operators, and are consequently readily identified and detected by the

monitoring, detection and warning links

b have been present in the system for a certain lenght of time and are difficult
to understand
as a result of the time lag between the generation and the occurence of the erro
r
c are mainly associated with the behaviour of front-line operators and are only
detected after advanced
problem-solving
d rapidly may be detected via their immediate consequences on the action in prog
ress
657
id 2137
A system is all the more reliable if it offers good detectability. The latter is
the result
of: -1 : tolerance of the various systems to errors. -2 : the sum of the automat
ic
monitoring, detection and warning facilities. -3 : the reliability of the Man-Ma
n and
Man-Machine links. -4 : the alerting capability of the Man-Machine interface. Th
e
combination of correct statements is:
a 1, 2 and 4
b 2 and 4
c 1 and 3
d 3 and 4
658
id 2139
When can a system be said to be tolerant to error? When:
a latent errors do not entail serious consequences for safety
b its safety system is too permeable to error
c its safety system has taken account of all statistically probable errors
d the consequences of an error will not seriously jeopardise safety
659
id 2140
Once detected, an error will result in cognitive consequences which:
a are prompted by inductive factors
b destabilize cognitive progress and maintain the error
c make it possible to modify behaviour with a view to adaptation
d have virtually no interaction with behaviour
660
id 2145
What means can be used to combat human error? -1 : Reducing error-prone
mechanisms. -2 : Improving the way in which error is taken into account in
training. -3 : Sanctions against the initiators of error. -4 : Improving recover
y from
errors and its consequences. The combination of correct statements is:
a 1 and 2
b 3 and 4
c 1, 2 and 4
d 2, 3 and 4
661
id 2158
Human behaviour is determined by:
a biological characteristics, social environment and cultural influences
b biological characteristics
c the social environment
d cultural influences
662
40.3. Basic aviation psychology 2002/12/22 Page 100 of 139

id 3098
The level of automation of behaviour-patterns facilitates the saving of resource
s
and therefore of attention. On the other hand, it may result in :
a decision-making errors
b mistakes
c routine errors (slips)
d errors in selecting an appropriate plan of action
663
id 3140
What happens in problem-solving when the application of a rule allows for the
situation to be resolved ?
a A second monitoring rule must be applied
b A switch is made to knowledge mode in order to refine the results
c A switch is made to knowledge- based mode in order to continue monitoring of t
he problem
d Actions return to an automatic mode
664
id 3141
In problem-solving, what determines the transition from rules-based activities t
o a
knowledge-based activity ?
a Attentional capture
b The unsuitability of the known rules for the problem posed
c Knowledge of rules which apply to the problem posed
d The unsuitability of the automated actions
665
id 3143
Which of the following errors occur at rules-based level ? 1.Omission 2.The
application of a poor rule 3. Attentional capture 4. The poor application of a g
ood
rule
a 1,3
b 1,2
c 3,4
d 2,4
666
id 3145
The descriptive aspect of errors according to Hollnagel's model describes variou
s
directly observable types of erroneous actions which are : 1. Repetition and
omission 2. The forward leap and the backward leap 3. Intrusion and anticipation
4.
Intrusion
a 1,2,4
b 1,3
c 2,4
d 1,2,3
667
id 6333
Which of the following is a typical "error of commission"?
a Forgetting to read climb checklist
b Deliberate violation of the 250 kts rule below FL 100
c Taxiing out to a wrong runway
d Jerky attitude flying due to lack of sleep
668
40.3. Basic aviation psychology 2002/12/22 Page 101 of 139
40.3.2.4. Error generation
id 722
Human errors are frequent and may take several forms :

a an error can be described as the mismatch between the pilots intention and the
result of
his/her actions
b an error of intention is an error of routine
c an violation is an error which is always involuntary
d representational errors in which the pilot has properly identified the situati
on and is familiar with the
procedure
669
id 729
Analysis of accidents involving the human factor in aviation shows that :
a there is hardly ever a single cause responsible
b only front-line operators are involved
c only pilot training will make it possible to improve the situation
d failure of the human factor is always connected with technical breakdowns
670
id 1717
What does the 'End Deterioration Effect'('Home-itis') mean?
a The tendency to sudden, imperceptible errors shortly before the end of a fligh
t
b The result of a poor preflight planning
c The potential risk of loosing orientation after flying in clouds
d The breakdown of crew coordination due to interpersonal tensions between capta
in and co-pilot