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TITLE
Hydrogen and Oxygen
2. DATE OF EXPERIMENT
Wednesday, November 19th 2014
3. EXPERIMENT DONE
Wednesday, November 19th 2014
4. PURPOSE
a) Knowing Hydrogen Gas Production Method
b) Knowing the nature - Hydrogen Gas Properties
c) Identifying Gas Hydrogen and its compounds
d) Mengethaui Oxygen Gas Production Method in the Laboratory
e) Knowing the existence of Oxygen Gas In A Compound
5. BASIC THEORY
I.
HYDROGEN
Hydrogen (Latin: hydrogenium, from Greek: hydor: water, genes:
forming) is a chemical element in the periodic table that has the symbol H and
atomic number 1. At standard temperature and pressure, hydrogen is a
colorless, odorless, non- metal, single-valent, and is a diatomic gas that is
highly flammable. With the atomic mass 1.00794 amu, hydrogen is the lightest
element in the world.
Hydrogen gas is highly flammable and will burn at concentrations as
low as 4% H2 in air. The enthalpy of combustion for hydrogen is -286 kJ /
mol. Hydrogen burning according to the chemical equation:
2 H2(g) + O2(g) 2 H2O(l) + 572 kJ (286 kJ/mol)
When mixed with oxygen in various proportions, hydrogen explodes
when ignited by the fire and will explode himself at a temperature of 560 C.
Result of burning flames of pure hydrogen-oxygen emit ultraviolet and barely
visible to the naked eye.
Hydrogen in the natural gas found in two forms, namely molecular
ortho and para hydrogen, both molecular forms differ in terms of the relative
spin of electrons and the nucleus. In ortohidrogen two proton spin is parallel to
form a state olekular called "triplet with spin quantum number 1 (1/2+1/2), on
the parahydrogen protonya spin antiparallel to form a state of" singlet "and its
spin quantum number 0 (1/2-1/2). At STP (Standard Temperature Pressure)
hydrogen gas composed of 25% and 75% form the ortho form. Bentu ortho
can not be purified, due to differences in the two forms of hydrogen are the
physical properties of the two are different.
Hydrogen has the atomic number and mass number 1,008. With atomic
number is the electron configuration 1s1 Hydrogen has and the number of
electrons in the shell 1. The hydrogen atom is placed at the top along with
class 1A, but keep in mind that hydrogen is not a member of class 1A and
hydrogen is not a member of any group in the periodic table. Hydrogen is
placed in the first period along with helium, and hydrogen are on the block of
the periodic system is the block s.
HISTORY
Hydrogen comes from the Greek hydro = water, and genesis =
formation. Hydrogen has been used for many years before finally expressed as
a unique element by Cavendish in 1776. Named hydrogen by Lavoisier,
hydrogen is the element that most of all the elements in the universe. Heavy
elements were originally formed from hydrogen atoms or of elements
originally made from hydrogen atoms.
RESOURCE
Hydrogen is expected to form a composition of more than 90% of the
atoms in the universe (equal to three quarters of the universe). This element is
found in the stars and play an important role in providing the energy source of
the universe through the proton-proton reaction and carbon-nitrogen cycle.
The process of fusion of hydrogen atoms into helium in the sun produces an
enormous amount of energy.
Hydrogen can be prepared in many ways:
Steam from the heated carbon element
Decomposition of hydrocarbons with some kind of heat energy
Reactions of sodium or potassium hydroxide on aluminum
Electrolysis of water
Shifting acids by certain metals
In 1973, there were some Russian scientists who experimented produce
metallic hydrogen at a pressure of 2.8 MegaBar. At the transition point, its
density changed from 1:08 to 1.3 g / cm3. One year earlier in Livermore,
California, a group of scientists also reported a similar experiment in which
they observed the phenomenon occurs at the point of pressure-volume
churning on 2 MegaBar. Some predictions suggested that metallic hydrogen
may be metastable. Others predict hydrogen may be superconducting at room
temperature.
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF HYDROGEN
Physical
Phase
gas
Density
(0 C, 101.325 kPa)
0,08988 g/L
Melting point
14,01 K
(259,14 C, 434,45 F)
Boiling point
20,28 K
(252,87 C, 423,17 F)
Tripel point
Heat of fusion
Heat of vaporization
Heat capacity
(25 C) (H2)
28,836 Jmol1K1
P/Pa
T/K
100 k
20
Atomic properties
The crystal structure
hexagonal
1, 1
(oksida amfoter)
Electronegativity
Atomic radius
25 pm
Atomic radius
(calculation)
53 pm
Covalent radii
37 pm
120 pm
Other Information
The thermal
conductivity
nature and nature is more electronegative than hydrogen such as halide groups.
Hydrogen can react spontaneously with chlorine and fluorine at room
d. H2O
Water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom
covalently bonded. Oxygen binds strongly hydrogen due to the high
electronegativity of oxygen to produce positive and negative poles of
the water molecules so that it is donating water molecule has a dipole
moment. Fellow of water molecules can form hydrogen bonds thus
increasing the boiling point of water. Water may be in the description
as a molecule that has a polarity that can terdeprotonasi by the
reaction:
2 H2O (l) H3O+ (aq) + OH (aq)
The dissociation constants or Kw is 10-14 at 25 C.
ISOTOPES.
Normal hydrogen isotope called Protium. Other isotopes are
Deuterium (one proton and one neutron) and Tritium (one proton and two
neutrons). Hydrogen is the only element of the isotope-isotope has its own
name. Deuterium and Tritium are both used as fuel for nuclear fusion reactors.
One atom of Deuterium is found around 6000 atoms of hydrogen.
Deuterium is also used to slow neutrons. Tritium atoms are also present
but are fewer in number. Tritium can also be produced easily in nuclear
reactors and is used in the production of the hydrogen bomb (fusion).
Hydrogen gas is also used as a radioactive agent to create a bright luminous
paint.
Isotopes are elements with the same atomic number, but different mass.
These differences occur because different numbers of neutrons. Hydrogen has
three isotopes in nature, namely 1H, 2H, and 3H.
1H is a hydrogen isotope with an abundance of the most abundant where
abundance is 99.98%. Therefore, this isotope has one proton and one electron,
the other is the name protium.
2H, known by the name of Deuterium with essentially consists of one proton
and one neutron. Deuterium is not radioactive and harmless. This isotope is
INDUSTRIAL SCALE
In industry, hydrogen can be made from hydrocarbons, from the
production of the biologically through the help of algae and bacteria, through
electrolysis, or thermolysis. Production of hydrogen from hydrocarbons still to
be excellent due to this method of hydrogen can be produced in large
quantities so that other methods need to be developed further enhance the
economic roots of hydrogen,
a. Making Hydrogen from Hydrocarbons
Hydrogen can be made from natural gas with an efficiency rate of
about 80% depending on the type of hydrocarbon used. Making
hydrogen from hydrocarbons produce CO 2, so the CO2 is in the process
can be separated. Commercial production of hydrogen using the
"steam reforming" using methanol or natural gas and produce what is
referred to as syngas is a gas mixture of H2 and CO.
CH4 + H2O
->
->
2. OXYGEN
Oxygen or acid is a chemical element in the periodic table that has the
system epitome O and atomic number 8. It is kalkogen group elements and can
easily react with almost all other elements (mainly into oxide). At standard
temperature and pressure, two atoms of the element bind to form dioxygen, are
compounds with the formula O2 diatomic gas that is colorless, tasteless, and
odorless.
HISTORY
For several centuries, the experts sometimes realize that air is composed of
more than one component. The behavior of oxygen and nitrogen as components
of air led to the development of the phlogiston theory of combustion, which
captured the minds of chemists for a century. Oxygen has been made by several
experts, including Bayen and Borch, but they do not know how to collect it. They
also do not study its properties and does not recognize as a basic element oxygen.
Priestley is credited with its discovery, although Scheele also discovered it
independently. In the past, the atomic weight of oxygen is used as a standard of
comparison for other elements, until in 1961, when the IUPAC (International
Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry) using carbon 12 as the new standard of
comparison.
RESOURCE
Oxygen is the third most elements are found in abundance in the sun, and play
a role in the carbon-nitrogen cycle, the process is thought to be a source of energy
in the sun and stars. Oxygen under excited conditions give a bright red color and
the yellow-green on the Aurora Borealis.
radiation (UV). Because ozone absorbs UV waves are very strong, the ozone
layer in the atmosphere serves as a radiation shield that protects the planet.
However, near the Earth's surface, ozone is an air pollutant formed from
automobile combustion byproducts.
Tetraoksigen metastable molecules (O4) was discovered in 2001, and assumed
to be contained in one of the six phases of solid oxygen. This was evidenced in
2006, by pressing the O2 up to 20 GPa, and found rombohedral O 8 clump
structure. This clump potential as a stronger oxidant than O2 and O3, and can be
used in rocket fuel. Metallic phase of oxygen was discovered in 1990 when solid
oxygen is pressurized to above 96 GPa. Also found in 1998 that at very low
temperatures, this phase becomes superconducting.
THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
The color of liquid oxygen is blue like the sky blue color. This phenomenon is
not related; sky blue color is caused by the spread of Rayleigh. Oxygen is more
soluble in water than nitrogen. Air contains about one molecule of O 2 for every
two molekul N2, compared with the atmospheric ratio of about 1: 4. The solubility
of oxygen in water depends on the temperature. At a temperature of 0 C, the
concentration of oxygen in water is 14.6 mg L-1, when at a temperature of 20 C
the dissolved oxygen was 7.6 mg L -1. At a temperature of 25 C and 1 atm air,
fresh water containing 6.04 milliliters (mL) of oxygen per liter, when the
seawater contains about 4.95 mL per liter. At temperatures of 5 C, the solubility
increases to 9.0 mL (50% more than 25 C) per liter of pure water and 7.2 mL
(45% more) per liter for sea water.
Oxygen condenses at 90.20 K (-182.95 C, -297.31 F), and freezes at 54.36
K (-218.79 C, -361.82 F). Both liquid oxygen and oxygen solid blue sky. This
is due to the absorption of the red color. Liquid oxygen with high purity levels are
usually obtained by distillation of liquid bertingkatudara; Liquid oxygen can also
be produced from the condensation of air, using liquid nitrogen with cooling.
Oxygen is a highly reactive substance and must be separated from materials that
burn easily.
ISOTOPE
6. DESIGN OF EXPERIMENT
a) Material & Tools
Hydrogen
No
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
Amount
1
2
1
Amount
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1ml
2
1
Oxygen
No
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
0.05 M
2
11
12
Wood
Kawi stone powder
b) Procedure of Experiment
Hydrogen experiment
1.
2.
Pink solution
3.
Arise burst
4.
Arise burst
5.
Oxygen experiment
1.
Potassium Chlorate
-Inserted into the test tube as high as 0,5 cm from the bottom of the tube
-Added a little powder manganese
White powder
-Heated
White powder and black
-Collected gas by moving into water
-Tested with sticks glow
Black powder melts, gases arising
2.
Greater flame
7. DATA
8. ANALYSIS
9. DISCUSSION
10. CONCLUSION
11. REFERENCES
Achmad, Hiskia. 2001. Kimia Unsur dan Radiokimia . Bandung : PT. Citra Aditya Bakti.
Amaria. dkk. 2014. Penuntun Praktikum Kimia Anorganik II Unsur-Unsur Golongan
Utama. Surabaya. Unesa Press.
Anonim. 2014. Hidrogen. http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidrogen. accessed on 20
November 2014.
Anonim. 2013. Oksigen. http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oksigen. accessed on 20 November
2014.
Vogel (1985). Buku Teks Analisis Anorganik Kualitatif Makro dan Semimakro, Jakarta :
PT. Kalman Media Pusaka
Soetrisno, Misawa. 2008. Oksigen. http://www.chem-is-try.org/tabel_periodik/oksigen/.
accessed on 20 November 2014.
Yulianto, Mohsin. 2004. Hidrogen. http://www.chem-is-try.org/tabel_periodik/hidrogen.
accessed on 20 November 2014.
.
ANSWER QUESTIONS
Hydrogen
1. Explain what is explosion gas and its function!
Gas bubbling was caused due to the reaction of H2 gas with the flame, which is
basically the H2 gas is indeed very reactive to the fire because it reacts with the O2.
And at the laboratory scale blast is used to identify the presence of H2 gas.
2. Write all reaction on the experiment above!
Experiment 1
: Ca(s) + 2H2O(l) Ca(OH)2(aq) + H2(g)
Experiment 2
: Mg(s) + 2H2O(l) Mg(OH)2(aq) + H2(g)
Experiment 3
: Zn(s) + 2H2O(l) Zn(OH)2(aq) + H2(g)
Experiment 4
: Zn(s) + 2HCl(aq) ZnCl2(aq) + H2(g)
Experiment 5
: 2KI(aq) + H2O2(aq) 2KOH(aq) + I2(aq) + H2(g)
3. Why hydrogen peroxide is used in dilute solution!
Hydrogen peroxide is a liquid that is practically colorless. Is highly explosive and
dangerous in tinggi.Biasanya concentration of hydrogen peroxide is used as an
aqueous solution, but the 90% solution in water use.
Oxygen
1. Calculate the volume of oxygen gas is obtained when available KCLO3 1 gram !
Mol KClO3: 1/122,5 = 0,008mol
2KClO3 + MnO2 2KCl + 3O2 + MnO2
M: 0,008
R:
0,008
0,004
0,008 0,012
0,004
S:
0,004
0,008 0,012
0,004
V O2
= 0,012 x 22,4
= 0,2688 L = 268,8 mL
2. Give the Lewis structure that indicates an O 2 molecule with two unpaired valence
electrons!
equation:
2KClO3(s) +2MnO2 (s)KCl(aq) + 4O2(g)+ 2KClO4(aq)
Experiment II
Subsequent experiments, a total of 0.05 g of permanganate put into a test
tube and add 5 drops of hydrogen peroxide 4.5%. Along with the mouth of
the tube was closed with a rubber stopper directly along the hose that is
connected to the measuring cup is placed upside down in the water. White
smoke formed an oxygen gas that drives the water in a measuring cup to
get out. But in this experiment the oxygen gas produced very little so that
the volume of gas that is obtained only 1 ml. same as the previous
experiment as a test identification of the gas flame with flame produced
timber growing. It shows one of the properties of oxygen gas that can
enlarge the flame. The reaction equation:
KMnO4(s) + 2H2O2 (aq) K+(aq) + Mn2-(aq) +3O2(aq) +3 H2O(l)