7.

1)

PASCALS LAW

This law can be stated as follows: Pressure applied to a confined fluid is

transmitted undiminished in all directions throughout the fluid and acts

perpendicular to the surfaces in contact with the fluid.

Pressure in a fluid acts equally in all directions

Pascals Law Applied to Hand Operated Hydraulic Jack

1.
2.

3.

4.
5.
6.

When the handle is pushed up, the piston rises and

creates a vacuum in the space below it.
Atmospheric pressure forces oil to leave the oil tank
and flow check valve 1 to fill the void created below
the pump piston. This suction process.
When the handle is pushed down, oil is ejected from
the small diameter pump cylinder and flow through
check valve 2 and enter the bottom end of the large
diameter load cylinder
Pressure builds up below the load piston as oil
ejected from the pump cylinder.
The pressure acting on the load piston= pressure
generated by the pump piston.
The bleed valve is a hand operated valve, when
opened allows the load to be lowered by bleeding oil
from the load cylinder back to the oil tank.

Hand operated hydraulic jack

Pascals Law Applied to Hand Operated Hydraulic Jack

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Pascals Law Applied to Hand Operated Hydraulic Jack

Pascals Law Applied to Hand Operated Hydraulic Jack

7.2)

CONSERVATION OF ENERGY

This energy laws states that energy cannot be created or destroyed.

The total energy of system remains constant.
Total energy = potential energy (elevation & pressure) + kinetic energy
( velocity)

Figure shows chunk of fluid

7.2.1

Potential energy due to elevation (PE)

PE = WZ

7.2.2

Potential energy due to pressure (PPE)

PPE =

7.2.3

Kinetic energy due to velocity/ (KE)

KE

7.2.4

1 2

2 g

Total energy (TE) possessed by W lb chunk of fluid

flows through a pipeline of a hydraulic system:

v2
ET WZ W W
constant

2g
p

CONTINUITY EQUATION

CONTINUITY EQUATION

CONTINUITY EQUATION

A hydraulic cylinder is to compress a car body to bale size in 10

sec. The operation requires a 10m stroke and a 8000N force.
If a 10bar pump is selected, find:
1. The required piston area
2. The necessary pump flow rate
3. The hydraulic power delivered by the cylinder

7.3)

BERNOULLIS EQUATION

Bernoulli's equation is one of the most useful relationships for performing

hydraulic circuit analysis.

Its application allows us to size components such as pumps, valves, and piping
for proper system operation.
The original Bernoulli equation can be derived by applying the conservation of
energy law to a hydraulic pipeline, as shown in next Figure.

7.3.1

Derivation of Bernoullis Equation

At station 1 we have W lb of fluid possessing an elevation Z1, a pressure P1

and a velocity V1.
When this W lb of fluid arrives at station 2, its elevation, pressure, and
velocity have become Z2, P2 and V2, respectively.

Type of energy

Station 1

Elevation

WZ1

Pressure

W
Kinetic

p1

v12
2g

Station 2
WZ2

p2

v 22
W
2g

The total energy possessed by the W Ib of fluid at station 1

equals
to the total energy possessed by the same W Ib of fluid at station 2,
provided frictional losses are negligibly small:

p1

v
WZ1 W
W 1

2g

p2

v
WZ 2 W
W 2

2g

Simplified, thus,

p1

v
Z1
1
2g

Elevation head

p2

v
Z2
2
2g

Pressure head

Velocity head

7.3.2

The Energy Equation

By considering ;
1. HL (Head Loss) due to frictional losses take place between station 1 to station 2.
2. HP (Pump Head) represent energy of fluid added by a pump
3. HM (Motor Head) represent energy of fluid removed by a hydraulic motor
The energy equation is given as follows where each term represents a head and has
units of length;

p1

v
p v
Z1 1 H p H m H L Z2 2 2
2g
2g

H p ( ft )

3950 xHP
QxSG

Where :
HP= pump horse power,
Q = pump flowrate (gallon per minute (gpm)
SG = specific gravity

Example 7.1
For the hydraulic system below, the following data are given below;
a.
b.
c.
d.

The pump is adding 5 hp to the fluid ( pump horsepower=5)

Pump flowrate is 30 gpm
The pipe has 1 in pipe diameter
Specific gravity of the oil is 0.9

Find the pressure available at the inlet to the hydraulic motor (station 2). Known the
pressure at station 1 is atmospheric ( 0 psig) and frictional losses between station 1
and 2 is 30 ft of oil

Solution:
Since no hydraulic motor between station 1 and 2, Hm = 0,
V1 is negligible due to cross section of an oil tank is large, so V1=0

H p ( ft )

3950 x5
732 ft
30 x0.9

H L 30 ft

p1

Z 2 Z1 20 ft

v1
p2 v2
Z1
H p H m H L Z2

2g
2g

v2
To find
;
2g
From

Q( ft 3 / s) A( ft 2 ) x v( ft / s)

Known A(ft 2 )

Q( ft 3 / s)

( D ft)2

( ft ) 2 0.00546 ft 2
4 12

Q( gpm) 30

0.0668
449
449

Q( ft 3 ) 0.0668( ft 3 )
v2 ( ft / s)

12.2 ft / s
A( ft 2 ) 0.00546( ft 2 )

v2
(12.2 ft / s) 2
Thus,

2.4 ft
2
2g
64.4 ft / s

p1

v1
p2 v2
Z1
H p H m H L Z2

2g
2g
p2

v
Z1 H p H L Z2
2
2g
2
p2 v2
H p H L Z2 Z1

2g

To find ;

p2

known (SG) x water

(0.9)(62.4) 56.2 lb / ft 3

p2 679.2 ft x 56.2 lb/ft 3 38,200 lb / ft 2

Change to units of psi;

p2

v
732 30 20
2

2g
p
679.2 ft 2

38,200
265 lb / in 2 265 psi
144

The End