface topography; Very close
range; very close range
thesaurus: Scanning tunnelling microscopy; Surface structure;
Surface topography
Oct
1989
The Origins of Indoeuropean

Languages
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Oct
1989
How to Build a Hele-Shaw

Cell and Watch Bubbles
Playing Tag in a Viscous Fluid
Oct
1989
A Tinkertoy Computer that

Plays Tic-Tac-Toe
Oct
1989
The Origins of
Indo-European Languages
Nov
1989
The Yellowstone Fires
Nov
1989
Double-Beta Decay
keywords: cultural change; diffusion of agriculture;

Indo-European languages; Kurgan-invasion hypothesis;
language diffusion; linguistic family trees; wave-of-advance
model
keywords: beta-decay; Cosmic evolution; cosmic evolution;

cosmology; Double-beta decay; double-beta decay; lepton
mass; Neutrino mass; neutrino mass; neutrinos
thesaurus: Beta-decay; Cosmology; Lepton mass; Neutrinos
Nov
1989
How T Cells See Antigen
Nov
1989
The Mammalian Choroid Plus
Nov
1989
Shoe Glow
Nov
1989
The World's Oldest Road
Nov
1989
Neptune
Nov
1989
The Case for Methanol
Nov
1989
Colored Segments of a Grid

Can Shed a Diffuse Glow
Like the Light from a Neon
Tube
Nov
1989
A Microgolf Game Gives

Professionals and Amateurs
an Equal Chance for a Hole
in One
Dec
1989
Getting out of the Starting

Block
Dec
1989
The Evolution of the Earth's

Magnetic Field
keywords: Neptune's magnetic field; Neptune's moons;

Neptune's rings; outer planets; Triton; Voyager 2 mission
keywords: Core surface; core surface; Earth; Earth core;

Earth's magnetic field; Evolution; evolution; Fe; Fluid flow;
fluid flow; geomagnetism; geophysical fluid dynamics;
Magnetic activity; magnetic activity; Outer core; outer core
thesaurus: Earth core; Geomagnetism; Geophysical fluid
dynamics
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Dec
1989
Dec
1989
The First Color Photographs
Microclusters
keywords: Aggregates; aggregates; atomic clusters; Atoms;

atoms; Catalysis; catalysis; Chemistry; chemistry;
Electronics; electronics; Microclusters; microclusters; Optics;
optics
thesaurus: Atomic clusters
Dec
1989
Dec
1989
The Birds of Paradise
Teleoperators
keywords: Hostile environment; hostile environment;

materials handling; telecontrol equipment; Teleoperator;
teleoperator
thesaurus: Materials handling; Telecontrol equipment
Dec
1989
Synapse Formation in the

Developing Brain
Dec
1989
The Mithraic Mysteries
Dec
1989
Why are the First Few Puffs

the Hardest When You Blow
up a Balloon?
Dec
1989
A Pandora's Box of Minds,

Machines and Metaphysics
Jan
1990
Is the Brain's Mind a

Computer Program?
keywords: Kalil
Many people working in artificial intelligence believe that a

computer simulation of mental processes could actually think.
The author argues that computer programs merely manipulate
symbols, without reference to meaning, and so are
fundamentally incapable of understanding.
keywords: Artificial intelligence; Computer model; Machine
intelligence; Programming; Tuning test
thesaurus: Artificial intelligence; Programming
Jan
1990
Could a Machine Think?
Machines that manipulate symbols according to rules may

well never achieve intelligence, but, the authors argue, the
proposition does not have absolute force. New kinds of
systems (such as artificial neural networks) whose physical
organization mimics the brain might well succeed.
keywords: AI research; Artificial intelligence
thesaurus: Artificial intelligence
Jan
1990
Antisense RNA and DNA
A cell translates code-carrying ``sense'' RNA into protein.

Some cells also make `àntisense'' RNA, which can bind to a
particular messenger and thwart translation. In the laboratory,
such a molecule can block the expression of a gene and thus
reveal the gene's function. In the future, antisense molecules
might be recruited to turn off viral genes.
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Jan
1990
Astronomical changes are ultimately responsible. Their effect,

though, is to alter the intensity of summer sunlight in the
northern latitudes. How are the astronomical changes
converted into global climatic changes that trigger ice ages?
The authors think the variations in the heat of northern
summers force a worldwide reorganization of the ocean and
atmosphere.
What Drives Glacial Cycles?
keywords: Climate; climate; climatology; Earth orbit; Earth's
orbit; Geochronology; geochronology; Glacial cycles; glacial
cycles; Ice sheets; ice sheets; Ocean-atmosphere system;
ocean-atmosphere system; oceanography
thesaurus: Climatology; Earth orbit; Geochronology;
Oceanography
The Handedness of the

Universe
From electrons and atoms to molecules, from DNA and

proteins to spiraling vines and seashells and on to human
beings, nature exhibits handedness, or chirality. The
preference for left- or right-handedness seems to be related to
fundamental asymmetries in the universe at the atomic scale,
but the cause-and-effect relations have yet to be figured out.
Stress in the Wild
The proper study of humankind may be the baboon, at least

with respect to understanding the hormonal effects of stress.
Observations of the olive baboon in an African wildlife
preserve support the notion that personality strongly
influences the hormonal response to stress and, in doing so,
influences vulnerability to stress-related disorders.
Jan
1990
Microplasmas
Strip electrons from some thousands of atoms, confine the

atoms in an electromagnetic trap and cool them to about
absolute zero, and you have a microplasma. It forms strange
states of matter --- sometimes resembling a solid and
sometimes a liquid --- that offer physicists a new way to
investigate fundamental theories of atomic structure.
Jan
1990
A Backyard Version of a
Stirling Engine can be Built
with Common Materials
Jan
1990
Jan
1990
The satellite, launched late in 1989, may revolutionize our

view of the origin and the fate of the universe. Scanning the
skies from an earth orbit high above the obscuring
atmosphere, its sensitive instruments will be measuring
microwave radiation left over from the big bang and looking
for infrared radiation from the very first generation of stars.
Jan
1990
The Cosmic Background

Explorer
keywords: artificial satellites; astronomical instruments;

Background radiation; background radiation; COBE; Cosmic
Background Explorer; cosmic background radiation;
Cosmology; cosmology; EHF; infrared astronomy; IR; Radio
astronomy; radio astronomy; radioastronomy; submillimetre
astronomy; Submm; submm; THF
thesaurus: Artificial satellites; Astronomical instruments;
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Cosmic background radiation; Cosmology; Infrared

astronomy; Radioastronomy; Submillimetre astronomy
Jan
1990
The Cellular Automata

Programs that Create
Wireworld, Rugworld and
other Diversions
Feb
1990
Too often patients suffering from severe pain such as that of

cancer receive insufficient amounts of the drug morphine.
Why? Because physicians and other health-care workers fear
The Tragedy of Needless Pain it will turn the patients into addicts. Such fears, the author
says, are misplaced: addiction occurs primarily when
morphine is taken to elevated mood and not when it is
administered to control pain.
The sun's apparently steady light belies our star's turbulent
and dynamic character. Powerful magnetic fields oscillate
across its surface, creating sunspots and flares and producing
outbursts of charged particles and energetic radiation. Even
the solar ``constant'' varies. The sun's changing activity --some investigators think --- may influence weather on the
earth.
Feb
1990
The Variable Sun
keywords: Charged particles emission; charged particles

emission; Climates; climates; climatology; Luminosity;
luminosity; Magnetic fields; magnetic fields; solar activity;
Solar activity, sunlight; solar activity, sunlight; solar
magnetism; solar radiation; Solar terrestrial relations; solar
terrestrial relations; Solar wind; solar wind; solar-terrestrial
relationships; Sun; sunlight; Sunspots; sunspots; Sunspots;
Time scales; time scales
thesaurus: Climatology; Solar activity; Solar magnetism; Solar
radiation; Solar wind; Solar-terrestrial relationships; Sunlight;
Sunspots
Feb
1990
The healthy heart beats to a rhythm that is ever-changing --Chaos and Fractals in Human but that can become more periodic at the onset of disease.
Physiology
Chaotic dynamics may underlie the formation of many
fractal-like structures in the body.
Feb
1990
Plants photosynthesize in order to make carbohydrates for

themselves. In the process, they generate the molecular
oxygen that fuels the animal world. Only now is it becoming
clear how photosynthesis makes oxygen. Tucked deep in the
photosynthetic center is a ratchetlike water-oxidizing clock
whose every four ticks generate an O2 molecule.
Feb
1990
How Plants Make Oxygen
Progress in Gallium Arsenide

Semiconductors
``Gallium arsenide is the technology of the future --- always

has been, always will be.'' Well, the future has arrived.
Electrons move through a lattice of the alloy much faster than
they do through silicon, and now the advent of supercomputers and optoelectronics has created a US$1-billion
market for gallium arsenide transistors, light-emitting diodes
and other components.
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keywords: Applications; applications; Communications;

communications; Computing; computing; Digital circuitry;
digital circuitry; GaAs; gallium arsenide; High-speed
receivers; high-speed receivers; III-V semiconductor; III-V
semiconductors; Microprocessors; microprocessors; Optical
capabilities; optical capabilities; Optical generation; optical
generation; semiconductor devices; Speed; speed
thesaurus: Gallium arsenide; III-V semiconductors;
Semiconductor devices
Feb
1990
True to their name, vampire bats consume from 50 to 100

percent of their body weight in blood every night. A bat who
fails to feed will perish in two days --- unless it can solicit
Food Sharing in Vampire Bats
food from a roostmate. The key to survival for these animals
is an elaborate system of food sharing, which the author finds
is based on the principle of reciprocal altruism.
Feb
1990
The Archaeology of
Novgorod
Opera, film and literature celebrate the glories of the

medieval Russian city, whose power once extended from
modern Poland to the Urals. Now Novgorod can speak for
itself. Excavations have revealed layer on layer of wood
dwellings and artifacts --- and hundreds of birch-bark
manuscripts that record the details of daily life and illuminate
historical and political issues.
Feb
1990
When a Polymer Sheet is

Stretched, It May ``Neck''
Long Before it Snaps
Feb
1990
Positive Feedbacks in the

Economy
Mar
1990
New Radioactivities
Classical economics sees supply and demand, prices and

costs brought into nice equilibrium by negative feedback. Yet
much of the economic world is nonlinear. The author and his
colleagues borrow sophisticated mathematical tools from
physics and apply them to describe the dynamic state of
markets, the impact of technology and other aspects of
economic reality.
What better site could there be for astronomical observations

than the surface of the moon, where there is no atmosphere,
low background radiation and great seismic stability? The
authors propose plans for establishing high-resolution optical,
radio, infrared, gamma-ray and X-ray observatories there.
Mar
1990
Observatories on the Moon
keywords: astronomical observatories; Astronomical

satellites; astronomical satellites; astronomical telescopes;
Low Earth orbit; low Earth orbit; Moon based observatories;
Telescopes; telescopes
thesaurus: Astronomical observatories; Astronomical
telescopes
Mar
1990
Interleukin-2
The immune system is a diffuse organ composed of many cell

types that have differing, interrelated roles. How is the system
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controlled? It turns out that the cells communicate, and their

roles are coordinated, by means of a family of hormonelike
messengers. IL-2 was the first to be recognized.
Mar
1990
Trends in Communications:
The Road to the Global
Village
The processes whereby atomic nuclei decay through
radioactivity have been well known for decades. There is still
plenty of life in nuclear physics, though. Sophisticated theory
and deft experiment have enabled the authors to predict --and then to observe --- many new, rare forms of radioactivity.
Mar
1990
New radioactivities (nucleus

models)
keywords: Alpha -decay; alpha -decay; Bimodal fission;

bimodal fission; Cluster radioactivity; cluster radioactivity;
Cold fusion; cold fusion; Collective model; collective model;
EM interactions; Energy levels; energy levels; nuclear
collective model; nuclear decay by heavy ion emission;
Nuclear drops; nuclear drops; nuclear shape; nuclear shell
model; Nuclear structure; nuclear structure; Nucleus models;
nucleus models; Strong interactions; strong interactions; Two
centre shell model; two centre shell model
thesaurus: Nuclear collective model; Nuclear decay by heavy
ion emission; Nuclear shape; Nuclear shell model
Mar
1990
Earthquakes in Stable
Continental Crust
The word `èarthquake'' conjures up the Pacific rim and other

regions where the tectonic plates making up the planet's crust
interact. Yet continental sites far from plate boundaries have
experienced severe earthquakes --- Missouri, for example.
Just where are such events likely to occur? By what
mechanisms?
keywords: Earth crust; Earthquakes; earthquakes; Seismic
activity; seismic activity; seismology; Stable continental
crust; stable continental crust
thesaurus: Earth crust; Earthquakes; Seismology
Mar
1990
The Road to the Global

Village
The sweep of a technology as it changes contemporary life

may well exceed the scope of any one investigator's
experience or perception. To capture such events, the Editors
of Scientific American have established a bimonthly staffwritten feature called TRENDS. In this first article, editor
Karen Wright asks innovators, managers and social scientists
where they think the fusion of computer and communications
technologies is taking us. What are the barriers that obstruct
the promised road to the future?
keywords: Airline Information System (AIS);
communications technology; computer networks; computer
technology; human-machine network (HuMaNet);
information technology; multimedia programs; virtual reality
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Mar
1990
Mar
1990
Mar
1990
Mar
1990
Apr
1990
Apr
1990
Lunar Infants, Lotteries and

Meteorites Expose the
Dangers of Math Abuse
Suspension-Feeding
Vertebrates
Flamingos and whales have something in common: both are

suspension feeders. They obtain food by taking in large
quantities of water (some whales can gulp a volume
equivalent to half the mass of their body) and ejecting it
through a filtering system (such as baleen), thus extracting
prey or plants that are much too small to be hunted
individually.
Unconscious Mental
Functioning
Can a patient in psychotherapy (or anyone else) make

strategic decisions unconsciously? Prevailing wisdom says
``no,'' but by studying transcripts of therapy sessions, the
author and his colleagues find that people can actually
reason, anticipate consequences and devise plans --- all
without knowing they are doing so.Patients apply such skills
in the service of getting well.
The Early History of

Indo-European Languages
Generations of scholars have tried to trace the genealogy of

this great family of languages in order to recover elements of
the lost ancestor language --- and also to determine just who
spoke it, and where. The findings that are reported here by
Soviet workers indicate that the protolanguage may have
arisen in eastern Anatolia more than 6,000 years ago.
Deforestation in the Tropics
The world's tropical forests are vanishing at the rate of tens of

thousands of square miles a year, diminishing biological
diversity, perhaps promoting climate change, and depriving
developing countries of valuable resources. What can be
done to change the government policies in many Southern
Hemisphere countries that actively promote the destruction?
What is Happening at the

Center of Our Galaxy?
Optical, radio and gamma-ray telescopes and infrared

detectors --- including instruments devised by the authors --show that the center contains antimatter, intense radiation,
turbulent clouds of hot gas and dust and an unseen something
with a tremendous gravitational pull. The weight of the
evidence indicates that a massive black hole sits at the heart
of the Milky Way.
keywords: Central region; central region; Centre; centre;
galactic nuclei; Galaxy; Galaxy nucleus; galaxy nucleus;
Spiral galaxies; spiral galaxies
thesaurus: Galactic nuclei; Galaxy
Apr
1990
The Unusual Origin of the

Polymerase Chain Reaction
PCR is a revolutionary biochemical technology that finds --and then multiplies exponentially --- specific stretches of
DNA. The basic techniques and the necessary reagents have
been around for years, but it took a stroke of insight in the
course of a nighttime automobile ride to put it all together.
This is a personal story of the creative process in action.
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Apr
1990
The earth efficiently destroys evidence of its past, particularly

any traces of meteoritic cratering. Yet more than 120 impact
craters have been identified. Indeed, meteorite impacts may
have been more common than has been thought; they may
have brought on episodes of atmospheric and geologic
catastrophe, perhaps accounting for major extinctions of
Impact Cratering on the Earth species.
keywords: Earth; Geology; geology; Impact cratering; impact
cratering; Meteorite crater; meteorite crater; meteorite
craters; Multiply shocked mineral; multiply shocked mineral;
Shatter cone; shatter cone
thesaurus: Geology; Meteorite craters
Apr
1990
Apr
1990
The Transformation of the

Kalahari !Kung
Advanced Light-Water
Reactors
Environmental concerns, economics and the earth's finite

store of fossil fuels argue for a resuscitation of nuclear power.
The authors think improved light-water reactors incorporating
``passive'' safety features can be both safe and profitable
(provided that the utilities sharpen their management act).
But can such reactors be sold successfully to a justifiably
skeptical public?
keywords: Advanced light water reactor; advanced light
water reactor; Economics; economics; Fission reactor; fission
reactor; fission reactors; LWR; Nuclear reactor; nuclear
reactor; Safety; safety
thesaurus: Fission reactors
Apr
1990
A Homemade Copper
Chloride Laser Emits
Powerful Burst of Green and
Yellow Light
Studies of vision in the horseshoe crab show that the animal's
brain exerts substantial control over just what the eyes detect.
At night, for example, the brain increases the eye's sensitivity
to light by a factor of a million, thereby enabling the male to
find a suitable mate in the dark. Simulations on a Connection
Machine model the amplification process.
Apr
1990
What the Brain Tells the Eye
keywords: Bioelectric; bioelectric; bioelectric phenomena;

Brain; brain; Circadian rhythm; circadian rhythm; Eye; eye;
Eye function; eye function; Horseshoe crab; horseshoe crab;
Invertebrate zoology; invertebrate zoology; Limulus; Marine
biology; marine biology; neurophysiology; Vision; vision;
Visual system; visual system; zoology
thesaurus: Bioelectric phenomena; Eye; Neurophysiology;
Vision; Zoology
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Apr
1990
Apr
1990
May
1990
The Transformation of the

Kalahari !Kung
Once strictly hunter-gatherers, the !Kung of southern Africa

are less mobile today than in the past and they even cultivate
plants and tend herds of animals. What explains the shift? It
is perhaps no surprise that an influx of wealth and material
goods is partly to blame. Such factors may have led earlier
humans to make the changeover to agriculture in prehistoric
times.
Ancient Glazes
For centuries artisans have labored in vain to recreate such

legendary glazed ceramics as the sea-green celadons of
13th-century China and the jewel-like tiles that adorned the
palaces of the Ottoman Turks. The lost secrets of ancient
glazing technology are now being revealed through the
marriage of archaeology, art history and the tools of modern
materials Science.
When Science Takes the

Witness Stand
Science is no stranger in the courtroom. Fingerprints along

with ballistic and forensic evidence have long played a key
role in the judicial process. But new technology demands
careful scrutiny. Although DNA ``fingerprinting'' has been
evidence in more than 1,000 cases, it is far from being
infallible.
Far fewer neutrinos from the sun are detected than current
physics predicts. But a grand unification theory that ties
together all natural forces permits neutrinos to change so they
are not readily detected on the earth. New detectors are being
designed to spot these ``mutant'' neutrinos --- and confirm the
theory.
May
1990
The Solar-Neutrino Problem
keywords: cosmic ray neutrinos; Grand unification theory;

grand unification theory; Mikheyev-Smirnov-Wolfenstein
effect; MSW effect; Neutrino oscillations; neutrino
oscillations; reviews; solar cosmic ray particles; solar interior;
Solar-neutrino problem; solar-neutrino problem; Sun; unified
field theories
thesaurus: Cosmic ray neutrinos; Neutrino oscillations;
Reviews; Solar cosmic ray particles; Solar interior; Unified
field theories
May
1990
Trends in Transportation: The

Shape of Things to Go
May
1990
Every so often, a cancer mysteriously disappears, probably

destroyed by the patient's own defenses. With the aid of
recombinant-DNA technology, researcher are boosting the
odds by ``teaching'' patients' immune cells to attack cancer.
Adoptive Immunotherapy for Some patients have been helped and improved treatments are
Cancer
being tested.
keywords: Biological Materials---Cells; Biomedical
Engineering; Cancer Treatment; Cell Transfer Therapy;
Immunology; Immunotherapy; Patient Treatment
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May
1990
Archaeopteryx
May
1990
How to Transform Flights of

Fancy into Fractal Flora or
Fauna
May
1990
The Shape of Things to Go
Was it a bird? Or a reptile? It turns out that Archaeopteryx

was more than a little of both. The six existing fossils of this
chicken-size creature, equipped with feathers and lizardlike
teeth, tell an intriguing tale about how the development of
flight guided the evolution of modern birds.
Like all true loves, the automobile can try one's patience. Air
pollution, gridlock and sprawling junkyards are just a few of
the frustrations. Now automakers are reshaping industrialized
society's favorite way to get around. Tomorrow's cars must
minimize pollution, use fuels more efficiently and make
driving safer. That requires new materials, advanced
aerodynamics and electronics for everything from dashboard
navigation systems to controls for engines, brakes and
suspensions. Even ``smart'' highways are in the offing.
keywords: Accident Prevention; Automobile Engines --Exhaust Gases; Automobile Materials; Automobiles;
Automotive Engineering; Design; Highway Systems
May
1990
May
1990
The Spawning of the Capelin
High-Performance
Parachutes
Once a year waves of a small, silvery fish called capelin swim

on the beaches of Newfoundland to spawn and die. When the
eggs hatch, the tiny larvae remain on the beach for hours or
days. Then, in response to some signal, they head out to sea.
How they know when the time is right is a fascinating story
with implications for the fishing industry.
Few people would bet that a parachute could slow down a
payload weighing as much as a family car if it were dropped
from an airplane traveling faster than the speed of sound. But
new designs using high-strength fibers can decelerate rockets,
missiles and escape pods for pilots to a snail's pace in just a
few seconds, landing them from low altitudes with barely a
bump.
keywords: Aerodynamics; Computer Aided Analysis;
Materials; Parachutes
May
1990
Jun
1990
High Fertility in Sub-Saharan

Africa
There is one exception to the nearly worldwide decline in

birth rates over the past 50 years: sub-Saharan Africa. Here
religious and social beliefs promote large families. The
solution may be improved health care to mitigate the fear of
dying without descendants. Otherwise the region will double
its share of the world's population during the next century.
Ru 486
Most drugmakers stay out of reproductive research. The

development of new contraceptives is costly, the reward
slight and the risk of controversy great. France's
Roussel-Uclaf was no exception. But its work on synthetic
steroids turned up an unexpected result: a compound that can
safely terminate pregnancy by inhibiting progesterone. Here
is the investigators' own story.
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Astronomers have finally pierced the veil that has surrounded

the ninth planet since it was first sighted 60 years ago. They
find a frigid, rocky world with bright polar caps, a surface of
frozen methane and a huge moon covered with ice. Yet many
questions will remain unanswered as long as Pluto continues
to be the only planet not visited by a scientific spacecraft.
Jun
1990
Pluto
keywords: Ar atmosphere; Charon; CO; Double planet;

double planet; H2O ice surface; Methane ice surface;
methane ice surface; N2; O2; occultations; outer planets;
planetary atmospheres; Planetary diameter; planetary
diameter; Planetary mass; planetary mass; Planetary methane
atmosphere; planetary methane atmosphere; planetary
satellites; Pluto; Pluto's characteristics; Pluto's similarities to
Triton; Pluto-Charon eclipses; Pluto-Charon natural eclipse
events; Pluto-Charon systems; reviews; Satellite diameter;
satellite diameter; solar system; Solar system formation; solar
system formation; space mission to Pluto
thesaurus: Occultations; Planetary atmospheres; Planetary
satellites; Pluto; Reviews
With an ease that would be the envy of any fighter pilot, bats
use reflected sound to track and capture prey. An
investigation of their complex and highly developed
echolocating skill opens the way to a deep understanding of
how the central nervous system processes auditory signals --and how it extracts a wealth of information from them.
Jun
1990
Biosonar and Neural

Computation in Bats
keywords: Bats; bats; bioacoustics; Biosonar; biosonar;

Doppler shifts; Flying insect; flying insect; mechanoception;
Neural computation; neural computation; neurophysiology;
Outer ear structure; outer ear structure; Prey location; prey
location; reviews; Sound interference pattern; sound
interference pattern; Sound pulses; sound pulses; Target
azimuth; target azimuth; Target size; target size
thesaurus: Bioacoustics; Mechanoception; Neurophysiology;
Reviews
The Mid-Ocean Ridge girdles the earth like the seam of a
baseball. For more than 75,000 kilometers, this submerged
range of razorback mountains --- many higher than the
greatest peak on land --- marks the restless boundary between
continental plates. An analysis of this huge structure reveals a
fascinating picture of how it is created by magma welling up
as the plates pull apart.
Jun
1990
The Mid-Ocean Ridge
keywords: Constructive plate boundaries; constructive plate

boundaries; DEVALS; Deviations from axial linearity;
deviations from axial linearity; First-order discontinuities;
first-order discontinuities; Fourth-order discontinuities;
fourth-order discontinuities; Magma-supply model; magmasupply model; Mid-ocean ridge; mid-ocean ridge; Mid-ocean
ridge segmentation; mid-ocean ridge segmentation; oceanic
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crust; Oceanic spreading centres; oceanic spreading centres;

Off-axis structures; off-axis structures; Overlapping spreading
centres; overlapping spreading centres; Plate tectonics; plate
tectonics; reviews; Second-order discontinuities;
second-order discontinuities; Small-scale structure;
small-scale structure; tectonics; Third-order discontinuities;
third-order discontinuities; Transform faults; transform faults;
volcanology; Warped distorted oceanic crust; warped
distorted oceanic crust
thesaurus: Oceanic crust; Reviews; Tectonics; Volcanology
Jun
1990
Oliver Heaviside
Jun
1990
Sunspots and how to observe

them safely
Jun
1990
Jun
1990
Frogfishes
The He3 Superfluids
Beautifully camouflaged as rock, coral or some other feature

of the aquatic landscape, these sedentary superpredators
display a modified fin that acts as a lure. When the prey is
within range, they engulf the meal in milliseconds.
Physicists despair at re-creating the tremendous temperatures
that prevailed at the moment of the big bang. But near the
low end of the scale they routinely outdo nature. At
temperatures colder than any occurring normally in the
universe, matter behaves strangely. Helium 3, for example,
becomes superfluid. Its properties may provide insight into
conditions at the core of a star.
keywords: He3; Cooper pairs; quantum mechanics; Quantum
mechanics; superfluid helium-3; superfluids; Superfluids;
vortices; Vortices
thesaurus: Cooper pairs; Superfluid helium-3; Vortices
Jun
1990
Jun
1990
Sustainable Agriculture
Oliver Heaviside (biography)
Chemical-intensive, fossil fuel-dependent farming made U.S.

agriculture the most productive in the world. The price:
polluted water, barren soil and economic vulnerability.
Growing numbers of farmers are now turning to practices that
aim for a ``sustainable agriculture.'' They are profitably
applying such techniques as crop rotation, biological pest
control and natural fertilization.
Every time you talk on the telephone, you benefit from the
work of this forgotten Victorian genius. A brilliant, self-taught
mathematician, he held only one job --- that of a telegraph
operator and quit at 24. He then clarified Maxwell's
electromagnetic theory, invented a device that makes
long-distance telephony possible and became the first to use
vectors to describe forces.
keywords: Age; age; biographies; Biography; biography;
Circuit design; circuit design; Earth; Electromagnetic
induction; electromagnetic induction; Maxwell's equations;
Maxwell's theory; Oliver Heaviside; Operational calculus;
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operational calculus
thesaurus: Biographies
Jul 1990 The Great Climate Debate
Jul 1990
Homeobox Genes and the

Vertebrate Body Plan
Jul 1990
Trends in Aerospace: The

New Space Race
Jul 1990 The LEP Collider
There is no doubt that human activity is increasing the

amount of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases in the
atmosphere. Whether that spells sweeping global climate
change is still much debated. Should we act to blunt the
impact in the face of this uncertainty? The author thinks so.
What tells some embryonic cells to become limbs and other
seemingly identical cells to form complex organs? It is a
fascinating group of genes with a common feature called the
homeobox. Key to development in many animals, these genes
are remarkably similar in fruit flies, frogs --- and humans.
Until the U.S. builds its Superconducting Supercollider,

Europe's Large Electron-Positron Collider is the big gun in
particle physics. Almost from the very start in July, 1989, the
LEP has produced important results. The design and
construction of this giant research tool is a story in its own
right.
keywords: electron accelerators; Large electron-positron
collider; large electron-positron collider; LEP; storage rings;
synchrotrons; Z degrees particles
thesaurus: Electron accelerators; Storage rings; Synchrotrons
Jul 1990 What Causes Diabetes?
With insulin injections, the diagnosis of type I diabetes is no

longer a death sentence. But this treatment is not a cure. A
new understanding of how the immune system is turned
against the body's own insulin-producing cells is pointing to
ways this devastating disease may one day be prevented --or halted.
Jul 1990 The New Space Race
This time around the prize is not military supremacy --- it's
market share. The U.S., Europe, the Soviet Union, China and
Japan are competing intensely for the satellite-launch
business. The front-runners will be those nations that apply
fuel chemistry, materials science and electronics to engineer
less expensive ways to reach orbit. There aren't enough
payloads to go around, and the prospect of manufacturing in
space is still elusive. So the contest won't be over until
researchers discover what --- if anything --- is commercially
viable in space.
An Odd Journey Along Even

Jul 1990 Roads Leads to Home in
Golygon City
Jul 1990 Pyrotechnics
Fireworks have awed and delighted for centuries. They also

have illuminated battlefields and concealed weapons and
troops. Early pyrotechnicians worked by guess and by gosh,
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often passing the secrets of those brilliant displays down

through the generations. Modern chemistry reveals the
processes underlying the sounds, shapes and colors --- and
finds surprising new uses for pyrotechnic devices.
keywords: atomic emission; chemistry of pyrotechnics;
design and composition of fireworks; fireworks displays;
incandescent emission; molecular emission; pyrotechnic fuels
Jul 1990 Chestnut Blight
Settlers in eastern North America were greeted by nearly

unbroken forests of majestic chestnut trees. This versatile
hardwood provided food, fuel, furniture and fence posts.
Then, beginning around 1900, the chestnut was all but wiped
out by a blight from Asia. Now biotechnology has uncovered
the genetic basis for the disease's virulence, pointing to ways
the fungus might be controlled.
Jul 1990 Ramsey Theory
The brilliant mathematician Frank Plumpton Ramsey proved

that complete disorder is an impossibility. Every large set of
numbers, points or objects necessarily contains a highly
regular pattern. abstract-2 = "Stargazers have always found
patterns in the sky. But what governs the shape of
constellations? In 1928 mathematician Frank Plumpton
Ramsey proved that a large enough number of stars will
produce any pattern --- from a rectangle to the Big Dipper.
By figuring out just how many numbers guarantee a certain
pattern, Ramsey theorists help engineers to design better
communications networks."
Aug
1990
The U.S. and the Soviet Union may have buried the hatchet,
but the missiles are still out there. More and more of them.
Today the governments of Third World countries such as
Third World Ballistic Missiles Syria, Iraq, Brazil and Korea have ballistic missiles and the
technology to build them. Some may have nuclear capability.
So the threat of a government or terrorist group launching an
attack is more chilling than ever.
In the past four years researchers have developed a dozen
ceramics whose electric resistance vanishes at temperatures
as high as 125 kelvins. In all the best superconductors, planes
of copper and oxygen atoms compete against layers of other
elements for electrons. Chemists have now learned to stack
the odds against one of the competitors to achieve higher
transition temperatures.
Aug
1990
Superconductors Beyond
1-2-3
keywords: Bismuth Compounds; Bismuth Strontium Copper

Oxides; Ceramic Materials; crystal atomic structure of
inorganic compounds; Cu-O planes; Electronic state;
electronic state; Electronically active planes; electronically
active planes; High Temperature Superconductors; High
temperature superconductors; High Temperature
Superconductors; high temperature superconductors;
high-temperature superconductors; Oxide Superconductors;
Reviews; Structures; structures; Thallium Barium Calcium
Copper Oxides; Thallium Compounds; Transition
temperature; transition temperature; Y-Ba-Cu-O; Yttrium
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Barium Copper Oxides; Yttrium Compounds

thesaurus: Crystal atomic structure of inorganic compounds;
High-temperature superconductors
Aug
1990
Aug
1990
Aug
1990
AIDS-Related Infections
It is not the HIV virus that kills most AIDS patients. It is a

fatal progression of opportunistic infections such as
Pneumocystis pneumonia that flourish as the virus weakens
the body's immune system. Because these infections account
for as many as 90 percent of AIDS deaths, prolonging lives
depends on controlling them. New treatments are helping.
The Language of Fractals
With fractal geometry, mathematicians can describe the beats

of a dying heart or the birth of a storm cloud with the same
ease that an architect can draw the blueprints for a house.
They can also generate complex structures precisely, using
only a few mathematical ``words.'' Fractal algorithms may
help cut the complexity and cost of transmitting and storing
images.
When the melting and

freezing points are not the
same
Freezing and melting points are not always one and the same.
Experiments with atomic clusters --- small groups of atoms
that share the properties of individual molecules and bulk
materials --- show that these two temperatures can actually
be very different. Depending on the available energy, clusters
can simultaneously exist as solids and liquids, then jump
abruptly to either state.
keywords: Atomic clusters; atomic clusters; freezing;
Freezing point; freezing point; Liquid; liquid; Melting point;
melting point; Solid; solid
thesaurus: Atomic clusters; Freezing; Melting point
Seed Dispersal by Ants
Many seeds get around by sticking to the fur (or clothes) of

passing mammals. But a large number of plants have evolved
seeds that are designed to be dispersed by ants. Instead of
burrs, these seeds grow a tasty lump of fat. The ants carry the
seeds home, eat the fat and discard the rest, which then
germinates.
Aug
1990
Global Warming Trends
One way to see if the earth is actually getting warmer is to

check historical temperature records. A decade ago the
authors began to do just that. They collected a hodgepodge of
readings going back 300 years. Then they attempted to
quantify the data. Their verdict: a 0.5-degree Celsius
increase.
Aug
1990
How to Monitor Ultraviolet

Radiation from the Sun
Aug
1990
Aug
1990
Maya Art for the Record
Maya scholars owe a lot to a determined Englishwoman

named Adela Catherine Breton. In 1900 she rode into the
ruins of Chichen Itza where she spent the next eight years
sketching and painting the fading murals and reliefs. Today
her record is all that remains of many of those invaluable
works of art. Other artists are now making similar copies of
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the last originals before they, too, are obliterated.

Aug
1990
Amateur scientist
Human beings depend on energy for their livelihood. As
population and energy production grow so does the threat to
the environment. Achieving a sustainable relationship
between energy and the environment hinges on technological
innovation and our ability to generate and use energy in
ecologically sound ways.
Sep
1990
Energy for Planet Earth
keywords: CO2 emissions; Efficiency improvements;

efficiency improvements; Energy requirements; energy
requirements; energy resources; Energy sources; energy
sources; Environment; environment; Fossil fuels; fossil fuels;
Sustainable Earth; sustainable Earth; Delivered Energy; Earth
Atmosphere --- Radiation; Energy Conservation; Energy
Management; Energy Policy; Energy Resources --Renewable; Energy Utilization; Global Carbon Dioxide
Emissions; Global Warming; Horizontal Drilling; Organization
for Economic Cooperation and Development; Three
Dimensional Seismic Techniques
The world's fleet of cars, trucks and buses, numbering 500
million, grows faster than the human population and
consumes half of the world's oil. More efficient engines,
alternative fuels and new transit systems promise to slow the
growth in oil consumption and mitigate its environmental
consequences.
Sep
1990
Energy for Motor Vehicles
keywords: Electric Vehicles; Electric vehicles; electric

vehicles; Energy efficiency; energy efficiency; Energy
Efficient Vehicle Design; Engine technology; engine
technology; Ethanol; fuel; Fuel Economy; Fuels; fuels; Motor
vehicles; motor vehicles; Nitrogen Oxides; Organization for
Economic Cooperation and Development; Pollution
reduction; pollution reduction; Prometheus Project; road
vehicles; Stratified Charge Technology; Traffic flow; traffic
flow; Transportation systems; transportation systems; Urban
Planning --- Transportation; Vehicles; Volvo LCP 2000
thesaurus: Electric vehicles; Fuel; Road vehicles
Sep
1990
Efficient Use of Electricity
The demand for electrically seems almost insatiable. But

building new power plants is costly, time-consuming and can
harm the environment. A promising solution --- and one the
utilities themselves are pushing --- is greater efficiency. Lights
and motors are a good place to begin.
keywords: Efficiency improvement; efficiency improvement;
Electricity consumption; electricity consumption; Energy
saving; energy saving; Lighting; lighting; Motors; motors;
power utilisation; Refrigeration; refrigeration; Efficient
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Electricity Usage; Electric Lighting; Electric Motors; Electric

Power Utilization; Energy Conservation; Energy Efficient
Technologies; Energy Utilization; Fluorescent Lighting;
United States Clean Air Act
thesaurus: Power utilisation
The emerging democracies face the challenge of reconciling
economic growth with an environmental imperative that the
central planners chose to ignore. China, with its expanding
population and heavy dependence on coal, faces similar
hurdles. Economic reforms and new technology from the
West can help.
Sep
1990
Energy for the Soviet Union,

Eastern Europe and China
keywords: Acid Rain; Carbon Dioxide --- Environmental

Impact; China; Coal; coal; Cogeneration Plants;
Desulphurization Equipment; Eastern Europe; Economics --Fuel Consumption; Efficiency; Energy Intensity; Energy
Resources; energy resources; Energy supply; energy supply;
Energy use; energy use; Energy Utilization; Environmental
protection; environmental protection; Greenhouse Gas
Emissions; Natural gas; natural gas; Nuclear power; nuclear
power; Oil; oil; power utilisation; Process Automation; Soviet
Union; Sulphur Dioxide Deposition; Technology --Environmental Impact
thesaurus: Energy resources; Power utilisation
Improvements during the 1970's and 1980's cut energy use in
U.S. buildings by a third. Even more powerful are today's
technologies, which range from advanced heating, cooling
and lightning systems to superwindows and automated
controls. They improve comfort and dramatically reduce
operating costs.
Sep
1990
Energy for Buildings and

Homes
keywords: air conditioning; Automated-control systems;

automated-control systems; Building energy bills; building
energy bills; Commercial buildings; commercial buildings;
Compact fluorescent lights; compact fluorescent lights;
fluorescent lamps; heating; home automation; HVAC
systems; Light-colored buildings; light-colored buildings;
lighting; Residential buildings; residential buildings; Shade
trees; shade trees; Superwindows; superwindows; ventilation;
Air Conditioning --- Efficiency; Automated Control Systems;
Buildings; Commercial Building Energy Consumption;
Energy Policy; Heating --- Efficiency; Johnson Controls;
Microprocessor Chips --- Applications; Retrofitting; Smart
Homes; Solar Radiation Reduction; Superwindows; Windows
--- Energy Conservation
thesaurus: Air conditioning; Fluorescent lamps; Heating;
Home automation; Lighting; Ventilation
Sep
1990
Energy for Industry
Economic growth and energy use once marched in lockstep.

Now industrial output is climbing while energy use declines.
Incremental changes in processing --- including sensors and
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on-line control systems --- are the reason. Further savings,

though, may require technological breakthroughs.
keywords: Cost optimisation; cost optimisation; Energy
conservation; energy conservation; Industrial energy
consumption; industrial energy consumption; Industrial
energy supply; industrial energy supply; Industrial processes;
industrial processes; industries; Materials recycling; materials
recycling; power utilisation; Process refinement; process
refinement; Economic Energy Optimization; Energy
Utilization; Gradual Process Refinement; Industrial Energy
Consumption; Industrial Engineering --- Recycling; Industrial
Plants; Open Hearth Furnaces; Paper and Pulp Industry;
Steelmaking --- Basic Oxygen Process; Thermodynamics --Analysis
thesaurus: Industries; Power utilisation
The developing world faces a dilemma: it needs energy to
meet its people's aspirations, yet producing vastly more
energy is expensive and threatens the environment. New
conservation-minded technologies that deliver more services
for less energy may be the answer.
Sep
1990
Energy for the Developing

World
keywords: DEFENDUS scenario; developing countries;

end-use technologies; energy conservation; energy
consumption; energy requirements; energy resources; energy
services; environmental damage; fossil fuels; generating
capacity; Karnataka; southern India; wood; Biomass;
Defendus Energy Strategies; DEFENDUS scenario; Defendus
Scenarios; Developing countries; Efficient End Use
Technologies; End-use technologies; Energy conservation;
Energy consumption; Energy Management; Energy
requirements; Energy Resources; Energy services; Energy
Utilization; Environmental damage; Environmental Impact;
Ethanol --- Distillation; Fossil fuels; Generating capacity;
Global Carbon Emissions; Hydroelectric Dams; Karnataka;
LRPPP; South America; Southern India; Wood
Sep
1990
How to Resurrect a Cat from

Its Grin
Coal, oil and natural gas are versatile, accessible and
affordable and thus dominate the world's fuel supply --- but at
what cost to the environment? New technologies aim to
minimize the unwanted impact of fossil fuels, buying time
until other fuels are available.
Sep
1990
Energy from Fossil Fuels
keywords: Acid deposition; acid deposition; Air Pollution --Nitrogen Oxides; Atmosphere; atmosphere; Atmospheric
Carbon Dioxide Concentration; Carbon Dioxide --- Control;
Clean Coal Technology Program; CO2; Coal; coal; Energy
Utilization; Environmental Engineering; Environmental
Impact; Environmental Protection; Environmental Stress;
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Fossil fuels; fossil fuels; Fossil Fuels --- Environmental

Impact; Fossil-fuel combustion; fossil-fuel combustion; fuel;
Global warming; global warming; Greenhouse gases;
greenhouse gases; Integrated Coal Gasification Combined
Cycles; Intercooled Steam Injected Gas Turbine Systems;
Natural gas; natural gas; Oil; oil; Urban smog; urban smog
thesaurus: Fuel
Nuclear power should play a pivotal and expanded role in
supplying world energy, the author says. Risks must be
minimized by designing a new generation of safe reactors and
agreeing to establish an international regulatory body to
oversee security and the storage of waste.
Sep
1990
Energy from Nuclear Power
keywords: Carbon Dioxide Reduction Technologies; Energy

Conservation; Energy Utilization; Environmental demands;
Hybrid Nuclear Reactors; International Atomic Energy
Agency; International Tokamak Reactor Experiment; Nuclear
Energy; Nuclear Fuels --- Reprocessing; Nuclear Industry;
Nuclear power; Nuclear Power Plants --- Accident
Prevention; Nuclear Reactors --- Wastes; Nuclear weapon
proliferation; Safety; Tarapur Reactors; World Commission
Of Environment and Development
thesaurus: Nuclear power
Interest in solar-derived technologies is resurging in response
to mounting environmental concerns, including the threat of
climate change. Progress is occurring rapidly. Advances in
wind, solar-thermal and biomass technologies will soon
render them cost-competitive with gasoline and
coal-generated electricity.
Sep
1990
Energy from the Sun
keywords: bioenergy conversion; Biomass; biomass; Biomass

fuel; biomass fuel; H2 production; hydrogen economy; PV
power systems; solar absorber-convertors; solar cell arrays;
Solar cells; solar cells; Solar energy; solar energy; Solar
thermal electric generation; solar thermal electric generation;
Wind power; wind power; Altamont Wind Farms; Biomass;
Electric Power Research Institute; Energy Resources;
Hydrogen --- Energy Resources; Hydropower; Photovoltaic
Cells; Power Generation --- Solar Energy; Solar Energy; Solar
Natural Gas Hybrid Electric Power Plants; Solar Thermal
Electric Technology; United States Department Of Energy;
Wind Power
thesaurus: Bioenergy conversion; Hydrogen economy; Solar
absorber-convertors; Solar cell arrays; Wind power
Sep
1990
Energy in Transition
The relationship between energy and the world's economics

has begun to change fundamentally. To manage that change, a
two-pronged strategy is required based on ``no regrets'' and
`ìnsurance policy'' actions. But steps must be taken soon, or
the effectiveness of such actions will weaken.
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keywords: Coal burning; Energy efficiency; Energy-society

interaction; Environmental impacts; Natural gas; Oil;
Biomass --- Energy Resources; Commercial Building
Retrofitting; Ecological Threats; Energy Management;
Energy Resources; Fossil Fuels --- Environmental Impact;
Greenhouse Gases; Nuclear Power Plants; Renewable Energy
Resources; Solar Energy --- Energy Resources
Oct
1990
A Grandmaster Chess
Machine
keywords: Chess computers; chess computers; computer

games; Deep Thought; Exhibition match; exhibition match;
games of skill; Grandmaster chess machine; grandmaster
chess machine; History; history; Karpov; Kasparov;
Searching engine; searching engine; VLSI single chip move
generator; World champion; world champion
thesaurus: Computer games; Games of skill
Oct
1990
Oct
1990
A Grandmaster Chess
Machine
Will a chess-playing computer defeat a grandmaster by the

year 2000? ``No way,'' said world chess champion Gary K.
Kasparov in 1988. But less than a year later, Deep Thought, a
computer designed by the authors, did just that. Already
under way is the construction of a successor machine that
will be 1,000 times faster. Itmay be able to mount a serious
challenge to Kasparov as early as 1992.
Parental Imprinting of Genes
When Gregor Mendel crossed wrinkled peas with round ones,

all the progeny were round, regardless of whether the round
pea plant was the male or the female. But some genes break
that rule of classic genetics. Their expression depends on
which parent they came from. Parentally imprinted genes
play a role in some cancers and in such inherited disorders as
Huntington's disease.
Oceanographers have borrowed a technique from physicians
for studying deep-sea currents and temperatures. The method
is tomography. Instead of X rays, researchers use sound to
create three-dimensional images of the waters that cover 70
percent of the earth's surface and strongly influence its
climate.
Oct
1990
Ocean Acoustic Tomography
keywords: 10 KHz; 10 kHz; acoustic arrays; Currents;

currents; Deep sound channel; deep sound channel; Ducted
propagation; ducted propagation; Eddies; eddies; Ocean
acoustic tomography; ocean acoustic tomography;
oceanographic techniques; Pressure changes; pressure
changes; Refraction; refraction; Temperature changes;
temperature changes; Transmitter/receiver arrays;
transmitter/receiver arrays; underwater sound
thesaurus: Acoustic arrays; Oceanographic techniques;
Underwater sound
Oct
1990
The Photorefractive Effect
Pass a laser beam through a crystal of barium titanate, and

suddenly it fans out like a peacock's tail. Somehow the light
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alters the optical properties of the crystal. Such

photorefractive materials are the basis of promising
technologies that range from isolating moving images in
biology experiments or military encounters to switching
beams of light for superfast optical computers.
keywords: Nonlinear optical materials; nonlinear optical
materials; nonlinear optics; Optical components; optical
components; Optical computing; optical computing;
Photorefractive effect; photorefractive effect; Refractive
index; refractive index
thesaurus: Nonlinear optics; Photorefractive effect
Oct
1990
Trends in Cosmology:
Universal Truths
What Caused the Mass

Extinction? an
Extraterrestrial Impact
An Extraterrestial Impact, say Alvarez and Asaro. They and

other investigators discovered iridium in the clays that mark
the sudden disappearance of dinosaurs from the fossil record.
Because iridium is rare in the earth's crust but abundant in
some meteorites, they concluded that a giant meteorite
collided with the earth, hurling megatons of debris into the
atmosphere.
Oct
1990
What Caused the Mass

Extinction? a Volcanic
Eruption
A. Volcanic Eruption was the culprit, argues Courtillot. He

proposes that dust, carbon dioxide and other emissions from
an episode of enormous volcanism that formed the basaltic
Deccan Traps in India produced the climate changes that led
to the mass extinction at the end of the Cretaceous period.
The iridium could, he says, just as easily have risen from the
earth's mantle.
Oct
1990
A Remote-Control Camera
that Catches the Wind and
Captures the Landscape
Oct
1990
In theory, it is simple --- even elegant. Boron is concentrated

in tumor tissue. Neutrons, which pass harmlessly through
normal tissue, are captured by the boron. The boron nuclei
then emit lethal radiation, killing the cancer. Problems, such
as generating enough neutrons, have been daunting, but
progress is being made.
Oct
1990
Boron Neutron Capture

Therapy for Cancer
keywords: B10; B neutron capture therapy; boron; Cancer

therapy; cancer therapy; Intense radiation; intense radiation;
Low-energy neutrons; low-energy neutrons; Malignant tissues
destruction; malignant tissues destruction; Normal tissue
sparing; normal tissue sparing; radiation therapy; reviews;
Short-range radiation; short-range radiation; Stable isotope;
stable isotope; Tumor cells killing; tumor cells killing
thesaurus: Boron; Radiation therapy; Reviews
Oct
1990
Universal Truths
In June more than 30 prominent cosmologists, astronomers

and physicists gathered for six days at an isolated resort in
northern Sweden. Their topic: the origin of the universe.
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While most agreed the big bang theory is still sound, new data
are challenging a more detailed scenario: the cold dark matter
model. Here is a look at how cosmologists address the big
questions.
Nov
1990
Nov
1990
Science, Technology and the

Western Miracle
Black Holes in Galactic

Centers
Two hundred and fifty years ago few Europeans enjoyed a

standard of living in excess of the minimum required to
sustain life. Then, with the advent of the Industrial
Revolution, the economy took off. The heart of this miracle,
the authors believe, is the close alliance between science as a
body of knowledge and the advances of industrial technology
driving the marketplace.
Mounting evidence suggests that dormant black holes lie at
the center of many galaxies. In the youngest galaxies, active
black holes may be the engine powering quasars that are
brighter than 100 billion stars. The first quasars appeared
soon after the birth of the universe --- so soon, in fact, that
the accepted big bang theory may have difficulty explaining
their origin.
keywords: Black holes; Galactic centers; Galactic nuclei;
Galaxies; Quasars
thesaurus: Black holes; Galactic nuclei; Quasars
Nov
1990
Gene Therapy
Nov
1990
Trends in Materials:
Diminishing Dimensions
Nov
1990
The Meaning of Dreams
Nov
1990
A Compendium of Math
Abuse from around the World
Nov
1990
Knot Theory and Statistical

Mechanics
The first attempt to treat an inherited human disease by

inserting a healthy gene into a patient is now under way.
Although such therapies have the potential to treat some of
the 4,000 known genetic disorders, many obstacles remain.
The most challenging is to assure that therapeutic genes are
expressed adequately and persistently in the body.
Freud thought dreams were the ``royal road'' to the

unconscious. Others see dreams as the random static of a
resting brain or as a mechanism for riding the mind of useless
information. The author proposes a new view: dreams reflect
an evolutionarily important memory process that allows
animals to record and evaluate current experience to form
strategies for survival.
Knots are fairly simple. Just take a piece of string and join
both ends. Statistical mechanics, on the other hand, deals
with huge, complex systems. Surprisingly, the two fields are
intimately related. The author discovered the link while
studying mathematical theories of quantum physics. His knot
theory has already led to better understanding of how DNA
twists during replication.
keywords: algebra; Algebraic relations; algebraic relations;
Mathematical property; mathematical property; Polynomial
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invariant; polynomial invariant; Statistical mechanics;

statistical mechanics; topology
thesaurus: Algebra; Statistical mechanics; Topology
Nov
1990
A Roman Factory
In the south of France lie the ruins of a large mill complex,

whose 16 waterwheels provided flour to the citizens of
Arelate, the Roman predecessor of Arles. Ignored until 1940,
the mill is rare evidence that the Roman Empire did not fall
for want of mechanical power needed for industrial
production.
Nothing can beat an insect for aerial acrobatics. A. fly, for
example, can loop the loop, hover, reverse direction and land
upside down, all in a fraction of a second. It owes that agility
to ribbed wings that are subtly engineered, flexible airfoils.
Insect wings have few, if any, technological parallels --- yet.
Nov
1990
The Mechanical Design of

Insect Wings
keywords: biomechanics; Elastic properties; elastic

properties; Flexible airfoils; flexible airfoils; Insect wings;
insect wings; Mechanical design; mechanical design;
Mechanisms; mechanisms; Sails; sails; Structures; structures;
zoology
thesaurus: Biomechanics; Zoology
Materials scientists are getting down to basics: they are
manipulating matter in layers just an atom thick to form
materials that will be the building blocks of complex
electronic and optical devices. In these minuscule structures,
electrons are trapped in limited dimensions and behave in
strange ways. The promise is a new generation of computers
and lasers.
Nov
1990
Diminishing dimensions
keywords: Ballistic transistors; ballistic transistors;

Computers; computers; KBE; Lasers; lasers; Quantum dots;
quantum dots; Quantum wells; quantum wells; Quantum
wires; quantum wires; semiconductor junction lasers;
semiconductor quantum dots; semiconductor quantum wells;
semiconductor quantum wires; Single electron device; single
electron device
thesaurus: Semiconductor junction lasers; Semiconductor
quantum dots; Semiconductor quantum wells; Semiconductor
quantum wires
Dec
1990
Letters
Dec
1990
50 and 100 Years ago
Dec
1990
Dec
1990
The birth of molecules

(ultrafast photographic
keywords: Birth; birth; Bond breaking; bond breaking; Bond

formation; bond formation; Chemical bonds; chemical bonds;
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observations)
chemical reactions; Femtoseconds; femtoseconds; Final

products; final products; high-speed optical techniques;
Lasers; lasers; Molecular beams; molecular beams; Molecular
reaction; molecular reaction; Molecules; molecules;
photographic applications; Picosecond; picosecond; Shutter
speed; shutter speed; Time resolution; time resolution;
Transition states; transition states; Ultrafast motions; ultrafast
motions
thesaurus: Chemical reactions; High-speed optical
techniques; Photographic applications
Dec
1990
Accidental Nuclear War
For now, at least, tensions have eased between the nuclear

superpowers. But the chance of a nuclear exchange between
the U.S. and the U.S.S.R. remains a frightening possibility. In
both nations, a missile could be launched accidentally or
without the oversight of top officials. To prevent unintended
Armageddon, those nations should place additional
safeguards on nuclear arsenals.
keywords: command destruct system; control of nuclear
weapons; launch readiness of nuclear forces; nuclear alerts;
permissive action links (PALs); safeguards against unintended
launch
This portfolio of vivid radar images of Venus was sent back
by the Magellan spacecraft. The project scientist analyzes
features of the rugged terrain, sculpted by intense volcanism,
geologic upheavals, impact cratering and even wind.
Dec
1990
The Surface of Venus
keywords: AD 1990; Magellan spacecraft; Mapping;

mapping; mapping of Venus; radioastronomical observations;
Surface features; surface features; Synthetic aperture radar;
synthetic aperture radar; topography of Venus; Venus;
volcanism on Venus
thesaurus: Radioastronomical observations; Venus
Dec
1990
How Cells Maintain Stability
Dec
1990
Trends in Immunology: The

Body Against Itself
Dec
1990
The Birth of Molecules
Living cells are protein factories that are vital to the survival
of organisms. Thus, they too have elaborate strategies for
survival. If environmental stress, such as a chemical or
temperature, shuts down their protein-making machinery,
cells undertake a series of intricate steps to resume
production. A Soviet scientist presents his model of this
process.
Since the 19th century, photographers have used split-second

shutter speeds to stop action. But glimpsing the instant in
which molecules react to form a product requires an exposure
of a millionth of a billionth of a second. That instant bears the
same relation to a second as a second does to 32 million
years. Toachieve such `èxposures,'' the author uses
extremely short pulses of laser light.
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The Legacy of Gestalt

Psychology
Most people have seen the picture that one moment looks
like a vase, then suddenly shifts to two faces about to meet.
But few realize that understanding this alternating image
reflects a revolution in perception brought about by the
Gestalt psychologists at the turn of the century. Today many
of their ideas are accepted in the fields of education, learning
and social psychology.
Dec
1990
Frozen and Alive
Many animals survive the winter by staying warm. But some

simply freeze solid. To prevent ice crystals from destroying
delicate cell membranes, these creatures manufacture
proteins that cause tiny crystals to form in the spaces
between cells and produce a natural antifreeze to protect
cellular interiors.
Dec
1990
Fermat's Christmas Theorem

is Explained in One Dickens
of a Tale
Dec
1990
The Emergence of Modern

Humans
Did humanity evolve from a common ancestor and form

racial groupings as it spread across the planet? Or did Homo
sapiens arise at many different locations? Archaeological
evidence from Africa supports the first theory. Now
geneticists examining DNA in living populations are coming
to the same conclusion.
Dec
1990
The Body against Itself
Somehow the body distinguishes its own healthy cells from

diseased ones. When that mechanism fails, the result is
autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis and insulindependent. Although the picture is not clear, researchers have
found three ways the immune system may learn not to attack
the body those discoveries are leading to promising
treatments.
Dec
1990
Science and business
Dec
1990
Mathematical recreations
Dec
1990
Books
Dec
1990
Annual index
Dec
1990
Essay
Jan
1991
Letters
Jan
1991
50 and 100 years ago
Dec
1990
Jan
1991
The Future of Space

Reconnaissance
During the cold war, the superpowers launched sophisticated

spy satellites to monitor each other's weaponry. Lately such
satellites have been directed to observing weapon
proliferation in other nations, nonmilitary operations and
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domestic upheavals. This intelligence is so important that

many other governments plan to join the space
reconnaissance club.
Jan
1991
Self-Organized Criticality
Just as the proverbial straw broke the camel's back,

catastrophes, from earthquakes and avalanches to a stock
market crash, can be triggered by a minor event. The authors
argue that complex systems naturally evolve to a critical
state. Their theory already has improved understanding of
motion in the earth's crust, economies and ecosystems.
More than 30 years ago it seemed that the forces that cause
inactive, newly formed proteins to fold into their intricate,
active state could be explained by the laws of chemistry and
physics. But scientists are still unable to predict how a
sequence of amino acids will coil. Solutions to the folding
problem --- with their implications for biotechnology --- are
getting nearer.
Jan
1991
The Protein Folding Problem
keywords: Amino acids; amino acids; Biotechnology;

biotechnology; macromolecular configurations;
Macromolecular structure; macromolecular structure;
molecular biophysics; Molecular coiling; molecular coiling;
Protein folding problem; protein folding problem; proteins;
reviews
thesaurus: Macromolecular configurations; Molecular
biophysics; Proteins; Reviews
Jan
1991
Building the Cathedral in

Florence
Jan
1991
Trends in Computing:
Calculating Reality
By ????. after more than a century of construction, the walls

of Santa Maria del Fiore rose high over Florence. Still
lacking, though, was a plan for a dome to cap the cathedral.
Brunelleschi's design for a double-walled vault topped by an
orb and a cross, completed in 1470, was an engineering
triumph. His techniques foreshadowed modern structural
engineering and his machines, the Industrial Revolution.
If life exists elsewhere in the cosmos, it most likely resides on

the surfaces of distant planets. The search for other solar
systems, which has been under way in earnest for more than
half a century, has turned up some disappointments and some
tantalizing clues. New and far more accurate instruments may
soon produce the first positive sighting of a new world.
Jan
1991
Worlds Around Other Stars
keywords: Astrometry; astrometry; Astronomical technique;

astronomical technique; astronomical techniques; Extrasolar
planets; extrasolar planets; IR excess; Planet formation;
planet formation; planets; Proper motion; proper motion;
Radial velocity; radial velocity; Radiation; radiation; Solar
nebula; solar nebula; Spectra; spectra; stellar motion; stellar
radiation; stellar spectra
thesaurus: Astrometry; Astronomical techniques; Planets;
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Solar nebula; Stellar motion; Stellar radiation; Stellar spectra
Jan
1991
Aspirin
Jan
1991
Tools for Computer Graphics

Make an Invisible World
Seem Less Alien
Jan
1991
Jan
1991
Coevolution of the Cuckoo

and Its Hosts
Calculating Reality
No drug is more ubiquitous than aspirin. Annually, Americans

consume more than 16,000 tons of it. Yet, more than 200
years after aspirin was discovered in willow bark,
investigators are only now figuring out why it has such a
broad range of biological effects. Here are some of the most
recent findings.
The cuckoo is an accomplished parasite that tricks other birds

into rearing its young. The hosts gain no benefit because the
hatchling ejects their eggs from the nest. Both species engage
in an evolutionary arms race --- the host attempting to thwart
predation, the cuckoo developing subtle subterfuge.
From the plains of Wisconsin to the outskirts of Tokyo, a few
maverick computer architects are scrambling to design the
next generation of supercomputers. Their grail is a teraflops
computer, a machine that can race through a trillion
operations a second. On the way to that goal, powerful
computation engines will permit scientists to model nature
more closely.
keywords: computer modeling of complex systems;
computing networks; gallium arsenide supercomputer;
multiple-processor computing; parallel computing; pipelining;
supercomputer design; teraflops supercomputer; vector
processing
Jan
1991
Jan
1991
Books
Jan
1991
Essay
Feb
1991
Letters
Feb
1991
Feb
1991
Feb
1991
Sexually Transmitted
Diseases in the AIDS Era
The three classic sexually transmitted diseases --- gonorrhea,

syphilis and chancroid --- have nearly disappeared in almost
every industrialized nation. The exception is the U.S., where
drug-resistant strains of these diseases are ravaging urban
minority populations. The causes of this tragic epidemic are
poverty, social disintegration, prostitution and drug addiction.
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Feb
1991
The Number of Families of

Matter
Are the fundamental particles that form matter really

fundamental? Researchers at the European laboratory for
particle physics (CERN) and at the Stanford Linear
Accelerator (SLAC) have found that these particles are the
basis for just three ``families'' of matter. They arrived at the
answer by studying the decay of supermassive particles called
Z bosons.
keywords: intermediate boson mass; Mass width; mass width;
unified field theories; Z bosons; Z lifetime
thesaurus: Intermediate boson mass; Unified field theories; Z
bosons
Feb
1991
A familiar face, a favorite smell or a friend's voice is instantly

recognized. This rapid perception depends on the
coordination of millions of neurons. How can such a small
input stimulate so massive a response? Surprisingly, the
The Physiology of Perception author points to chaos --- hidden order in seemingly random
activity that allows many neurons to switch abruptly from
one task to another.
keywords: physiology, perception
Computers are enhancing the creative process in architecture.
Graphics software and algorithms create moving images that
enable architects to ``walk through'' buildings before they are
constructed.
Feb
1991
Computers and Architecture
keywords: Advanced graphics-rendering techniques;

advanced graphics-rendering techniques; Aesthetic
alternatives; aesthetic alternatives; architectural CAD;
Architectural Design; Architecture; architecture; Computer
Aided Architecture; Computer Aided Design --- Applications;
Evaluation; Image Synthesis Algorithms; Mathematical
Techniques --- Algorithms; Sketching; sketching
thesaurus: Architectural CAD
Each development in microscopy has revealed a new way to
view the world. The optical microscope illuminated
single-cell organisms; the electron microscope provided views
of minute structures and viruses. Now the X-ray microscope
can render three-dimensional images of cells and other
specimens in their natural state at10 times the resolution of
optical microscopes.
Feb
1991
X-Ray Microscopes
keywords: Chemical analysis; chemical analysis; Fresnel

Zone Plate; Microscopes; microscopes; Microscopic
Examination --- Scanning Electron Microscopy; National
Synchrotron Light Source (nsls); Phase Contrast X-Ray
Microscopy; Resolution; resolution; X-Ray; X-ray apparatus;
X-ray instruments; X-ray microscopes; X-Rays --Applications
thesaurus: Microscopes; X-ray apparatus
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Feb
1991
The Echidna
Feb
1991
Trends in Evolution: In the

Beginning...
Feb
1991
The Acoustics of the

Harpsichord
It may well be the most reclusive of Australian animals, but

the spiny anteater is no longer one of the least understood.
The natural history and odd reproductive behavior of this
egg-laying mammal are being observed in the field for the
first time. Removing misconceptions about the life cycle of
this relative of the platypus may provide ways to protect it.
Because of its limited dynamic range, the harpsichord was

nearly driven into extinction by the piano. But its plucked
strings and the design of the soundboard make it unique
among stringed keyboard instruments. The authors studied 39
harpsichords, both old and new, to understand their acoustics.
keywords: Acoustics; acoustics; Harpsichord; harpsichord;
musical acoustics; musical instruments; Swirling sound;
swirling sound
thesaurus: Musical acoustics; Musical instruments
Feb
1991
In the Beginning
Feb
1991
The True Story of how

Theseus Found His Way out
of the Labyrinth
Feb
1991
Feb
1991
Feb
1991
Books
Feb
1991
Essay
Mar
1991
Letters
Mar
1991
Mar
1991
Mar
1991
Patenting Life
In 1953 a simple experiment seemed to show that lightning

could have sparked life on the earth. Since then, finding
answers to the questions of how, when and where life began
has become more complicated. New evidence is toppling
once widely accepted ideas; a rash of recent theories has
emerged. For now, the origin of life remains an intriguing
mystery.
The last obstacle to patenting a nonhuman form of life fell in

1988, when the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office issued a
patent for the ``Harvard mouse.'' But the courts and
lawmakers have not yet confronted many of the questions
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raised by granting patent protection to genetically altered

animals, plants and microbes. The future of biotechnology
depends on the wisdom of the answers.
Since the first protons swept around the powerful collider at
Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory in 1983, the Tevatron
has confirmed a host of predictions about fundamental
particles. Here is the story of the technical challenges of
designing and building this 6.3-kilometer ring of
superconducting magnets, told by the scientist who headed
the decade-long project.
Mar
1991
The Tevatron
keywords: Antiprotons; antiprotons; Calorimeters; Computer

displays; Elementary particles; elementary particles; Particle
detectors; Photons; proton accelerators; Protons; protons;
storage rings; Superconducting magnets; superconducting
magnets; Superconducting supercollider; Synchrotrons;
synchrotrons; Tevatron; Tevatron particle accelerator
thesaurus: Proton accelerators; Storage rings; Synchrotrons
Mar
1991
The way cells divide into two identical copies has been well
known for nearly a century. But only now are scientists
beginning to understand what orchestrates this marvelous
What Controls the Cell Cycle process. The key seems to be a single protein called cdc2. Its
discovery has profound implications for medicine, possibly
leading to ways to heal damaged organs by inducing cell
proliferation or to halt the growth of cancer.
Mar
1991
Plateau Uplift and Climatic

Change
The earth of 40 million years ago was a warm, wet place.

Forests abounded; grasslands and deserts were rare. Then the
planet began to cool. Regional climate extremes developed.
Many have been postulated, including continental drift and
diminishing atmospheric carbon dioxide. The authors offer a
new theory: continental uplift created huge plateaus that
altered circulation of the atmosphere.
Mar
1991
Trends in Pharmacology: Rx
for Addiction
In childhood, most of us learned that one way to get heat out
of the sun is to focus its light to a pinpoint with a magnifying
glass. What few realize is that the ability of lenses designed to
make images to concentrate solar energy falls far below the
theoretical maximum. Nonimaging optics that are simply
funnels for light can achieve intensities higher than those at
the sun's surface.
Mar
1991
Nonimaging Optics
keywords: Compound parabolic concentrator; Edge-ray

method; focusing; Geometric vector-flux; High-energy
physics; high-energy physics; Nonimaging concentrator;
nonimaging concentrator; Nonimaging concentrators;
Nonimaging devices; nonimaging devices; Nonimaging
optics; Optical devices; optical elements; Optics; Solar
concentrators; Solar energy; solar energy; Solar furnace; solar
furnace
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thesaurus: Focusing; Optical elements
Mar
1991
Tumbleweed
Mar
1991
A Menu of Mathematical
Morsels, Topological Tidbits
and Puzzling Plums
If there is a botanical metaphor for the rootless ways of the

Old West, it is the tumbleweed. But when this immigrant
Russian weed literally rolled through the Dakotas in the
1870s, the sod busters were not thrilled. In a matter of years
this spiny thistle wreaked agricultural havoc across the plains
states.
Surveying Ancient Cities
Some important cities of ancient Greece lie buried beneath

farmland. That is good news to these archaeologists. Rather
than excavating, they build a surprisingly complete picture of
long-term habitation simply by dating the debris, such as
potsherds and roof tiles, that plowing churns to the surface.
Mar
1991
Rx for addiction
Neuroscientists are making progress toward understanding

the devastating and intractable problem of drug addiction. By
deciphering the complex interplay of neurotransmitters and
receptors, they are designing highly targeted drugs to treat
addiction on a chemical and, eventually, genetic level. Their
findings have implications for treating mental illnesses.
Mar
1991
Mar
1991
Mar
1991
Brooks
Mar
1991
Essay
Mar
1991
Apr
1991
Apr
1991
The Real Cost of Energy
The Structure of
Quasicrystals
Gas prices only seem high. When you say ``fillerup,'' you pay
but a fraction of the actual cost. Not included are the tens of
billions (close to US$50 for each barrel of oil) the military
spends annually to protect oil fields in the Persian Gulf. Then
tack on the hidden costs of environmental degradation, health
effects, lost employment, government subsidies and more.
Sooner or later, the public pays the entire price.
In 1984 scientists at the National Institute of Standards and
Technology rapidly solidified an aluminum alloy. Instead of
the expected amorphous, glassy material, the result was tiny
grains that displayed a curious, fivefold symmetry. Now
researchers are making progress in understanding the atomic
structure of these unique forms of matter known as
quasicrystals.
keywords: AlCuFe; AlCuLi; aluminium alloys; copper alloys;
crystal symmetry; Diffraction properties; diffraction
properties; Five fold symmetry; five fold symmetry; Glass
model; glass model; iron alloys; lithium alloys; Penrose tiling
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model; Quasicrystal structures; quasicrystal structures;

quasicrystals; Random-tiling model; random-tiling model
thesaurus: Aluminium alloys; Copper alloys; Crystal
symmetry; Iron alloys; Lithium alloys; Quasicrystals
Apr
1991
Molecular Zippers in Gene

Regulation
Apr
1991
Trends in Linguistics: Hard

Words
Apr
1991
Why Tarzan and Jane Can

Walk in Step with the
Animals that Roam the Jungle
Skin and liver cells are distinct because they produce

different sets of proteins. Yet both types of cells carry the
same set of genes. This researcher set out to find the
mechanism that turns on key genes. In an interesting piece of
detective work, he and others identified an intriguing class of
regulatory proteins. Two of these proteins must ``zip'' together
before they can activate the genes they control.
The sonic boom of a jet aircraft is caused by a shock wave

carried along by molecules colliding in the air. In the near
vacuum of space, particle collisions are rare. Yet, as the
authors theorized years ago, shock waves do exist in space,
transmitted through the tenuous plasma by electric and
magnetic fields. These shock waves help explain some of the
most violent phenomenon the universe.
Apr
1991
Collisionless shock waves (in

space plasmas)
keywords: Alfven wave; astrophysical plasma; Astrophysics;

astrophysics; Bow shock; bow shock; Collisionless shock
wave; collisionless shock wave; Frequency dispersion;
frequency dispersion; Interplanetary space; interplanetary
space; Magnetosphere; magnetosphere; Planet; planet;
Plasma shock wave; plasma shock wave; plasma shock
waves; Plasma wave; plasma wave; Rarefied plasma; rarefied
plasma; solar wind; Solar wind comet interaction; solar wind
comet interaction
thesaurus: Astrophysical plasma; Plasma shock waves; Solar
wind
Apr
1991
Apr
1991
Hepatitis B Virus
Photochromic and
Photosensitive Glass
The toll that this tiny, insidious virus exacts is enormous. It

can cause serious acute infections, lie hidden for years in
carriers who transmit it to others, even trigger cancer. It is
also one of the first viruses to come under the powerful
scrutiny of recombinant DNA technology. Its genome,
structure and life cycle have been elucidated; diagnostic tests
and vaccines have been developed.
Eyeglasses that darken in sunlight and lighten in the dark are
just the most common example of glass that reacts to light.
Otherapplications for photochromic and photosensitive
glasses range from precision parts to microlenses and art.
keywords: Applications; applications; Colour change; colour
change; Heat treatment; heat treatment; Latent image; latent
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image; optical glass; Photochromic glass; photochromic glass;

photochromism; Photosensitive glasses; photosensitive
glasses
thesaurus: Optical glass; Photochromism
Apr
1991
Apr
1991
How Dinosaurs Ran
Hard Words
If all you had to go by were footprints in mud and a few

bones, you might conclude that humans do not run. Similarly,
it is unclear whether dinosaurs plodded or galloped or
pranced. With some physical principles from naval
architecture and mechanical engineering, the author
calculates that he could outrun Tyrannosaurus.
What's in a word? If it's tik, the answer is controversy.
Linguists are at each other's throats over attempts to trace
language to ancient roots. Some radicals believe that they can
discern echoes of words not spoken for millennia and that it is
possible to relate all languages to a single tongue spoken by
the first humans. Conservatives think the radicals bark up the
wrong tree.
keywords: `Mitochondrial Eve'; Amerind theory; language
families and superfamilies; linguistic and genetic trees;
linguistic research; monogenesis hypothesis; Nostratic
hypothesis; origin of language
May
1991
Letters
May
1991
May
1991
May
1991
Progress in Oral Rehydration

Therapy
With each medical advance seeming to be increasingly

high-tech and costly, oral rehydration therapy is a notable
exception to the trend. The administration of a simple
electrolyte solution made with readily available ingredients
now saves one million children a year from death caused by
diarrhea-induced dehydration. Recently it reduced fatalities
during a cholera epidemic in Peru
To the few physicists who first thought about them, anyons
were mathematical curiosities that provided new insights into
the theory of quantum mechanics. But experimental evidence
accumulated over the past decade indicates these entities do
exist. In fact, the behavior of anyons offers a compelling
explanation for high-temperature superconductivity.
May
1991
Anyons
keywords: Anyons; anyons; Fractional quantized Hall effect;

fractional quantized Hall effect; High temperature
superconductivity; high temperature superconductivity;
high-temperature superconductors; quantum Hall effect;
quantum statistical mechanics; quasi-particles
thesaurus: High-temperature superconductors; Quantum Hall
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effect; Quantum statistical mechanics; Quasi-particles
May
1991
Rene Jules Dubos
May
1991
Trends in Energy: Cleaning

up Coal
A childhood bout with rheumatic fever may have sent Rene

Dubos on a lifelong exploration into the nature of health and
disease. As a researcher at the Rockefeller Institute, he
discovered the first clinically important antibiotic. As a
philosopher, he formulated an ecological theory of disease
that matured into a profound, influential view of our place on
the earth.
The formation of visual images in the retina of the eye

depends on layers of interconnected cells. The functions of
three of these layers --- photoreceptor, horizontal and bipolar
cells --- can be duplicated by simple electronic devices
etched onto a silicon chip. This artificial retina illuminates
biological computation and has implications for computer
vision and signal
May
1991
The Silicon Retina
keywords: artificial organs; Artificial retina; artificial retina;

computer vision; digital signal processing chips; Engineering
paradigm; engineering paradigm; eye; monolithic integrated
circuits; Neural information processing; neural information
processing; Real time outputs; real time outputs; Si chip
thesaurus: Artificial organs; Computer vision; Digital signal
processing chips; Eye; Monolithic integrated circuits
May
1991
The Genesis of Ores
Human history and technology have been shaped by metals.

How did they become concentrated in minable deposits
located so conveniently near the earth's surface? The author
explains the mechanisms of fluid transport --- by magma,
water and even air and wind --- responsible for the chemical
and physical interactions that created bodies of metallic ores
throughout geologic history.
keywords: Geochemistry --- Analysis; Geophysics --Analysis; Geospheres; Metals and Alloys; Physiochemical
Systems; Recovery; Supracrustal Systems
May
1991
May
1991
May
1991
The Theory of Rigidity, or

How to Brace Yourself
against Unlikely Accidents
The Genetics of
Thoroughbred Horses
The lineage of all magnificent Thoroughbred racehorses can

be traced to a handful of animals imported from Africa and
the Middle East in the 17th century. Just 10 horses
contributed more than half of the genes in today's
Thoroughbreds. Despite the wealth of breeding data, genetic
studies have begun only recently.
Mechanical Engineering in
the Medieval Near East
When Paris was still a village, 10th-century Baghdad was a

metropolis of 1. 5 million inhabitants. To support such urban
centers,Muslim engineers developed sophisticated water and
wind machine with valves, cranks and pistons. Many of these
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innovations influenced the development of modern

machinery.
keywords: candle clocks; History; Islamic Mechanical
Engineering; mechanical devices of medieval Islam;
Mechanical Engineering; Medieval Islam; technology of
medieval Islam; Water Clocks; water clocks; Water
Distribution Systems --- Design; water pumps; Watermills;
watermills and windmills; Wind Power --- Analysis;
Windmills
May
1991
Cleaning Up Coal
According to the percentages, coal is still King. Coal-fired

power plants generate more than 50 percent of U.S.
electricity. But every year those utilities also pour forth 70
percent of the sulfur dioxide and significant portions of other
pollutants that cause acid rain and contribute to global
warning. Now the U.S. is trying a novel market-based
approach to reducing those emissions.
keywords: Air Pollution --- Acid Rain; Coal Combustion;
Department of Energy (doe); Dry Sorbent Injection
Technologies; Environmental Defense Fund (edf);
Environmental Impact; Environmental Protection --- Analysis
May
1991
May
1991
May
1991
Books
May
1991
Essay
Nuclear reactors have provided energy for satellites --- with
nearly disastrous results. Now the U.S. government is
proposing to build nuclear-powered boosters to launch Star
Wars defenses. These authors represent scientific groups that
are opposed to the use of nuclear power in near space. Here
is their argument.
Jun
1991
Nuclear Power in Space
keywords: Artificial satellite; artificial satellite; artificial

satellites; fission reactor safety; Nuclear power reactor;
nuclear power reactor; Nuclear powered spacecraft; nuclear
powered spacecraft; Radioactive pollution; radioactive
pollution; Radioisotope thermoelectric generator;
radioisotope thermoelectric generator; RTG; Space vehicle;
space vehicle; space vehicle power plants; thermoelectric
conversion; Thermoelectric power generator; thermoelectric
power generator
thesaurus: Artificial satellites; Fission reactor safety;
Radioactive pollution; Space vehicle power plants;
Thermoelectric conversion
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Jun
1991
The Quasar 3C 273
In the 28 years since the first quasars were identified,

astronomers have learned that they are the cores of extremely
active galaxies. This quasar is one of the most energetic --- on
an average day it shines as brightly as 1,000 galaxies, each
containing 100 billion stars. Observations of 3C 273 are
providing clues to the nature of these violent and puzzling
objects.
keywords: 3C 273; Quasar; quasars
thesaurus: Quasars
Jun
1991
Streptococcal M Protein
Just as a porcupine's quills thwart predators, filaments of

proteins that coat some streptococcal bacteria deter the white
blood cells that would normally ingest the organisms. These
wispy M proteins rely on variability to evade antibodies that
would target the microbes for destruction. The understanding
of the protein's structure is suggesting new approaches to
During the Antarctic winter, strange and often invisible
clouds form in the stratosphere over the pole. These clouds of
ice and frozen nitric acid play a crucial role in the chemical
cycle responsible for the recent appearance of the annual
`òzone hole.'' Their chemistry removes compounds that
would normally trap ozone-destroying free chlorine produced
by the breakdown of CFCs.
Jun
1991
Polar Stratospheric Clouds

and Ozone Depletion
keywords: Air pollution; air pollution; Atmosphere;

atmosphere; atmospheric chemistry; Chemical composition;
chemical composition; Chlorofluorocarbon;
chlorofluorocarbon; clouds; O3; ozone; Ozone depletion;
ozone depletion; Ozone hole; ozone hole; Ozonosphere;
ozonosphere; Polar stratospheric cloud; polar stratospheric
cloud; PSC; Stratosphere; stratosphere
thesaurus: Air pollution; Atmospheric chemistry; Clouds;
Ozone; Stratosphere
Jun
1991
Trends in Geophysics:
Peering Inward
keywords: Convection; convection; Earth core; Earth

interior; Earth mantle; Tectonics; tectonics
thesaurus: Earth core; Earth mantle; Tectonics
Jun
1991
Jun
1991
Early Bow Design and

Construction
Laser Surgery
Asked to name the most crucial discoveries of early humans,

most people would quickly come up with fire and the wheel.
A third may well be the bow. It served as the principal
weapon for hunting and warfare until the use of firearms
became widespread in the 16th century. Bows were
developed in virtually all cultures, and some achieved high
levels of technological sophistication.
When surgeons operate, they may wield a laser instead of a
scalpel. These blades of light do more than simply destroy
tissue with heat: they can drive chemical reactions or create
shock waves. Lasers are unclogging arteries, smashing kidney
stones, and clearing secondary cataracts from the eye.
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keywords: biomedical applications of lasers; health physics;

Health physics; laser applications in medicine; laser as
scalpel; Laser surgery; laser surgery; Medical application;
medical application; medical laser types; medicine; Medicine;
of medical lasers; precision of medical lasers; radiation
therapy; surgery; thermal and nonthermal effects
thesaurus: Laser applications in medicine; Radiation therapy;
Surgery
Jun
1991
Jun
1991
Jun
1991
A Swift Trip over Rugged

Terrain
Arthur Stanley Eddington
Einstein's theory of relativity was one of the century's great

discoveries. But it was Eddington who headed the expedition
that proved it correct. He advocated the idea of an expanding
universe and was the first to infer the composition of stars.
His exposition of revolutionary concepts still influences
scientific thought.
Peering Inward
Beneath terra firma lies a dynamic world. Through clever

observation and computer modeling, geophysicists are rapidly
sharpening our view of the earth's restlessly seething insides.
They are exploring the complex heat engine that drives the
motion of the continents and maintains the geomagnetic field.
The latest findings trace the earth's evolution and even offer a
glimpse into its glimpse in distant future.
Jul 1991 Science and the citizen
Opium, Cocaine and

Jul 1991 Marijuana in American
History
Jul 1991 The Early Life of Stars
A. year before Bayer introduced aspirin in 1899, the

drugmaker coined another well-known name for a then
popular remedy: heroin. Soon after, the social climate
changed, and many mood-altering drugs were made illegal.
The author argues that rational drug policy cannot be
achieved without keeping such historical reversals in mind.
Our sun experienced a turbulent youth long before reaching
maturity as a stable source of fusion energy. Astronomers are
now piecing together this complex life cycle of stars. The
process begins when clouds of interstellar gas coalesce into
protostars discernible only in the infrared and culminates in
one of the billions of optically visible stars.
keywords: Early life; early life; Nuclear fusion; nuclear
fusion; Stars; stars; stellar evolution; Violent collisions;
violent collisions
thesaurus: Stellar evolution
Jul 1991 Stroke Therapy
Physicians have long helplessly stood by when strokes felled

their patients. But recent insights into mechanisms that
destroy nerve cells are leading to treatments that may
minimize damage to the brain. Clinical trials of clot-dissolving
drugs are showing promise, and tests of others that slow cell
death are under way.
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The quality of many products, from photographic film and

computer disks to bearings, depends on the microscopic
structure of their surfaces. New techniques use computers to
analyze optical interference patterns and display surface
features as small as a few hydrogen atoms. These methods
have already cut costs and improved product performance.
Jul 1991
Optical Interferometry of
Surfaces
keywords: light interferometry; Optical interferometry;

optical interferometry; Sensitive devices; sensitive devices;
Surface texture; surface texture; surface topography
measurement; Wave nature of light; wave nature of light
thesaurus: Light interferometry; Surface texture; Surface
topography measurement
Jul 1991 Biological Control of Weeds
Jul 1991
Trends in Transportation:
Along for the Ride?
No one knows for sure when an unwanted plant was first

termed a weed, but the idea certainly precedes the writing of
the Old Testament. These plants have been pulled up, plowed
under and poisoned, but the age-old battle rages on. The
latest ploy: enlisting such natural enemies of weeds as insects
and fungi. Willthese new allies give humans the edge?
keywords: aircraft control; aircraft instrumentation;
Computerised control systems; computerised control systems;
Passenger aircraft; passenger aircraft
thesaurus: Aircraft control; Aircraft instrumentation
Copper-Alloy Metallurgy in
Ancient Peru
When Francisco Pizarro and the conquistadores invaded Peru

in the 16th century, they carted away tons of gold and silver.
Yet they ignored the most ancient and sophisticated
metallurgical tradition. For six centuries, copper alloys had
been the mainstay of Peruvian technology and commerce.
Jul 1991
The Austronesian Dispersal

and the Origin of Languages
The word, it seems, was borne by farmers seeking new

agricultural lands. The ancient diffusion of language through
Polynesia is yet another example. Traveling great distances
by boat, these societies spread their languages from Taiwan to
Madagascar and Hawaii.
Jul 1991
Insectoids Invade a Field of

Robots
Jul 1991
Jul 1991 Along for the Ride?
Today's ``smart'' aircraft can virtually fly themselves to any

point on the globe. Computerized navigation systems and
flight controls are replacing pilots' Right Stuff with expertise
in systems management. Airframe manufacturers insist these
are the safest planes ever flown, but pilots are sometimes ill
at ease in these ``glass cockpits.''
Aug
1991
The sweeping changes set in motion by Mikhail Gorbachev's

policies of glasnost and perestroika have had an odd
consequence: antiscience and antitechnology sentiment are
on the rise in the Soviet Union. Just as American hippies
reacted during the Vietnam years, the Soviets are responding
to their social crisis by turning to extrasensory perception,
extraterrestrials, astrology and mysticism.
Antiscience Trends in the

U.S.S.R.
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Aug
1991
Aug
1991
The Human Telomere
Tracking and Imaging

Elementary Particles
In the language of genetics, TTAGGG means ``the end.'' This

sequence of nucleotides repeats over and over at the tips of
each chromosome, forming a protective cap that prevents the
chromosome from being degraded or shortened during DNA
replication. This same sequence has been found in all of some
100 vertebrate species tested so far, from fish to humans.
A. single `èvent'' at CERN's Large Electron-Positron Collider
can produce 500,000 bits of digital data. Computers translate
the information into striking images that help physicists
interpret the complicated dynamics of elementary particles.
keywords: Electronic signals; electronic signals; LEP
detectors; nuclear electronics; physics computing
thesaurus: Nuclear electronics; Physics computing
Biosensors
Take a component of banana pulp, crab antennae, cucumber

leaves or rabbit muscle, then hook it into an electrical circuit
or connect it to optical fibers. The result is a real-time sensor
for biologically important substances, ranging from blood
oxygen or glucose levels to drugs and environmental toxins.
Many biosensors will soon become a routine part of medical
diagnosis and monitoring.
Aug
1991
Beewolves
Females of this group of common wasps are voracious

predators that provide food for their larvae by loading sealed
underground chambers with paralyzed bees, thus earning the
name ``beewolves.'' Males simply mate --- and defend their
territory aggressively. Like their prey, both adult sexes feed
on nectar.
Aug
1991
Trends in Biology: Smart

Genes
Aug
1991
Antichaos and Adaptation
If the tentative conclusions of this biophysicist and his

colleagues are correct, there is more to evolution than natural
selection. He argues that the mathematical idea of antichaos
--- that disorder in complex systems can suddenly crystallize
into order --- plays a crucial role in biology.
Aug
1991
Smart Genes
The answer to why a rose is a rose, or what tells a liver cell to

be a liver cell, is a ``sloppy'' genetic computer that instructs a
gene when to turn on or off. These elaborate assemblages of
proteins, known as transcription complexes, choreograph the
forms and functions of cells by transmitting both intercellular
and extracellular signals.
Aug
1991
What in Heaven is a Digital

Sundial?
Aug
1991
Ordering chaos
keywords: chaos, order
Networks
As the diversity of computer applications increases the

burgeoning flow of megabit traffic between machines will be
accommodated by wider and smoother highways.
Aug
1991
Sep
1991
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The transformation of civilization through the fusion of

computing and communications technologies has been
predicted for at least 50 years. Now the revolution has truly
begun. The impact will be as profound as was the shift from
an agrarian to an industrial society.
Sep
1991
Communications, Computers
and Networks
keywords: Civilization; civilization; Communications

technologies; communications technologies; computer
networks; Computing; computing; factory automation;
Infrastructure; infrastructure; office automation; social
aspects of automation
thesaurus: Computer networks; Factory automation; Office
automation; Social aspects of automation
Just as the dirt roads of the early 20th century could not begin
to handle today's traffic, so will current computer networks
be unequal to the burgeoning flow of information. Advanced
packet-switching systems and new schemes for
interconnecting networks will help to prevent digital gridlock.
Sep
1991
Networks
keywords: circuit switching; computer networks; distributed

computing; interconnecting networks; Interconnecting
networks; internetting; megabit traffic; Megabit traffic;
network security; networking technology; packet switching;
packet-switching systems; Packet-switching systems;
protocol hierarchy; quality of service; Quality of service;
security; Security
thesaurus: Computer networks; Packet switching
Not so long ago, computers were electronic megaliths served
by a white-coated elite. Today they are simple tools that are
as common as pencils on desks or clipboards in factories. The
next generation of computers will become active
collaborators in the creation and acquisition of information.
Sep
1991
Networked Computing in the

1990s
keywords: Active collaborator; active collaborator; Flat

screens; flat screens; Human interaction; human interaction;
interactive devices; microcomputers; Microphones;
microphones; personal computing; Productivity tool;
productivity tool; Styli; styli; Wireless transmitters; wireless
transmitters
thesaurus: Interactive devices; Microcomputers; Personal
computing
Sep
1991
The Computer for the 21st

Century
The most useful, ordinary technologies are invisible. No one

consciously reads a street sign or the floor indicator on an
elevator. In the same way, the computer will become an
integral part of office and domestic surroundings. It will be
ubiquitous, woven into the fabric of daily life from the
desktop to the light switch.
keywords: active badges; board computer; electronic chalk;
embodied virtuality; pad computer; potential of information
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technology; tab computer; ubiquitous computing;

Dynabooks; dynabooks; Information technology; information
technology; Knowledge navigators; knowledge navigators;
Laptop machines; laptop machines; microcomputers; office
automation; Personal computers; personal computers;
personal computing; social aspects of automation
thesaurus: Microcomputers; Office automation; Personal
computing; Social aspects of automation
The power of the computer and the capacity of the network
will make possible a wide variety of products and services
that give the consumer new opportunities at work and at play.
The ultimate product may well be freedom from the
conventional constraints of space and time.
Sep
1991
Products and Services for

Computer Networks
keywords: Bandwidth developments; bandwidth

developments; Computer networks; computer networks;
Computing; computing; Services; services;
telecommunication services
thesaurus: Computer networks; Telecommunication services
Sep
1991
Computers, Networks and

Public Policy: Common Law
for the Electronic Frontier
Sep
1991

Public Policy: Infrastructure
for the Global Village
Sep
1991

Public Policy: Civil Liberties
in Cyberspace
``Does anybody know...?'' Such public vulnerability on
corporate electronic bulletin boards indicates how radically
networks are changing the nature of work. Employees grow
more open as well as less hierarchical and status conscious.
Can management adapt to a more flexible and dynamic
environment?
Sep
1991

Work
keywords: computer networks; electronic mail; managerworker relations; nature of work; networked communication;
sociology of computer conferences; Computer memory;
computer memory; computer networks; Electronic mail;
electronic mail; Networked organization; networked
organization; office automation; Reporting relationships;
reporting relationships; social aspects of automation; Task
structures; task structures
thesaurus: Computer networks; Office automation; Social
aspects of automation
Sep
1991
By coordinating activities, the computer network has begun

Computers, Networks and the to change production and marketing, forcing redefinition of
Corporation
competitive advantage. In order to prevail in the changing
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environment, firms have begun to restructure their

management, pushing strategic decisions downward in the
organization.
keywords: Competitive advantage; competitive advantage;
computer networks; Corporate structure; corporate structure;
management; Management style; management style;
Networked organisations; networked organisations; OA;
office automation; social aspects of automation; Strategic
decisions; strategic decisions
thesaurus: Computer networks; Management; Office
automation; Social aspects of automation
Sep
1991
Leaping into Lyapunov space

Music comes from the musician, not the piano. So, too, the
desire to learn comes from the student, not the computer.
Computers in classrooms will not automatically improve
education. Used wisely, though, they can be a force in
education as potent as the advent of privately owned books in
the Renaissance.
Sep
1991

Education
keywords: computer aided instruction; Easy-to-use

computers; easy-to-use computers; Education; education;
Educational environment; educational environment; human
factors; Student centred environment; student centred
environment
thesaurus: Computer aided instruction; Human factors
forge new rules of the road for data highways that include
strong protection of personal freedom.
Sep
1991
Infrastructure for the Global

Village
keywords: computer networks; Government investment;

government investment; government policies; High-capacity
network; high-capacity network; High-speed networks;
high-speed networks; Information age; information age
thesaurus: Computer networks; Government policies
Sep
1991
Common Law for the

Electronic Frontier
keywords: codes of conduct; Codes of conduct;

CompuServe; computer bulletin boards; Computer bulletin
boards; computer intruders; computer networks; cyberspace;
Cyberspace; cyberspace law; data base protection; data
manipulation; Electronic Information Exchange System;
extraterritoriality; Extraterritoriality; global networks; Global
networks; information; Information; information network;
Information network; Internet Worm; legal jurisdiction; Legal
jurisdiction; legislation; national laws; National laws; network
security; ownership; Ownership; privacy and computers;
Prodigy Services Company; rules for networks; software
copyrighting; SWIFT
thesaurus: Computer networks; Legislation
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Sep
1991
Civil Liberties in Cyberspace
keywords: access to electronic media; civil liberties agenda;

Civil liberties agenda; computer crime; computer intruders;
computer networks; Computer networks; Electronic Frontier
Foundation (EFF); electronic media; Electronic media; First
Amendment and computing; government policy on computer
crime; legislation; network security; search and seizure
policy; social institutions; Social institutions
thesaurus: Computer crime; Computer networks; Legislation
Oct
1991
Oct
1991
Fullerenes
Iron Deficiency
Although it is often overlooked, iron deficiency is the most

widespread nutritional problem in the world. It is particularly
severe in those developing countries where parasitic diseases
compound the effects of inadequate diet. Prevention is the
best solution to a condition that can irreversibly damage brain
function and impair the immune system --- and that may even
be fatal.
The quest for ``buckyballs'' has been one of the hottest in
chemistry. These hollow cages of carbon atoms were
characterized in 1985 and dubbed ``buckminsterfullerenes''
after the inventor of the geodesic dome. Bulk quantities were
made in 1990. With other materials, they form crystals having
properties that range from superconductivity to
ferromagnetism.
Oct
1991
Fullerenes
keywords: applications of fullerenes; buckminsterfullerene;

C60 and C70 molecules; carbon clusters; round molecules;
soccerball structure of fullerene; third form of pure carbon;
atomic clusters; Buckminsterfullerene; buckminsterfullerene;
Buckybabies; buckybabies; Bunnyball; bunnyball; C240;
C32; C44; C50; C540; C58; C60; C60(OsO4)(4-tertpyridine)2; C70; C960; carbon; Daedalus; Electronic
structures; electronic structures; Fullerides; fullerides; Giant
fullerenes; giant fullerenes; Hyperfullerene nested concentric
structure; hyperfullerene nested concentric structure;
molecular energy level calculations; platinum-burr ball
(triethylphosphine2Pt6C60); Russian egg
thesaurus: Atomic clusters; Carbon; Molecular energy level
calculations
Oct
1991
End of the Proterozoic Eon
Microscopic, single-celled organisms inhabited the earth for

nearly four billion years. Then, just 600 million years ago, the
macroscopic ancestors of modern plants and animals
suddenly appeared, signaling the end of the Proterozoic eon.
What caused the abrupt change? Evidence suggests that a
rapid increase in atmospheric oxygen made multicellular life
possible.
Oct
1991
How the Immune System

Learns About Self
The immune system can identify and destroy hundreds of

millions of foreign substances. Yet when it functions properly,
it ignores the tissues of the body. How these specialized cells
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learn to tell ``self'' from ``nonself'' has been debated for

decades. Now researchers have unraveled one of the
processes: the deletion of immature clones of antiself cells by
the thymus.
Oct
1991
Oct
1991
Oct
1991
Trends in Environmental
Technology: Soiled Shores
Natural Selection and

Darwin's Finches
Charles Darwin despaired of ever seeing evolution taking

place. The process, he believed, was so slow that only the
long-term results could be observed. Fortunately, he was
wrong. Numerous studies document natural selection in real
time. A. classic example is the finches of the Galapagos,
populations of which are altered significantly by a single
season of drought.
In the 19th century the search for a ``missing'' planet ended in
the discovery of asteroids. Today astronomers believe they
are remnants of a planet that never formed. By studying the
asteroids, investigators are revealing important clues to
understanding the birth of the solar system.
The Origins of the Asteroids

keywords: Asteroid belt; Asteroids; Collisions; Composition;
Discovery; Families; Light curves; Orbits; Origins; Rotation;
Shapes; Size; Solar nebula
thesaurus: Asteroids; Solar nebula
Soldering irons are not much use on wires that are a mere
micron in diameter. That is why most defective integrated
circuits are simply discarded. But chip makers now have a
new tool. Liquid-metal ion sources produce beams of charged
ions that can machine and weld as well as implant dopants.
Oct
1991
Focused Ion Beams
keywords: Analysis; analysis; Elemental composition;

elemental composition; Focused ion beams; focused ion
beams; integrated circuit technology; Integrated circuits;
integrated circuits; ion beam applications; ion beam
lithography; ion implantation; Liquid metal ion sources; liquid
metal ion sources; Maskless implantation; maskless
implantation; Micromachining; micromachining;
Nanolithography; nanolithography; Optical masks; optical
masks; Repair; repair; semiconductor doping; X-ray
lithographic masks
thesaurus: Integrated circuit technology; Ion beam
applications; Ion beam lithography; Ion implantation;
Semiconductor doping
Oct
1991
Soiled Shores
After the Exxon Valdez oil spill in 1989, the beaches of

Prince William Sound were scrubbed, hosed, hoed, fertilized
and bulldozed at a cost of US$2.5 billion. Some scientists
assessing the effects of that effort conclude that no method
worked very well; some did more harm than good. The
massive spill in the Persian Gulf is likely to teach that
sobering lesson once again.
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Oct
1991
Concentration: A Winning
Strategy
Nov
1991
Void Protein and Alzheimer's

Disease
Nov
1991
Guns are the weapon of choice in more than 60 percent of

the homicides committed annually in the U. S. Handguns in
circulation now number more than 35 million. But many state
Firearms, Violence and Public
and federal gun-control laws, such as the 1991 Brady bill,
Policy
may be misdirected. They do little to restrict access to those
weapons that are most often implicated in violent crime and
fatal accidents.
Nov
1991
The Nuclear Equation of

State
The fiery death of an exploding star cannot be duplicated in

any laboratory. Yet physicists know much about what
happens to matter under such extreme conditions. Just as an
equation can describe the states of water (solid, liquid, vapor)
at various temperatures and pressures, so it can predict
similar phases as matter breaks up into its ultimate
constituents, quarks and gluons.
keywords: Big bang; big bang; High energy collision
experiments; high energy collision experiments; Nuclear
equation of state; nuclear equation of state; Nuclear matter;
nuclear matter; nuclear structure theory; Plasma phase;
plasma phase; Supernova; supernova
thesaurus: Nuclear matter; Nuclear structure theory
Amyloid Protein and

Alzheimer's Disease
In Alois Alzheimer observed deposits of `à peculiar

substance'' in brains from patients who had suffered from
senile dementia. Whether these amyloid plaques are a cause
or an effect of Alzheimer's disease has long been debated.
The author cites evidence that in at least some forms of the
disease the protein is a causative agent. Understanding how
the plaques form may lead to treatments.
Nov
1991
Chromoskedasic Painting
The well-known chemistry of black-and-white photography

has an unexpected dimension. An artist has found a way to
produce full-color paintings by controlling the size of the
silver particles so that they scatter light in particular
wavelengths.
Nov
1991
Trends in Astronomy:
Mirroring the Cosmos
Nov
1991
Nov
1991
Microlasers
Compared with the transistors on a computer chip, the tiny

red lasers in compact-disc players are clumsy behemoths.
Researchers are closing the gap by making micron-scale
lasers that promise eventually to be as minuscule as their
electronic cousins. These efficient, low-power lasers may
pave the way to optical computers and find applications from
remote sensing to machine vision.
keywords: 2D optical switch array; Diode laser arrays; diode
laser arrays; Diode lasers; diode lasers; Information
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processing; information processing; May 1989; Micro-lasers;

micro-lasers; Micron-size lasers; micron-size lasers;
Miniaturization; miniaturization; Optical communications;
optical communications; Optical computers; optical
computers; Optical computing; optical computing; optical
information processing; optical switches; Semiconductor
chip; semiconductor chip; semiconductor laser arrays; Single
chip; single chip
thesaurus: Optical information processing; Optical switches;
Semiconductor laser arrays
Nov
1991
Cultured Cells for the

Treatment of Disease
Nov
1991
Painting in Color without

Pigments
Nov
1991
Nov
1991
Dec
1991
Dec
1991
Dec
1991
Replacing severely damaged skin with grafts obtained by

growing a patient's own cells in the laboratory is now easing
the painful and protracted healing of burns. The cell culture
technique is also curing intractable ulcerations and may one
day be applied to other tissues and organs, including blood
vessels and liver cells.
Genes, Peoples and

Languages
Evidence for the African genesis of humanity now correlates

on three major fronts. Family trees based on an exhaustive
analysis of human genetics trace the divergence of languages
during successive waves of migration by ancient peoples.
Both are supported by the archaeological record.
Mirroring the Cosmos
When the Hale Telescope was completed in 1947, many

astronomers believed it would be the largest ever built. But
thick, rigid mirrors are being replaced by multifaceted
reflecting surfaces, lightweight honeycombs and flexible
sheets of glass. Combined with optical technologies that
cancel out atmospheric distortion, the new telescopes promise
the clearest and brightest view yet of the heavens.
Homeless Families
More than one third of the nation's homeless are families --often headed by young women --- and their numbers are
growing. Each night, as many as 100,000 children sleep in
shelters or in abandoned buildings or on the street. The author
proposes new social policies that will prevent the physical
and psychological devastation faced by these vulnerable
victims of poverty.
Quantum Cosmology and the

Creation of the Universe
Einstein's general relativity enabled cosmologists to describe

the formation of matter and its coalescence into galaxies,
stars and planets. But that theory cannot explain the events
before the instant of creation. During the past decade, a
group of cosmologists turned to the theories of quantum
mechanics to fill the gap. Still missing is an observation, such
as gravity waves, to verify their ideas.
Trends in Artificial
Intelligence: Silicon Babies
keywords: artificial intelligence; Artificial-intelligence;

artificial-intelligence; Automated reasoning; automated
reasoning; Common sense; common sense; Integrated
intelligent systems; integrated intelligent systems; Knowledge
representation; knowledge representation; Machine sensing;
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machine sensing; Machine vision; machine vision;

Mechanical creatures; mechanical creatures; Naturallanguage understanding; natural-language understanding;
Perception; perception; Planning; planning; robots
thesaurus: Artificial intelligence; Robots
The Stem Cell
The red blood cells that transport oxygen, the platelets that
promote clotting and the host of disease-fighting cells of the
immune system are all progeny of a prolific resident of the
bone marrow known as the stem cell. The ability to isolate,
manipulate and store hematopoietic stem cells is leading to
improved treatments for such ailments as cancer, aplastic
anemia and some autoimmune diseases.
Dec
1991
The Origin of Horseback

Riding
The first horse broken to the bit probably lived on the vast
grasslands of the Ukrainian steppes some 6,000 years ago.
That finding, based on microscopic analysis of characteristic
tooth wear caused by a bit, predates the accepted origin of
horseback riding in the Middle East by three millennia. The
horse may have played a greater role in the spread of
language and culture than previously thought.
Dec
1991
A Short Trek to Infinity
Dec
1991
Dec
1991
Chemical Fuels from the Sun
Direct conversion of solar radiation into electricity has

shortcomings. The energy cannot be stored efficiently, and it
is difficult to transport over long distances. But heat from the
sun can be captured in environmentally benign chemical fuels
that can be used and then re-formed through reversible
reactions. One possibility being explored is syngas, a mixture
of carbon monoxide and hydrogen.
keywords: chemical energy conversion; Chemical fuels;
chemical fuels; fuel; Solar energy; solar energy; solar energy
conversion; Storage; storage; Transportation; transportation
thesaurus: Chemical energy conversion; Fuel; Solar energy
conversion
The Brush Turkey
The homely image of a female bird sitting patiently on her

nest does not fit these curious Australian fowl. They bury
their eggs in carefully constructed compost heaps --- then
they leave. The chicks emerge fully capable of surviving.
Their adaptations are exceptions to many rules that govern
avian development.
Dec
1991
Sophie Germain
The obstacles to women in science pale today before those

faced by Sophie Germain in 18th-century France. Yet this
self-taught, middle-class woman would not be dissuaded from
the pursuit of mathematics. Firm in the conviction that her
work would withstand the test of time, Germain made
significant contributions.
Dec
1991
Silicon Babies
Artificial-intelligence researchers have found ways to

automate reasoning and planning, provide computers with
Dec
1991
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sight and other senses, and teach them to comprehend spoken

commands. Now a small group of researchers are attempting
to put all those skills into one package. They are trying to
build `ìntegrated systems'' that they hope will function
independently in the real world.
Jan
1992
Jan
1992
Jan
1992
Plant Life in a CO2 Rich

World
Plant Life in a CO2 World
Some plant scientists have argued that rising levels of

atmospheric carbon dioxide could be a boon by causing
plants to grow faster and become larger and more plentiful.
Experiments with plants grown in carbon dioxide-rich
environments point instead to small and costly increases in
agricultural productivity that could be overshadowed by the
harmful disruption of critical ecosystems.
Chaos lurks in the most orderly systems of the observable
universe, from the perturbations of a swinging pendulum to
the jitters in the moon's orbit. Not altogether surprisingly, it
also inhabits the seemingly smooth, wavelike realm of atoms
and subatomic particles. In the quantum world, chaos reveals
itself in the distribution of energy levels and the trajectories
of scattering electrons.
Quantum Chaos
keywords: atomic spectra; chaos; Energy levels; energy
levels; Energy spectrum; energy spectrum; Quantum chaos;
quantum chaos; quantum statistical mechanics; quantum
theory; Wave pattern treatment; wave pattern treatment
thesaurus: Atomic spectra; Chaos; Quantum statistical
mechanics; Quantum theory
Jan
1992
Jan
1992
How Cells Absorb Glucose
Glucose is both an important fuel and a chemical precursor

for the carbon-based compounds in all living tissues. Yet the
way this small sugar enters cells is far from simple. Glucose is
channeled through the impermeable cell membrane by
transporter proteins. Understanding how some of these
proteins are mobilized by exposure to insulin may provide
clues to diabetes.
Among the most common features in the cosmos are the disks
of matter that collect around some massive objects such as
stars and black holes. By studying an unusual type of highly
variable star, astronomers are learning about the dynamics of
such accretion disks. This knowledge may help explain the
behavior of newborn stars, quasars and violent phenomena
near the galactic center.
Accretion Disks in Interacting

Binary Stars
keywords: Accretion disks; accretion disks; cataclysmic
binary stars; Cataclysmic variable stars; cataclysmic variable
stars; Disk instability model; disk instability model; Dwarf
novae; dwarf novae; Interacting binary stars; interacting
binary stars; Outbursts; outbursts; stellar models; TW Vir
thesaurus: Accretion disks; Cataclysmic binary stars; Dwarf
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novae; Stellar models
Jan
1992
How Sea Turtles Navigate
Jan
1992
Trends in Parasitology: Living

Together
Jan
1992
Tribal Warfare
From the instant sea turtle hatchlings first struggle into the
surf, their course is set. Some individuals literally circle the
oceans before returning years later to the site of their birth.
Experiments suggest that a combination of cues from the
earth's magnetic field and the steady seasonal pattern of
waves are the sources of these seafaring navigators' biological
maps and compass.
The notion that tribal societies are naturally fierce and

warlike has been a fixture of the Western mind at least since
the time of Thomas Hobbes. Actually, the author argues, it
was the very presence of the European interlopers that
escalated the native savagery by destabilizing indigenous
cultures.
keywords: cultural Heisenberg effect; tribal structure; tribal
warfare; Western contact with tribal peoples
Jan
1992
Lightwave Communications:
The Fifth Generation
Optical fibers doped with erbium and powered by tiny laser

chips are revolutionizing the way signals are regenerated for
transcontinental communications and for fast data
transmission over fiber-optic networks. abstract2 = "Since the
transmission capacity of optical-fiber communications
systems has increased 10 times every four years. The most
recent development is an amplifier made by doping a glass
fiber with erbium. It boosts capacity 100-fold by replacing
electro-optical ``repeaters'' that regenerate weakened
signals."
keywords: Communications systems; communications
systems; Efficient radiation source; efficient radiation source;
Er doped fibre amplifiers; erbium; fibre lasers; Laser diode
chip; laser diode chip; Laser pumping; laser pumping; Optical
amplifier; optical amplifier; optical communication
equipment; optical pumping; Transmission capacities;
transmission capacities
thesaurus: Erbium; Fibre lasers; Optical communication
equipment; Optical pumping
Jan
1992
Jan
1992
How to Generate Chaos at

Home
Living Together
For all their clever adaptations, parasites have been regarded

as uninteresting and unpleasant organisms that inhabited the
darker recesses of biology. Now ecologists are looking at
these ``degenerate'' creatures in a new light. The intimate
associations that develop between host and parasite in their
battle for survival may have fundamentally shaped the
evolution of all living things.
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Feb
1992
Many refugees from Southeast Asia arrived in the U.S. with

little more than the clothes on their backs and with no
exposure to Western culture or knowledge of the English
Indochinese Refugee Families
language. Yet their children display stunning scholastic
and Academic Achievement
achievement in American schools. The authors attribute this
academic success to supportive families in which all members
participate equally in the learning process.
Feb
1992
Mud Volcanoes of the

Marianas
Near the edge of the Mariana Trench, where the great Pacific
plate of the earth's crust is being forced down into the mantle,
mountains of green mud loom from the ocean floor. These
unusual mud volcanoes have solved a geologic mystery. Their
presence confirms a theory that water squeezed from
descending plates reacts with the mantle, creating minerals
that ooze back to the seafloor.
Cancer Cell Invasion and

Metastasis
The deadly ability of cancer cells to spread throughout the

body and invade healthy tissues is not purely a malign
aberration. The complex process is a natural characteristic of
many normal cells. Recent identification of regulatory genes
and proteins that control metastasis has produced a promising
class of synthetic drugs that may prevent or block the growth
of secondary tumors.
The Mammals of Island

Europe
Fifty million years ago the island that is now Europe was
colonized by animals from Africa and the New World. Their
extraordinarily detailed fossil images are engraved in the
shale of an ancient lake bed near Messel in Germany.
Feb
1992
Laser Trapping of Neutral

Particles
Atoms normally zip along with Brownian abandon at speeds

of several hundred miles an hour. Getting atoms to remain
still for detailed study was impossible until researchers cooled
them in an `òptical molasses'' of laser light. Since then,
workers have created optical traps and tweezers, molecular
fountains --- even an atomic trampoline. All are important
tools for physics, chemistry and biology.
Feb
1992
Trends in Consumer
Electronics: Picture Perfect
Feb
1992
Feb
1992
Turquoise in Pre-Columbian
America
Centuries before the arrival of the conquistadores, dazzling

ornaments encrusted with turquoise already had great
religious, social and economic significance in Mesoamerica.
Yet the nearest deposits of this gemstone are 1,000 miles
away. Trade routes extended to Nevada and Arizona, in the
American Southwest.
Feb
1992
Nikolai V. Timofeeff
Ressovsky
Can a scientist be productive in a society that challenges

human values? The life of Russian geneticist TimofeeffRessovsky offers some answers. He worked in Nazi Germany,
was imprisoned by the Soviets and continued his research in a
military laboratory. After receiving amnesty in 1955, he
opposed the Lysenkoists.
Feb
1992
The Kissing Number
Feb
1992
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Picture Perfect
As Europeans watched foreign competition ravage the U.S.

electronics industry, they vowed that it would not happen
there. They drew the line with high-definition television and
set out to develop a uniquely European system. After a
six-year government-industry effort, broadcasts are
beginning. Will the rush into HDTV assure the technological
competitiveness of a unified Europe?
Building a Market Economy

in Poland
Disgruntled residents of the former Soviet Union, who were

greeted on the new year by astonishing prices and virtually
bare shelves, may take some comfort from the example of
Poland. When similar economic shock therapy was
administered in 1990, prices and unemployment also soared.
That econom is imperiled by unprivatized industry, but
affordable goods are available: entrepreneurs are flourishing.
The Patch Clamp Technique
Over the past 15 years researchers have learned an immense

amount about the transmission of electrical and chemical
signals by neurons and other cells. They owe their success to
a simple technique that won the authors a 1991 Nobel Prize.
By isolating a tiny section of membrane on a living cell,
scientists can manipulate the pore-forming proteins that
permit ions to enter or leave cells.
Textures and Cosmic

Structure
A bugbear of the big bang theory is that it fails to explain how

the matter in the initially smooth universe clumped into vast
sheets and bubbles of galaxies. Cosmologists have proposed
numerous theories, from inflation to cosmic strings. The latest
explanation to be offered, called textures, builds on the
theories of particle physics to derive testable predictions of
cosmic structure.
Why Aromatic Compounds

Are Stable
The closed-carbon rings of the aromatic compounds are built

to endure. They are found in soot and meteorites and have
been identified among the gases of distant nebulae. In
industrial chemistry, aromatics are essential as solvents and as
reagents for dyes and resins. Chemists have only recently
understood their incredible stability by drawing on quantum
mechanics and topology.
Mar
1992
Spider Webs and Silks
Spider webs are marvels of engineering. The silks from which

they are spun are highly variable materials whose properties
are adapted to the design of these gossamer tension
structures. The elaborate orb webs of the common garden
cross spider, the heroine of E. B. White's Charlotte's Web,
achieve remarkable effectiveness by turning to advantage an
inherent weakness of silk --- its softness when wet.
Mar
1992
Trends in Astrophysics:
Catching the Wave
Feb
1992
Mar
1992
Mar
1992
Mar
1992
Mar
1992
Mar
1992
Infrared Video Cameras
The difference between images that capture light and those

made from thermal radiation is like that between night and
day. But there is more to infrared imaging than seeing in the
dark. Video cameras based on silicon heat detectors can
penetrate foul weather, monitor industrial processes and
observe distant galaxies.
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Mar
1992
The Gundestrup Cauldron
Mar
1992
Seeing Infrared
Mar
1992
Apr
1992
Apr
1992
Who created this ancient silver cauldron embellished with

elephants and deities? Scholars have sought the answer since
it was dug from a Danish peat bog a century ago. The author
believes the cauldron was made in southeastern Europe by
silversmiths of a transcultural caste whose ritual traditions
can be traced to Asia.
Catching the Wave
The gravitational waves that ripple the fabric of space have

never been conclusively observed. A team of U.S. scientists
hopes by the end of the decade to be the first to build a
device that will detect these extremely weak undulations. If
they succeed, their unique telescope may also illuminate
black holes and detect unknown cosmic structures invisible in
the electromagnetic spectrum.
The Multiregional Evolution

of Humans
The reasoning behind a molecular clock is flawed, these

paleoanthropologists assert. Fossil remains and artifacts speak
eloquently of a web of interconnected lineages that gave rise
to modern humans. Africans, Asians, Australian Aborigines
and Europeans evolved roughly where they are found today.
The Recent African Genesis

of Humans
By tracing DNA that is transmitted to successive generations

only by mothers, these geneticists argue that everyone is
descended from a single `Ève'' who lived in Africa just
200,000 years ago. If they are right, modern humans must
have recently emerged from Africa to populate the other
continents.
When German meteorologist Alfred L. Wegener proposed the
idea of continental drift in 1912, he claimed that all the
continents were fragments of a single, ancient landmass
called Pangaea. The authors believe such supercontinents
have formed repeatedly in a tectonic cycle that lasts about
500 million years. They cite as evidence the location and
structure of folded and volcanic mountain belts.
Apr
1992
Mountain Belts and the

Supercontinent Cycle
keywords: 500E6 to 700E6 y; 500E6 y; Composition of

seawater; composition of seawater; Continental rifting;
continental rifting; Evolution of life; evolution of life; Global
climate; global climate; Mountain building; mountain
building; Pangaea; Plate tectonics; plate tectonics;
Supercontinent cycle; supercontinent cycle; tectonics;
Thermal effects; thermal effects; Worldwide sea level;
worldwide sea level
thesaurus: Tectonics
Apr
1992
Superantigens in Human
Disease
Most antigens trigger an orderly attack on an invader. But

some proteins arouse the immune system to a destructive
frenzy --- just a few hundred molecules stimulate a response
that would require a billion copies of a normal antigen. These
superantigens have been implicated in the toxic shock
syndrome and food poisoning. Recent studies suggest they
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may also explain the lethality of AIDS.

Apr
1992
Trends in Genetics: Hacking

the Genome
Forty years after scientists first began pursuing the controlled
release of energy by forcing hydrogen atoms to merge in a
magnetic vise, nuclear fusion is still the fuel of the future.
Now researchers' hopes are resting on ITER, an international
fusion reactor planned for completion in 2005. The most
powerful tokamak designed, its goal is ignition --- achieving a
self-sustaining fusion reaction.
Apr
1992
The International
Thermonuclear Experimental
Reactor
keywords: Conceptual design; conceptual design; D-T fuel;

Engineering knowledge; engineering knowledge;
Experimental fusion power plant; experimental fusion power
plant; fusion reactor theory and design; International
Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor; ITER; Scientific
knowledge; scientific knowledge; Design Overview; First
Walls; iter Program; Nuclear Energy --- International
Cooperation; Nuclear Reactors, Fusion; Reviews; Tokamak
Devices
thesaurus: Fusion reactor theory and design
Apr
1992
Solid Acid Catalysts
By careful design, the tiny pores and cavities of solid acid

catalysts shape many of the products made by the chemical
industry, from drugs to fuel additives. Compared with
traditional liquid catalysts, these compounds are safer to
handle. They also minimize toxic by-products and are easier
to keep out of the environment.
keywords: Acids; Aluminophosphates; Catalysis; Catalysts;
Ions; Solid Acid Catalysts
Apr
1992
Apr
1992
Apr
1992
May
1992
All Paths Lead away from

Rome
Phantom Limbs
For many amputees, the missing limb remains frighteningly

real. These invisible appendages often seem to move and feel
sensations of pressure, warmth or wetness. Some 70 percent
of them are also a source of intractable pain. A new
explanation of the cause of phantom limbs is stimulating
research into treatments.
Hacking the Genome
Parsing the three billion nucleotides that make up the genetic

totality of a human is one of the most ambitious scientific
efforts ever undertaken. The information will be useless
unless it is entered into data bases that provide answers to
questions scientists have not yet thought of. Translating the
code of DNA into the digital language of computers falls to a
group of `ìnformatics'' workers.
Understanding the AIDS

Pandemic
The only truly effective weapon against AIDS is altering

sexual behavior. Mathematical models that untangle the
complex relations between the biology of the AIDS infection
in individuals and the transmission of the disease in
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communities provide some surprisingly counterintuitive

revelations. These results should be considered in future
educational and prevention programs.
May
1992
Biological Roles of Nitric

Oxide
May
1992
Trends in Molecular
Archaeology: Eloquent
Remains
One of the body's most versatile regulatory chemicals is not a

complex protein but a simple, highly toxic inorganic molecule
that persists for less than 10 seconds. Nitric oxide transmits
messages between neurons, signals blood vessels to dilate and
is the weapon of white blood cells against tumors and
bacteria. Its intricate physiological functions have been
revealed over the past five years.
In 1785 the English astronomer William Herschel called these

clouds of glowing gas planetary nebulae because they looked
like ghostly planets. Astronomers now know that these
nebulae are the last wisps of matter streaming into space from
a dying star. The study of planetary nebulae illuminates the
life cycle of sun-like stars and may provide clues to the
ultimate fate of the universe.
May
1992
Planetary Nebulae
keywords: Appearance; appearance; astronomical spectra;

Central star; central star; Distances; distances; Dynamics;
dynamics; Life cycle; life cycle; planetary nebulae; Planetary
nebulae characteristics; planetary nebulae characteristics;
Shapes; shapes; Spectra; spectra; stellar evolution
thesaurus: Astronomical spectra; Planetary nebulae; Stellar
evolution
Every child has made a dot on a piece of paper disappear by
moving it into the blind spot of the eye. Here the author uses
the blind spot to explore a sophisticated perceptual function:
the ability of the brain to interpolate visual information.
May
1992
Blind Spots
keywords: Blind spot demonstration illustrations; blind spot

demonstration illustrations; Brain visual image processing;
brain visual image processing; Perceptual gaps compensation;
perceptual gaps compensation; vision defects; visual
perception
thesaurus: Vision defects; Visual perception
May
1992
May
1992
Watching the Death of a Star
Binary Optics
Advanced optics that make it possible to etch delicate circuits

on semiconductors created the microelectronics revolution.
Now those same photolithographic techniques are having an
important impact on optics. Arrays of tiny lenses carved into
silicon wafers promise machine vision systems that mimic
biological sight and integrated optical processors for
communications.
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keywords: Binary optics; binary optics; etching; Focusing

properties; focusing properties; High lens quality; high lens
quality; Lens design; lens design; Lens fabrication; lens
fabrication; Lens making; lens making; lenses; Optical
elements; optical elements; Optical material; optical material;
optical workshop techniques; Surface etched lens shapes;
surface etched lens shapes; Binary Lenses; Binary Optics;
Lenses; Microelectronics; Optics
thesaurus: Etching; Lenses; Optical workshop techniques
May
1992
May
1992
Why American Songbirds

Are Vanishing
Heisenberg, Uncertainty and

the Quantum Revolution
Pesticides were blamed when familiar birdsongs were

suddenly stilled in the 1960s. The worst culprits were banned,
but migratory songbirds continue to decline. The reasons, the
author argues, are increased pressure from predators and
parasites in North American nesting sites and deforestation of
tropical wintering areas.
At the age of 25, Werner Karl Heisenberg formulated the
theory that bears his name and established him as a seminal
figure in 20th-century physics. Germany's youngest full
professor, Heisenberg trained a generation of modern
physicists who were dispersed throughout the world by
Hitler's rise to power.
keywords: causality principle; gamma-ray microscope
thought experiment; Heisenberg's uncertainty principle;
matrix mechanics; quantum mechanics; Schroinger's wave
equation; transformation theory
May
1992
Eloquent Remains
May
1992
Does metaphor impede or

enrich scientific discourse?
Jun
1992
Jun
1992
Among those who listen to the long dead are a new breed of
archaeologists. Instead of trowels and brushes, they wield the
techniques of molecular biology to analyze residues of
nucleic acids and proteins that remain in ancient mummies
and bones. Their efforts promise to trace the divisions,
migrations, extinctions and expansions that have marked the
biological history of humanity.
Early Results from the

Hubble Space Telescope
Even though its primary mirror is flawed and its solar panels
have given Hubble the jitters, the orbiting observatory can
still match the sensitivity and exceed the resolution of the
best earthbound telescopes. In its first two years of operation
it has returned a stream of spectacular images, from storms
on Saturn to possible black holes, that are triggering a
revision of modern astronomy.
Lipoprotein(a) in Heart
Disease
The patient has low blood cholesterol levels, is not obese,

does not smoke and does not suffer from high blood pressure.
Yet a heart attack still occurs. The agent of heart disease in
many individuals with low risk profiles may be a blood
particle known as lipoprotein(a). Ironically, the ability of this
substance to cause heart disease may be a side effect of its
role in repairing damaged blood vessels.
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Transgenic Crops
In the past decade, genetic engineering has accelerated the

age-old process of breeding advantageous traits into crops.
Genes that confer resistance to diseases and pests as well as
tolerance to herbicides and spoilage or that enhance
nutritiousness have been inserted into more than 50 species.
Plant biotechnology is now poised to make important
contributions to world agriculture.
Jun
1992
The Codex Mendoza
To acquaint Charles V with his exotic subjects, the first

Spanish viceroy in Mexico commissioned the last
pre-Conquest Aztec artists to record their vanishing
civilization. Completed in 1541, the magnificent Codex was
captured by the French, sold to an Englishman and forgotten
until 1831. The first modern edition was destroyed in the
London blitz; a new edition has been completed by the
authors.
Jun
1992
Trends in Industrial Research:

Redesigning Research
Jun
1992
Computers have become more powerful as the devices

etched onto silicon chips have become tinier. Experiments
have now verified the feasibility of what may be the ultimate
miniaturization: devices that require the movement of just a
single electron. Whereas today's most advanced chips contain
10 million devices per square centimeter, single electronics
could cram 10 billion into the same space.
Jun
1992
Single Electronics
keywords: Continuous flow; continuous flow; Electric

current; electric current; Fluid of charge; fluid of charge;
Individual electrons; individual electrons; Novel electronic
devices; novel electronic devices; quantum interference
phenomena; Electric Current; Electric Space Charge;
Electrons; Transistors; Tunnel Junctions
thesaurus: Quantum interference phenomena
Jun
1992
Control of Rabies in Wildlife
Jun
1992
The Riddle of the Vanishing

Camel
Jun
1992
Jun
1992
Wild mammals are a major reservoir for the rabies virus,

which causes 25,000 human deaths every year. An epidemic
in raccoons has spread unchecked up the U.S. East Coast
since the 1950s. The solution, these authors say, is vaccinefilled baits, which are controlling the transmittal of rabies by
foxes in Europe and Canada.
Accounting for
Environmental Assets
When governments calculating their economic performance

fail to account for the depreciation of forests, fisheries,
minerals or water caused by development, the balance sheets
often show growth and prosperity. In reality, the result is
usually impoverishment. The experience of Costa Rica is a
case in point.
Redesigning Research
Prominent research laboratories, once the pride of U.S.

industrial giants, have been sold, shuttered or simply given
away. All too often, their important inventions made little or
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no contribution to the bottom line. But some companies are

not ready to write off research. They are determined to
reshape their research operations so that they serve the goals
of the business. Can they succeed?
1942: Physicists are the
Jul 1992 fair-haired boys of World War
II
Jul 1992 Building Molecular Crystals
Origins of Western
Environmentalism
During the Age of Discovery, tropical islands became a

powerful metaphor for the European idea of an untouched
Eden. Those utopian images were soon shattered. In the 17th
and 18th centuries, scientists employed by the companies
exploiting colonial resources began to voice alarm over
large-scale ecological changes. In doing so, they laid the
foundation of modern environmentalism.
Jul 1992 Building Molecular Crystals
From snowflakes to semiconductors, the orderly lattice of

crystals is governed by the size and shape of constituent
molecules and the forces between them. Researchers have
now begun to understand the conditions that influence the
structure of crystals as they form. The achievement makes
feasible the design of materials that have specific electronic,
optical and magnetic properties.
Jul 1992 G Proteins
Like messages in a game of ``telephone,'' the signals between

living cells are passed through a series of intermediates.
Critical among them is a class of substances attached to the
inner surface of the cell membrane, called G proteins. They
play a central role in many cellular activities, from vision to
cognition. Malfunctioning G proteins have been implicated in
diseases such as cholera and cancer.
Jul 1992
Jul 1992 Genetic Algorithms
Computer programs that evolve in ways that resemble natural

selection can solve complex problems even their creators do
no fully understand. abstract-2 = "The consummate ability of
species to adapt to an environment arose through natural
selection. A group of computer programmers are emulating
that process in the design of software. Programs based on
genetic algorithms can evolve solutions to complex problems.
They have demonstrated their practicability in designing jet
turbines and controlling the flow in gas pipeline systems."
keywords: Complex problems; complex problems; Evolution;
evolution; Genetic algorithms; genetic algorithms; learning
systems; Natural selection; natural selection; Software;
software
thesaurus: Genetic algorithms; Learning systems
Jul 1992
Trends in Physics: Quantum

Philosophy
Jul 1992 Breath Tests in Medicine
Since the time of Hippocrates, physicians have known that

the odors of breath can convey vital information. With
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modern analysis and understanding of metabolic processes,

breath tests can diagnose diseases of the stomach, intestine
and pancreas. They can also monitor exposure to industrial
chemicals. Standardized apparatus is needed before such tests
take a place beside the x-ray for routine screening.
Jul 1992
Reproductive Strategies of
Frogs
Jul 1992 The Last Stone Ax Makers
Frogs reproduce by laying eggs resembling those of fish. Yet

frogs have managed to colonize niches throughout the
terrestrial environment. To do so, they have developed a
diversity of strategies that range from the improbable to the
bizarre for ensuring that their eggs stay moist and that their
young are nourished.
The village of Langda on the cloud-shrouded slopes of New
Guinea's central cordillera provides a priceless glimpse of
Stone Age technology. There, skilled craftsmen, who lived in
complete isolation from the modern world until 1984, fashion
stone axes that resemble those first made 20,000 years ago.
Jul 1992 Survival of the Finest Bits
Jul 1992 Quantum Philosophy
Jul 1992
Retrying the monkey trial in a

kangaroo court
Jul 1992
Sexism still lurks in the

language of science
The deeper physicists inquire into the mysterious world of

quantum theory, the stranger it gets. New experiments
continue to challenge the common notion of reality. Photons,
neutrons, even objects large enough to be seen, lack from
until they are observed. Observation can alter the outcome of
experiments that have already occurred; measuring one entity
can influence another far away.
One of the longest volcanic eruptions in recorded history

began in 1983. Lava flows from Kilauea have since added
120 hectares of new land to the island of Hawaii and covered
100 square kilometers. From a nearby cliff, the authors
observed and analyzed these events. Their findings clarify the
mechanisms of volcanism. The techniques they developed are
helping to predict other eruptions.
Aug
1992
Dynamics of Kilauea Volcano keywords: AD 1983 01 02; Dynamics; dynamics; Eruption;

eruption; Geological activity; geological activity; Hawaii;
Hawaiian island chain; Internal structure; internal structure;
Kilauea volcano; Magma reservoir; magma reservoir;
Midplate vulcanic activity; midplate vulcanic activity;
Surface features; surface features; Tectonics; tectonics;
volcanology
thesaurus: Tectonics; Volcanology
Aug
1992
Bacterial Endotoxins
Bacterial endotoxins are a two-edged sword. These cell-wall

components of a major group of bacteria account for many
symptoms of cholera, whooping cough and other diseases.
But they can also enhance the immune response to other
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bacteria, viruses and even cancer. Recent findings may lead

to ways of curbing the harmful effects of endotoxins and
harnessing their disease-fighting capacity.
How Cosmology Became a

Science
The big bang became the established explanation for the

origin of the universe almost overnight, when Arno A.
Penzias and Robert W. Wilson observed the faint signals of
the cosmic background radiation in the 1960s. Their
achievement relied on a rich legacy of theory and experiment
that enabled big bangers to challenge successfully the earlier
concept of a universe that had always existed.
Naked Mole Rats
These African rodents have been described as saber-toothed

sausages, as baby walruses or simply as ugly. Naked mole rats
are also fascinating creatures. Unlike most mammals, they
practice the `èusocial'' behavior typically observed in ants
and termites. In mole rat burrows, only a few individuals
breed; others care for the offspring. What are the genetic and
evolutionary roots of this social organization?
Aug
1992
Evolution Comes to Life
The curator of the American Museum of Natural History's

new Hall of Human Biology and Evolution describes the
daunting task of constructing lifelike figures of our distant
ancestors, guided only by fragments of ancient bone.
Aug
1992
Trends in Transportation: Air

Trains
Aug
1992
Aug
1992
Just as optical illusions can trick the eye, so various

combinations of musical pitch can deceive the ear. Recent
research shows that these auditory paradoxes may be related
to the brain's processing of speech. The way individuals hear
various sequences of tones seems peculiar to their particular
language or dialect.
Aug
1992
Paradoxes of Musical Pitch
keywords: acoustic variables measurement; hearing; Key;

key; Music; music; musical acoustics; Musical pitch; musical
pitch; Paradoxical effects; paradoxical effects; Perception;
perception; psychology; Speech; speech; Tones; tones
thesaurus: Acoustic variables measurement; Hearing; Musical
acoustics; Psychology
All of your electronic transactions, from credit card
purchases to bank withdrawals, are creating a digital dossier
of your life. The author proposes an encryption system that
would allow individuals and institutions to take advantage of
the benefits of computer communications while protecting
privacy.
Aug
1992
Achieving Electronic Privacy keywords: Blind signature; blind signature; Credentials;

credentials; Credit card; credit card; credit transactions;
Cryptographic invention; cryptographic invention;
cryptography; data privacy; Database; database; Digital
signature; digital signature; EFTS; Electronic cash; electronic
cash; Electronic privacy; electronic privacy; Identification;
identification; Numbers; numbers; Personal information;
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personal information; Representative; representative;

Untraceable transactions; untraceable transactions; blind
signature cryptography; digital credentials; digital signature;
electronic privacy; private keys; public keys; secure digital
pseudonyms; smart credit cards
thesaurus: Credit transactions; Cryptography; Data privacy;
EFTS
Aug
1992
The Interplanetary Olympics

In the 1960s, a handful of engineers devised what they
believe is the answer to ground transportation needs for the
next century: high-speed trains buoyed on magnetic fields.
While Europe and Japan forged ahead, Washington zeroed
out U.S. programs in the 1970s. Now, with the backing of an
equally zealous senator, these aging visionaries may have a
second chance to see whether maglev will fly.
Aug
1992
Air Trains
Sep
1992
Neurons for Computers
Sep
1992
Science and the Citizen
Quantum gravity... Population politics... Gold bugs... The

evidence for dark matter... First steps for artificial life...
Profile: SSC architect Roy F. Schwitters.
Mind and Brain
The human brain is the most complex structure in the known

universe. Genes and experience have jointly shaped its
machinery; its design is the result of millions of years of
evolution. Our survival depends on a deeper understanding of
the marvelous biochemical happening that arises from it: the
mind.
The Developing Brain
Remarkably precise connections between more than 100

billion neurons account for all the properties of the mind. Yet
in the fetus this intricate wiring is only an approximation of
that in the mature brain. The final linkages are shaped by
stimulation of the newborn through such sensory experiences
as touch, speech and images.
Sep
1992
Sep
1992
Sep
1992
There is a great deal more to vision than light meeting the

eye. The world we see is literally an invention of the brain,
actively constructed from a constantly changing flood of
information. Seeing and understanding occur simultaneously
through the synchronized activities of specialized areas in the
The Visual Image in Mind and visual cortex.
Brain
keywords: Blindness; blindness; brain; Cortex
malfunctioning; cortex malfunctioning; neurophysiology;
Vision; vision; Visual cortex; visual cortex; Visual image;
visual image
thesaurus: Brain; Neurophysiology; Vision
Sep
1992
Working Memory and the

Mind
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Sep
1992
Sep
1992
Sep
1992
Sep
1992
Sep
1992
Sep
1992
Sep
1992
The Biological Basis of

Learning and Individuality
Learning and memory --- the acquisition of knowledge and

the retention of that information over time --- are being
studied on the cellular and molecular level. These processes,
which connect us to our past and are the key to individuality,
engage a simple set of rules to strengthen connections
between nerve cells.
Brain and Language
In the beginning, there were no words. Language arose and

persisted because it is a superb means of communication.
Three sets of interacting neural structures process language in
the brain. One supports nonlanguage concepts, another
assembles words and sentences, and a third mediates between
the first two.
Working Memory and the

Mind
Working memory has been called the blackboard of the mind.

Its ability to combine moment-to-moment awareness and
instantaneous retrieval of archived information is
fundamental to language comprehension, learning and reason.
Experiments with monkeys are identifying the key neural
structures.
Sex Differences in the Brain
The different ways in which men and women approach

intellectual problem solving have often been attributed to
variations in experience. Evidence indicates that reproductive
hormones alter brain function permanently during fetal
development. Further research may explain the evolutionary
significance of these changes.
Major Disorders of Mind and

Brain
Schizophrenia and mania --- the most devastating maladies of

the mind --- each afflict 1 percent of the population.
Impressive advances in neuroscience and genetics are
revealing the anatomic, biochemical and hereditary bases of
these disorders. Research has already shaped the
development of new therapies.
Aging Brain, Aging Mind
As we age, the neural structures involved in learning, memory

and reasoning undergo a number of physical changes. Yet
such alterations do not necessarily signal an inevitable slow
march to mindlessness and mortality. Elderly individuals who
remain in good health show only a subtle decline in cognitive
function.
How Neural Net Works

Learn from Experience
Networks of artificial neurons can learn to represent

complicated information. Such neural networks may provide
insights into the learning abilities of the human brain.
abstract-2 = "Networks of artificial neurons modeled on
conventional computers are helping explain the ability of the
brain to process and retain information. These neural-network
simulations have already ruled out many theories. They are
now beginning to reveal how the brain accomplishes the
remarkable feat of learning."
keywords: artificial neural networks; artificial neurons;
Artificial neurons; back-propagation algorithm; Brain; brain;
brain neurons; competitive learning; Information processing;
information processing; Information retention; information
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retention; Learning; learning; neural nets; Neural networks;

neural networks; population coding; principal-components
learning; training neural networks
thesaurus: Brain; Neural nets
Sep
1992
The Problem of
Consciousness
Can consciousness, the most profound and puzzling facet of

the mind, be probed experimentally? Are elusive mental
events explainable as the behavior of interacting neurons?
The authors argue that existing evidence already provides a
glimpse of the nature of visual consciousness that can guide
experimenters.
Sep
1992
Science and Business
Ag biotech moves out of the lab and into the kitchen... Virtual
reality meets the real world... The Analytical Economist:
Options to the tyranny of economic growth.
Oct
1992
Murder at Ghastleigh Grange
Oct
1992
1942: Why smashing atoms will never provide a source of

energy.
A complex metaphor; High-tech yard sale; Black programs,

white lies; What the Hubble telescope sees; Questioning
COBE; How milk triggers diabetes; Stowaway species;
Automata autos; PROFILE: Physicist Hans A. Bethe.
How Many Species in Habit

the Earth?
Nobody really knows. Estimates of the number of plant,

animal and other species vary from three million to more than
30 million, but after more than 250 years of systematic
research, taxonomists have catalogued fewer than two
million. The author argues that an accurate census is crucial
for efforts to preserve diversity and to manage the biological
and physical resources of the planet.
Oct
1992
Oct
1992
Oct
1992
Quantum Cryptography
The desire to communicate in total secrecy is probably as old

as humankind. Myriad codes and ciphers have been devised
only to be broken by mathematicians. Quantum physics may
finally give the communicating parties a decisive edge.
Because observing a quantum phenomenon perturbs that
which is seen, any attempt at eavesdropping will alert the
legitimate users.
keywords: code breaking; Heisenberg uncertainty principle;
photon polarization; privacy amplification; public-key
cryptography; quantum cryptographic devices; quantum key
distribution; Vernam cipher
Oct
1992
Mountain Sickness
As a Chinese archivist of the fifth century watched, his

companion on the Silk Route struggled to breathe, fell and
fainted, a froth dotting his lips. Death soon followed.
Mountain sickness, which is caused by a lack of oxygen at
high altitudes, has become more common as record numbers
of people visit mountains to climb, ski and vacation. But the
condition is treatable --- and preventable.
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Until recently, these proteins in the nuclei of cells were

regarded as little more than passive spindles around which the
crucial molecules of DNA wound. Their task turns out to be
more complex: histones are vital participants in the
expression and suppression of genes. Insights into their role
should help explain how the process can go awry and lead to
diseases such as cancer.
Oct
1992
Histones as Regulators of
Genes
Oct
1992
The lumbering, plump precursor of the butterfly is a favorite

comestible of many predators. So a few species have
arranged for protection by ants. The caterpillars advertise
Singing Caterpillars, Ants and
their presence by ``singing'' with a vibratory organ. They then
Symbiosis
trick the ants into defending them by releasing a chemical
that mimics an ant alarm signal and reward their fierce
bodyguards by secreting a nutritious nectar.
Oct
1992
Trends in Science Education:

Teaching Real Science
Diamonds may one day be a chip maker's best friend. The
ability to produce thin sheets of diamond from a low-pressure
gas is a significant step toward a new generation of fast,
high-temperature circuits. But formidable fabrication
problems must be overcome before diamond chips become a
commercial reality.
Oct
1992
Diamond Film
Semiconductors
keywords: C; diamond; Diamond film semiconductors;

diamond film semiconductors; Electronic devices; electronic
devices; elemental semiconductors; Epitaxial layers; epitaxial
layers; Impurities; impurities; MOSFETs; semiconductor
devices; semiconductor epitaxial layers; semiconductor
growth; semiconductor thin films; Transistor; transistor;
vapour deposition; vapour phase epitaxial growth
thesaurus: Diamond; Elemental semiconductors;
Semiconductor devices; Semiconductor epitaxial layers;
Semiconductor growth; Semiconductor thin films; Vapour
deposition; Vapour phase epitaxial growth
Oct
1992
Oct
1992
Oct
1992
Scavenging and Human

Evolution
Should we identify with the lion or the hyena? The skills of

hunting, so the theory runs, were a major factor in our
evolution into hand-using, toolmaking lords of creation. The
authors argue that the same course could have resulted from
competing with hyenas and other scavengers for carcasses
left by predators such as lions.
Teaching Real Science
Aversion to science is not just socially acceptable in

elementary and high schools --- it has become positively hip.
And the performance of U.S. students in math and science is
abysmal. Now a group of educators believes it can revitalize
science education with the establishment of innovative
national standards. But this is hardly the first attempt at
curriculum reform. Will it succeed?
The most dense data storage yet; Nanophase ceramics;

Two-cycle green machine; Clinical sequencing; Isotope
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economics; Bulk buckytubes; The Analytical Economist: Do

education vouchers make economic sense?
Oct
1992
Mathematical Recreations
Oct
1992
Books: The islanders who

greeted Columbus; Zen
astronomy
Oct
1992
Essay: Gerard Piel: An

important starting point for
managing planet Earth
Nov
1992
Letters
Hubble's enhanced image ... Defending expert witnesses.
Nov
1992
1942: The price of success in medicine is five years of life.
Nov
1992
For rent: Russian spy plane ... How bacteria resist drugs ...
Stellar oscillations ... Too much industrial policy? ... Sneaker
spill ... Controlling chaos pumps up a laser ... A cell transplant
controversy ... Profile: Philosopher Karl Popper.
Nov
1992
Health Care Forum
Nov
1992
The Expansion, Rate and Size

of the Universe
Tracking a murderer through a Hamiltonian network.
Health Care Reform
If any national issue rivals unemployment and the grim

economic outlook, it is health care. More than 35 million
Americans lack medical insurance, even though the U.S.
spends more of its gross domestic product on health care than
does any other developed nation. The solution, the author
proposes, is a radically new structure that provides universal
insurance and contains escalating costs.
Nov
1992
The Expansion Rate and Size

of the Universe
The holy grail of cosmology is an accurate determination of

the Hubble constant, the rate at which the universe is
expanding. Present measurements differ by a factor of two --a door wide enough to accommodate several divergent
hypotheses about the ultimate fate of the universe. New
techniques that promise to refine the calculation should affect
the entire field of extragalactic astronomy.
Nov
1992
Linguistic Origins of Native

Americans
Nov
1992
Nov
1992
The Risks of Software
Glitches in computer programs are annoying when they cost

an hour's work. In critical applications, such as telephone
networks, nuclear power plants or missile guidance systems,
insidious faults can spell disaster. Since even the best proof
cannot pinpoint the extent of vulnerability, the authors argue
that the use of computers should be restricted wherever
safety is a primary consideration.
keywords: Critical systems; critical systems; Dangerous
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chemical plant; dangerous chemical plant; economic and

sociologic effects; safety; Safety systems; safety systems;
Software reliability; software reliability; Uncertainty;
uncertainty
thesaurus: Economic and sociologic effects; Safety; Software
reliability
Nov
1992
Trends in Micromechanics:
Micron Machinations
The form of a protein strongly influences its function, so
creating accurate pictures of biological molecules is an
important goal. It has been magnificently achieved by the
power of the computer to create images that combine art and
engineering.
Nov
1992
Visualizing Biological
Molecules
keywords: Antibodies; antibodies; Biochemistry;

biochemistry; biology computing; Chemical reaction;
chemical reaction; chemistry computing; Complex molecules;
complex molecules; Computer aided molecular design;
computer aided molecular design; computer graphics; data
visualisation; digital simulation; Drug design; drug design;
Enzymes; enzymes; Foreign molecules; foreign molecules;
macromolecules; Molecular biology; molecular biology;
Molecular images; molecular images; Molecule dynamics;
molecule dynamics; physics computing; Protein structures;
protein structures; Scientific visualisation; scientific
visualisation; computer graphics; molecular design; molecular
images; NMR spectroscopy; scanning probe microscopy;
visualizing biological molecules; x-ray crystallography
thesaurus: Biology computing; Chemistry computing;
Computer graphics; Data visualisation; Digital simulation;
Macromolecules; Physics computing
Nov
1992
The Big Bang of Animal

Evolution
Nov
1992
Sighting Cepheid Variables
About 600 million years ago a remarkable burst of

evolutionary creativity simultaneously gave rise to the basic
body plans of all modern, multicellular animals. Why
fundamentally new designs for living creatures seem not to
have emerged from the evolutionary cauldron since then is
one of the great mysteries of biology. Several possible
explanations for the stability come up short.
Nov
1992
Linguistic Origins of Native

Americans
The first Native Americans to settle in the New World

brought with them their genes and their languages. A
comparative analysis of the many native tongues reveals
three distinct language families, indicating that the Americas
were originally populated by three successive waves of
immigration from Asia.
Nov
1992
Astronomy in the Age of

Columbus
Columbus's discovery that a vast, unknown landmass lay

between Europe and Asia vividly demonstrated that ancient
knowledge of the world was woefully incomplete. The
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geographic revolution that followed paved the way for

unorthodox astronomical ideas, including the sun-centered
cosmology of Copernicus.
keywords: Columbus's geodesy; heliocentric doctrine; history
of astronomy; planetary positions; spherical earth
Micron Machinations
Researchers are borrowing chip-making technology to

produce an array of motors, gears and other mechanical parts
so small as to be dwarfed by the point of a pin or held in the
pincers of an ant. More than displays of technical virtuosity,
these minuscule gadgets may have uses ranging from the
fabrication of devices capable of extremely dense data
storage to instruments for microsurgery.
Nov
1992
Making work work ... More funds for Sematech? ...

Biotechnology tackles second messengers ... Artificial
intelligence in drug development ... A sound solution for
refrigerators ... The Analytical Economist: When the poor are
good credit risks.
Nov
1992
The Amateur Scientist
Plotting the period of Cepheid variable stars.
Nov
1992
Books
The first accountants ... Binding chemistry ... Structural

failures.
Nov
1992
Essay
Scientists, not M.B.A.'s, should be the captains of industry.
Dec
1992
Letters to the Editor
A quantum experiment worth trying ... The Ahab of the top

quark?
Dec
1992
1892: An ingenious way to view photographs in full color.
New Challenges for 1993
Science and technology proceed through a powerful dynamic

in which answers breed yet more powerful questions. This
past year discoveries about black holes, neurotransmitters,
the origin of modern humans and many other subjects will
propel basic research to deeper levels of inquiry. Demands for
enhanced performance by users of computer networks,
advanced materials and electronics will challenge the
creativity of engineers.
Learning from Asian Schools
The high achievement of Asian students contrasts with the

performance of their peers in the U.S. But the reasons for the
difference have not been studied systematically. Now a
comparison of urban schools in Asia and America leads the
author to an astonishingly simple conclusion: Asians excel
because school is enjoyable, parents expect performance, and
professionalism in teaching is fostered.
Extremely Cold Antiprotons
The technology for capturing antimatter so that it can be

scrutinized in the laboratory has advanced rapidly.
Antiprotons cooled to energies one ten-billionth of those
possible just six years ago can be stored for months. These
trapped particles are already providing exceedingly accurate
Nov
1992
Dec
1992
Dec
1992
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1992
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measurements of mass and charge. Soon researchers hope to

produce the first antimatter atoms of hydrogen.
keywords: Antimatter atoms; antimatter atoms; Antiprotons;
antiprotons; Au-plated Cu ring; CERN; Cooling; cooling;
Cyclotron frequency; cyclotron frequency; Ion trap; ion trap;
particle sources; particle traps; Slowing; slowing
thesaurus: Cooling; Particle sources; Particle traps
Dec
1992
Trends in Biology: Why Do

We Age?
Dec
1992
When a horticulturist wants a redder rose and a cat fancier

desires a fluffier Persian, they choose stocks that exemplify
those traits and breed the progeny selectively. Similarly,
Directed Molecular Evolution techniques for amplifying, mutating and selecting the most
promising macromolecules from large populations are
enabling biochemists to imitate nature and direct the
evolution of new drugs and catalysts.
Dec
1992
Christmas in the House of

Chaos
Dec
1992
What Columbus ``Saw'' in

1492
Christopher Columbus set sail from Spain with a clear idea of

his intended destination. When he found himself in quite
another --- and unknown --- place, his observations of the
land and its inhabitants were colored by his expectations and
his desire to justify the expedition to his royal patrons. The
result was a complicated, and sometimes contradictory,
impression of the New World.
keywords: Columbus's preconceptions; Columbus's reports;
medieval maps; mythical monsters; native Americans; New
World
Dec
1992
Dec
1992
Dec
1992
The Human Voice
Despite centuries of fascination with the voices of singers and

actors, the nature of human vocalization remained largely a
mystery. Over the past two decades, interdisciplinary
collaborations and advances in technology have clarified the
way vocal sounds originate and change. Improvements in
diagnostic techniques and treatments for voice complaints
have reduced the need for surgery.
Experimental Market
Economics
It is no accident that economics is dubbed ``the dismal

science.'' While other scientists conducted controlled
experiments, economists had to infer the dynamics of the
marketplace from prices and trading volume. Now
computerized laboratories are illuminating the principles that
govern trading decisions.
Meaning and Mind in

Monkeys
Do utterances of monkeys reflect thought? The authors have

concluded that the different alarm calls of vervet monkeys
resemble human words in that they convey specific, semantic
information. Yet monkeys apparently communicate without
the knowledge or recognition of one another's mental state.
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Dec
1992
Why Do We Age?
Researchers probing one of the great mysteries of life are

beginning to make solid progress. By creating unusually
long-lived varieties of laboratory organisms, they are
revealing some of the mechanisms that may contribute to
deterioration and death --- and they are uncovering the genes
that control those processes.
Dec
1992
Mathematical Recreations
Combining order and chaos to decorate the Yule tree.
Dec
1992
Book Reviews
The season's selections for young readers.
Dec
1992
Essay
Why is English still the lingua franca of science?
Compiled by Dave Lo, based on Nelson H. F. Beebe's Bibliographies Page, Scientific American
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