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CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY OF THE RESEARCH

A. Location and the Time of the Research


In order to get a clear description about where the researcher takes
place for her research, its necessary to mention the location and the time of
the research as details as possible. The researcher chosen SMA Negeri 1
Sirandorung as the location of her research. It is located on Jend. Ahmad
Yani No. 26 Kecamatan Sirandorung Kabupaten Tapanuli Tengah. The
reason of the writer to choose the school as the location of the research due to
consideration that this school suitable with the curriculum and syllabus used
in the school, then the problem has never research in this school before and
this school has a large number of the students.
This school is built in 20 May 2005, and the headmasters lead this
school now is Tohom Banjarnahor, M.Pd. This school has three English
teachers they are Muhammad Hasbi Matondang, S.Pd, Yarnelli, S.Pd and,
Epipayas Simarmata, S.Pd. The process of this research will be done for three
months, from September up to November 2013.

B. Method of the Research


Research methods are the particular strategies researchers use to
collect the evidence necessary for building and testing theories. Actually, in
conducting a research, one of the most important thing to know is about the
methodology, because it is impossible to do something without knowing the
manner. Then, in conducting a research usually, the researcher will take many
kinds of methodology such as : experimental, expost facto, description and
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historical method. In this case, the writer wants to take one of the accordingly,
to the arising problem in this research, so the must suitable method is by using
the experimental method.
Sumadi Suryabatra (2005: 130) states that

The aim of true

experimental research is to research the possibility of causal relationship by


treating one or more experimental group. One or more treatment condition
and compare the result to one or more control that is not done treatment
activity condition. Furthermore Gay and Peter Airsian (2000: 15) state that :
The major difference between causal-comperative and
experimental reserach is that in the experiment the researcher
controls the alleged independent variable. In fact, the experimental
researcher controls over the researcher procedures. The
experimental researcher controls the selection of the participants
for the study and divides the selected participants into two or more
groups having similar characteristic at the start of the experiment.
The researcher then applies different programs or treatments to the
groups. The researcher also controls condition in the research
setting, such as when the treatments are applied by whom and for
how long. Finaaly, the researcher selects a test or measurements to
determine teh effect of the treatments of the group.
In this case, this research used two groups in collecting data, they are
experimental group and control group. The experiment class is the group that
received the treatment by coopearative learning method, while the control
class is the group that received the treatment without coopearative learning
method, the teacher just explains the materials without students active
involving. The design could be figured as the following below according to
Gay and Peter Airsian (2000: 383)
Table 1
Research Design
Class

Pre-test

Treatment

Post-test

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Experiment
Control

Cooperative Learning Method


Without Cooperative Learning
Method

C. Population and Sample


1. Population
Population refers to all subjects of the research as Suharsimi
Arikunto (2006: 130) says that population is all the subject of research.
Further Gay Wallace (2000: 120) states that Population is the group of
interest to the researcher, the group which she or he would like the result
of the study to be generalized. Generalizability is the extenth to which
the result of one study can be applied to other populations or situations.
The population may be virtually any size and may cover almost any
geographical area. The entire groups the researchet would really like to
generalize are rarely avialable. The population that the researcher would
ideally like to generalize to is referred to as the target of population
The population of this research is all the eleventh grade students
of SMA Negeri 1 Sirandorung in 2013/2014 academic year. It consists of
four classes, they are XI- A = 35, XI- B = 35, XI-C = 35 and XI D = 35,
so the total of this research is 140 students. This population is shown on
the following table below :
Table 2
Population
No
1
2
3

Class
XI A
XI B
XI C

Male
15
20
17

Female
20
15
18

Total
35
35
35

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2.

XI D

16
68

19
72

35
140

Sample
Sample is a certain number of participants taken from the
population. Suharsimi Arikunto (2006: 131) state that: Sample is a
limited number that is selected from the population to present the
population. Then Gay and Peter Airasian (2000: 140) say that:
Sampling is a process of selecting a number of individual for study in
such a way that the individuals represent the larger group from which they
were selected.
Sudjana (2001: 92) notes that Cluster sampling is used when the
population is big enough, so it needs to be classified into classes, or
groups. Therefore, in this sample the analysisi is not for individual but the
groups or classes consists of several individual. Gay and Peter Airasian
(2000: 141) say that Cluster sampling is in which groups, not individuals,
are randomly selected, clusters can be communities, satates, school
districts and so on. The steps in cluster sampling is similar to those
random sampling except that the random selection of groups (clusters) is
involved not individual. Both stratified and cluster sampling often use
multistage sampling. In this case, the researcher takes the sample by using
cluster sampling.
So the researcher takes 70 students, then divided in two classes
they are 35 students as experimental class and 35 students as control class.

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In summary, the sample were taken are class XIA as experimental class
and XIB as control class.

D. Instrument of Collecting Data


The instrument of this research is a test. A research must have a good
instrument and valid. Suharsimi Arikunto (2006: 148) says that : Instrument
of the research is a tool or facility which is used by the researcher in collecting
data in order to get the easier process and better result, in brief definition,
complete and systematic so it will be easier to be analyzed.
Based on definition previously, in doing the research must use a tool.
Tool means object or facility and its function to collect the data in the field. In
this research, the instrument is the collection of many questions. In making the
instrument should be based on the variables. In this case, by coopearative
learning method as independent variable (X variable) and reading narrative
text as dependent variable (Y variable).
Collecting data is needed in this research as the first step, the writer
specifies the operation of all definition. It means that to give the scope of both
variables of the research so it is easier to measure. According to Gay and
Airsian (2000: 157) say that: There are three major ways to collect research
data : 1) administer a standardlized instrument, 2) administer a self-developed
instrument and 3) record naturally occuring or already avalaible data (such
observing or using existing grade point average).
The data of this study is collected by administrating a test. The writer
takes some tests from school such as students work sheet. It was reading

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comprehension test which was formed in multiple choice. There are 20


questions that should answered by the students, the test is a reading test of
news, given to the both class, experiment and control class.
Reading narartive text is the ability of the students to understand and
know the narrative text which read what topic tells about and what happened
in the story. The most important things in reading narrative text are knowing
the topic, characterization, setting and plot. By knowing the indicators of
variables, it can can be measured by using items. There are 20 items test to the
students reading ability. These indicators can be seen below :
Table 3
Indicators of Reading Narrative Text
No
1
2
3
4

Indicator
Theme
Characterization
Setting
Plot

Items
5
5
4
6
20

Score
25
25
15
35
100

Number of test
1, 5, 8, 12, 15
2, 4, 5, 8, 19
3, 7,10,11
6,9,13,14,17,20
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E. Technique for Collecting Data


The technique of collecting data, the writer used some steps in
collecting the students in the classroom, giving the test items to the students,
writing the instruction and explaining how to do the test and avoid cheating
and the writer controlled the students while they were doing the test.
Collecting the data in this research is done by giving written test about the
variable.

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F. Treatment Activities
Table 4
Reading Narrative Text by Cooperative Learning Method
No

1.

Activitie
s
Opening

Teacher's Activities
-

2.

While

The teacher greets the


students
The teacher cheeks the
attendance list
The teacher introduces the
lesson
The teacher gives some
texts that contains of
narrative text and give the
students an introduction
before starting to explain
An illustration is given for
them to express the idea so
that
they
can
have
experience in learning and
reading the texts.
The teacher asked the
students to discuss the text
and answer the question
based on the text that given
to them
The students are asked to
share their ideas, the
smarter
students
motivate the weakness of
students in reading class.
Then they present the topic
in the classroom.
The teacher asks the
students randomly in order
to review the lesson and
their understanding.
The teacher checks the
students answer.
The teacher and the
students after learning and
teaching process, having a
games.

Student's Activities

The students give


full attention to the
teacher

The students pay


attention to the
teacher's guiding.
The students read
the texts with their
group or members
Students write the
kind of the texts
that they read by
grouping and with
their members.
The smart students
help
the
weak
students.
Then they present
their topic in front
of the classroom
and
the
other
groups
comment
theirs reading.
After
they
present, the teacher
gives the task by
answering
the
questions based on
the text that is given
to them.
The students play the
games after learning
process.

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3.

Closing

The teacher concludes the


lesson and give them
homework.

The students pay


attention to the
teachers
conclusion.

G. Technique of Data Analysis


For data analysis, the writer used the statistic processes, they are
descriptive analysis and inferential analysis. Descriptive analysis is used to
describe, or summarize the data, for this step the writer started by preparing
instrument, testing the validity of the instrument and giving the mark. The
criteria of evaluation can be seen on the table below according to Nana
Sudjana (2001: 92) :

Table 5
The Criteria of the Score
No
1
2
3
4

Interval
80 100
70 79
60 69
0 59

Criteria
Very Good
Good
Low
Very Low

While in experimental analysis is by using the statistical to test the


hypothesis. The two groups are compared by applying the t-test to know how
significant the effect of coopeartive learning method on the students reading
narrative text. Actually, in this research the writer used Hadis (2006: 120)
opinion by using T-test formula. The formula is shown as the following below
:

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M x M y
SDb M

Where :
to

= the result of calculation data

Mx

= Mean or value average of the variable X

My

= Mean or value average of the variable Y

SDb M

= The standard error of the difference between the mean score of


variable X and Y

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