The Pipes of Basil Rathbone's Sherlock Holmes

The House of Fear (1944) was the fourth installment of the year in Universal s She
rlock Holmes series, taking its lead (but not much else) from Doyle s story The Fiv
e Orange Pips. While it s not dramatically among the first-tier films, it s definitel
y at the top of the list, required viewing in fact, for pipe-smokers. Pipes, pip
e-smoke, pipe-talk and pipe shops all wreath their smoky way through the entire
picture, with a tobacconist s murder at the center of the plot (see Figure 38) and
an empty tobacco jar serving fittingly as the final clue to the solution of the
case.
The pipe action begins with what may be a Custom-Bilt pot, which is smoked throu
ghout the picture by the character of Captain Simpson (see Figure 37). You ll have
to watch the film and decide for yourself whether it s a Custom-Bilt, but it s a pl
easant thought.
34. Watson, MacGregor, Holmes and Peterson 4AB
Of course Holmes is smoking his Peterson 4AB. Watson s pipes are usually cradled i
nside his fist for this picture, so it s hard to know exactly what he s smoking. Var
ious members of the Murder Club smoke pipes as well, but it s the dog s head sterling
(pewter?) tobacco jar that got me salivating like Pavlov s Dog. Why doesn t anyone m
ake cool tobacco jars like this anymore? It puts my little mason jars to shame,
however hermetic they may be. There s so much pipe-smoking going on in this film t
hat if you re in a pipe club, I d recommend screen it at your next meeting.
35.
36.
37.
38.

Captain Simpson's Tobacco Jar

Watson, Tobacco Jar and Holmes with 4AB
Capt. Simpson's Possible Custombilt
Murder Club Convicted for Death of Tobacconist

The Pipes of Basil Rathbone's Sherlock Holmes: A Visual Essay

Case N 140224

THE PIPES OF BASIL RATHBONE'S SHERLOCK HOLMES:

A VISUAL ESSAY
PART II. "ENGLAND'S SECRET WEAPON"

Note: To maximize your experience of this essay, please download the screen-capt
ure illustrations in the .pdf packet by clicking HERE. This will allow you to to
ggle between the essay and full-screen photographs.

Ch. 3: Sherlock Holmes and the Voice of Terror (1942)

10. Opening Shot for the Universal Films

Sherlock Holmes and the Voice of Terror (1942) was the first of the twelve
Universal Studios pictures, and it s an auspicious launch. As Beethoven s Fifth ring
s out some eleven minutes into Voice of Terror with its V for Victory da-da-da-dum
, England s Secret Weapon is unleashed as Holmes and Watson find themselves pitted a
gainst The Big Problem of the day the Nazis and it s a real corker, thanks to a creepy
plot and the excellent performances of heavies Henry Daniell and Thomas Gomez.
It begins with the famous fog-covered two-shot of Rathbone and Bruce which
will be used throughout the Universal series, Rathbone smoking a pipe that appea
rs magnum-sized, but so dense is the fog that apart from the top of the bowl, no
thing else is distinguishable aside from the fact that it s a briar.
After the loss of the beautiful Kitty and vanquishing of the Nazis in a sui
tably gothic locale, the film ends with one of my favorite quotes from the canon
, one of the few elements actually used from His Last Bow (which the story is supp
osed to have been adapted from): There s an East wind, Watson . . . . Such a wind a
s never blew in England yet. It will be cold and bitter . . . and a good many of
us may wither before its blast. But it s God own wind, nonetheless. And a greener
, better, stronger land will be in the sunshine when the storm has cleared.
For their first Universal film, the duo use the same pipes featured in thei
r previous Twentieth Century Fox films, Watson his cherrywood and Holmes what I m
going to call until I learn better his Dunhill/Parker 120/LC, or Dunhill for short
. Holmes s pipe is again very clean, and when he packs it, he seems careful to onl
y fill it halfway.
There is also great shot of the famous Persian Slipper tobacco pouch in thi
s film (which I think appeared in Adventure), a capacious affair that could easi
ly hold a pound of Holmes favorite shag I wish someone would make a reproduction of
this! Anybody? Anybody?

11. The Persian Slipper Tobacco Pouch

12. Listening to Beethoven with the Dunhill in Voice of Terror

Ch. 4: Sherlock Holmes and the Secret Weapon (1942)

Secret Weapon continues the brilliance of the initial entries in the Fox se
ries, this time taking snippets of The Dancing Men from Doyle s story and concocting
one of those great WWII Secret Weapon scientist yarns, in this case a bomb sight.
Lionel Atwill makes an excellent Moriarty and Dennis Hoey makes his first welco
me appearance as the bumbling but likable Inspector Lestrade. The best part and th
is isn t a spoiler but a teaser is the imaginative way Moriarty uses in his attempt
to kill Holmes. A true Universal studios touch, worthy of a James Whale.
Rathbone spends his on-screen time smoking cigarettes this time around, but
in compensation Watson takes up two new pipes: a full-bent smooth billiard not
unlike Holmes own blast version from the two previous films, and a smooth straigh
t billiard. Whether by accident or design, Bruce portrays his Watson as a pipema
n with more interest in his pipes than Holmes, smoking a number of different pip
es throughout the series. It would be nice to know if these were Bruce s own, whic
h he just had in his pocket on the day of shooting and that would be my surmise.

13. Watson's Own Dunhill/parker LC/120 in Secret Weapon

14. Watson and His Straight Billiard in Secret Weapon

I confess I m a background and set freak, and enjoy freezing frames in a favo
rite movie just to linger over the composition and set designs. Notice in Figure
14 (besides Holmes in one of his disguises) a marvelous flatback sculpture direct
ly behind Watson s head it would appear to be a seaman in his Norwester cap with a ful
l-bent billiard sticking clinched between his teeth. Talk about great man-cave d
ecor!
Pride of place, however, goes not to Watson but Lionel Atwill s Moriarty, who
sports a very-plainly seen Dunhill (white spot!), an 01 apple, which he inadverte
ntly to knock over a glass of water onto some the Dancing Men codes strewed abou
t his desk.

15A. & 15B. Two Shots of Moriarty's Dunhill in Secret Weapon

Ch. 5: Sherlock Holmes in Washinghton (1943)

Sherlock Holmes in Washington (1943) pits Holmes in a chase to track down s

ome vital microfilm before it falls into Nazi hands right in the nation s capitol,
and it works fairly well as an espionage thriller, although it s a bit of a Secre
t Weapon reboot.
The Great Detective goes through the Washington case without pipe in hand o
r lip, although there is a beautiful gourd calabash on the table at 221B Baker S
treet presumably his. 1943 must ve been a bad year for pipes and in fact, now that I t
hink of it, I ve heard several guys say that the shortage of briar was really maki
ng itself felt by this point in the war. The spherical object behind the magnify
ing glass in Figure 16, by the way, is a tobacco jar, and will be carried about
the flat by Holmes in 1944 s Pearl of Death.

16. Homage to William Gillette: Calabash on the Wireless

17. Stanley's Dunhill Apple

Watson smokes two pipes this time out, a square-shanked apple and a round-s
hanked billiard. But the Pride of Pipes award again goes to the villain this time th
e evil Heinrich Hinckel aka Richard Stanley, who smokes a honey-colored Dunhill
apple (shape 01, right?) and at least two other pipes in the course of events, a
s well as sporting a robust humidor/pipe rack combination on his desk with at le
ast a dozen pipes. Apparently crime pays. Hinckel seems to have a great deal of
trouble keeping his pipes lit, however, due probably to his unfortunate habit of
trying to light them with paper matches and if you haven t seen this film, keep an
eye on those matches. They say people can burned playing with them.

18. Stanley's Humidor/Pipe Rack in Washington

Ch. 6: Sherlock Holmes Faces Death (1943)

Sherlock Holmes Meets Death (1943) is a step up to more familiar territory,

with a screenplay that sticks in the main to Doyle s story The Musgrave Ritual. The
element of suspense was no big deal at Universal, so we have clocks that strike
thirteen, howling winds, old dark houses, and of course secret passages to help
things along.
Now into his fourth picture for Universal, Rathbone finally picks up a new
pipe, thus restoring one of the fundamental personality traits of the Holmes per
sona. And here, for the first time, Basil Rathbone sports a pipe I can positivel
y identify: a Peterson 4AB. It s evident from the Blu-ray transfer that the pipe h
ad already been smoked a great deal, with carbon darkening across the rim. In th
e film, however, Holmes uses it mostly as a prop, rarely lighting it. Watson, fo
r once, is sans pipe, although among the cast several of men sport straight pipe
s.

19. First Appearance of the Peterson 4AB in SH Faces Death

The Peterson 4AB, one of Kapp & Peterson s original shapes (found in both the
ir 1896 and 1905 catalogs) was in production in 1943 and can be found on p. 21 o
f the 1937 Black & Silver Peterson catalog. We know it s a 4AB, the top-of-the-lin
e System with sterling mount, because the 309/359 (2nd and 3rd grades) of this s
hape were at that time only produced with the A or Army stem (p. 18 of the 1937 ca
talog).
What s interesting to me as a Peterson collector is that I ve never, ever heard
anyone talk seriously about Rathbone and Peterson apart from a few anecdotes eman
ating from Peterson to endorse their Sherlock Holmes series, to which I never pa
id much mind. Until now.

20. Kapp & Peterson 4AB, 1937 Black & Silver Catalogue Illustration
The Pipes of Basil Rathbone's Sherlock Holmes: A Visual Essay
Case N 140217

THE PIPES OF BASIL RATHBONE'S SHERLOCK HOLMES:

A VISUAL ESSAY
PART I. "THE GAME'S AFOOT"

Note: To maximize your experience of this essay, please download the screen-capt
ure illustrations in the .pdf packet by clicking HERE. This will allow you to to
ggle between the essay and full-screen photographs.

When I m watching films, if somebody s smokin a pipe,

that s what I zoom in on.
And if it s got a domed mount I ask myself, Is that a Peterson?
Paddy Larrigan, Artisan-Carver of Peterson s
Original Sherlock Holmes Series1

01. Basil Rathbone, Universal Studios Publicity Photograph

Sherlock Holmes is again at the forefront of the popular imagination, thank

s to the brilliant writing of Steven Moffat and Mark Gatiss and the intense perf
ormances of Benedict Cumberbatch and Martin Freeman in the BBC s third season of S
herlock. I admit that at the outset, the whole nicotine patch thing was a major
irritation, but I ve forgiven them for not being brave enough to stand up against
the Nanny State and do something really high level sociopathic like have their Hol
mes smoke a pipe because after all, that just leaves those of us who do smoke that
little edge of moral superiority (or perversity!), doesn t it? And anyway, I stan
d amazed at just how good these retellings are. These guys are real fanboys, and
I think their reinterpretations are nothing short of brilliant.
For the real deal of meticulous recreations of the original stories, however,
you have to go back a generation to Jeremy Brett s Granada Television portrayals
of the 1980s, the high point of the postmodern sensibility s fascination with peri
od authenticity. Brett himself was a nicotine-fiend, as those who love that seri
es know, and would use any excuse to light a cigarette on the set. But he also g
ave us several glimpses of the detective in rapt contemplation with his pipe.2

02. Jeremy Brett as Sherlock Holmes

Before Brett, of course, stand the fourteen adaptations of the canon by ico
ns Basil Rathbone and Nigel Bruce, whose films of the 1930s and 40s cast an inde
lible stamp on all subsequent performances. I m a huge fan of the Golden Age of Holl
ywood (1929-1948) but avoided Rathbone s interpretations for years, in part becaus

e I knew that, like the new Cumberbatch series, most of them weren t authentic Doy
le, and in part because I knew they were, well, B, movies, those budget-films know
n as programmers that were shown as the second feature.3
My conversations with artist Larry Gosser changed all that. Gosser, as you
know if you ve read my earlier article, is a freelance artist and caricaturist, an
d two of his many passions include the Rathbone canon and Peterson s Sherlock Holm
es pipe series. So imagine my surprise when I saw Gosser s rendition of a scene fr
om Rathbone s Dressed to Kill (1946) which included a large ceramic tobacco shop j
ar labeled Peterson s Tobaccos. It seemed too good to be true, but when I wrote him
he said yes, absolutely, his illustration was faithful to the movie!

03. Larry Gosser, Sherlock Holmes in Pipe Heaven (2013)

So my wife and I watched a very poor-quality public domain print of the mov
ie and were immediately hooked Rathbone s charm and what I thought might be a Peters
on pipe clinched between his teeth gave me all the impetus I needed to watch the
entire series, which has been restored by the UCLA Film & Television Archive ov
er the past several years and was released as set on Blu-ray in 2011.
If you enjoy the old black & white Hollywood classics, many (if not most) o
f these films will give you a good evening s viewing pleasure. But aside from enjo
ying them on their own terms, I confess my true motive was to investigate the pi
pes of the series those Rathbone smoked primarily, but those of Watson, Moriarty a
nd others as well, and pipes-a-plenty the series affords, again offering proof t
hat more pipes were smoked per capita in the late 1930s and 1940s than at any ot
her time since.
What follows is mostly inadequate, at least as regards the true identities
of all the vintage pipes of all makers saving my beloved Kapp & Peterson, but I m
posting it here at Neatpipes in the hopes that experts of other marques will be
able to spot pipes they know and fill in the blanks. If you re one of those expert
s and can document your expertise, or have any historical information about the
pipes Rathbone, Bruce and their stock company used throughout the series, please
let me know and I ll update this essay to include your findings. In the meantime,
I can offer you screen-captures of most of the pipes in the series and a few wo
rds about their role in each of the films.

The first two Rathbone films were A features, released in 1939 through Twenti
eth-Century Fox. Both were set in the Victorian era, both semi-faithful to their
originals (Doyle s novel for the first and William Gillette s stage play for the se
cond), and both were successful financially. Hound has never been one of my favo
rite Rathbones, but Adventures picks things up considerably. After that, Fox los

t interest.
In 1942, Universal bought the rights to 22 of the Doyle stories. For better o
r worse the supervisor of the project, Howard S. Benedict. felt that there just was
n t enough there to serve as an entire feature in any of them! That didn t stop him a
nd the studio from releasing a dozen programmers, or B films, between 1942 and 1946,
thereby unleashing what film critic Amanda J. Field calls England s Secret Weapon d
uring those dark wartime years.4

Ch. 1: The Hound of the Baskerville (1939)

Ernest Pascal wrote the screenplay, a fairly faithful adaptation of Doyle s lo

nger story, the novel Hound of the Baskervilles, sticking to it fairly well, with
only a few high-jinks along the way. It s de rigueur viewing of course, and the g
impen mire and gigantic hound are awesome, but the presence of John Carradine (w
hose performance is spot-on) reminds one that Universal Studios, and not Fox, wa
s the place for making truly uncanny horror films.

04. Rathbone's First Holmes Pipe

Rathbone s first pipe, seen in the screen-captures at Figure 04 and 05, is th

e one most people seem to associate with him and with the series as a whole. It s
a bent, sandblasted billiard and makes its appearance at about 4:16 into the fil
m. If you advance the film frame by frame from 7:15 where Holmes is in conversat
ion with Dr. Mortimer, there would appear to be a little white blip on the pipe s
stem. But if it s a Dunhill, why doesn t that white spot appear at 11:37 (Fig. 05)?
And is it an LC or merely a billiard 02?
I ve heard some say that Parker was Rathbone s go-to pipe, and that Rathbone sm
oked a Parker throughout the series. Any documentary evidence? Anybody? In any c
ase, Rathbone is a regular steam engine, puffing through most every scene with i
t, so that it s much more than a prop, becoming an extension of his personality.

05A. Dunhill or Parker?

Watson s first pipe of the series is a classic cherrywood poker of the kind m

ade famous by Ropp. The beautiful screen capture at 22:24 in Fig. 06 shows Henry
Baskerville, Watson and Mortimer. The bark on Watson s cherrywood poker is clearl
y intact. Baskerville s pipe also looks like a cherrywood, but it s impossible to sa
y.

05B. Dunhill LC Examples

05C. Contemporary Dunhill 3102

06. Baskerville & Watson with their Cherrywoods and Dr. Mortimer

Ch. 2: Adventures of Sherlock Holmes (1939)

The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes (1939) is theoretically based not on Doyl
e s book of that name, but as I said earlier, William Gillette s Doyle-endorsed play
. It is a great deal more fun than Hound with the addition of George Zucco as Mo
riarty and the blossoming of Bruce s comedic interpretation of Watson.
The film features the duo s same pipes as in the previous film, both quite pr
ominently. Holmes appears smoking the same sandblast, swan-necked billiard as he
did in Hound of the Baskervilles. The pipe is very clean, with no visible rim c
arbon, but again, I didn t see white spot in the Blu-ray print, so I wonder whethe
r it could be a Dunhill (see Fig. 08) There are a number of serious Dunhill scho
lars in the hobby, but I don t happen to know any of them. All I ve had to go on is
the late John Loring s marvelous scholarship in The Atypical LC, which you can read
at
http://loringpage.com/PipeArticles/The%20Atypical%20LC.htm.
When Watson is seen smoking, it s the cherrywood poker/gavel from Hound not a
briar, mind you, but a genuine bark-encrusted cherrywood, as seen by the promine
nt cherrywood dome and the highly-mounted, straight stem in Fig. 09.

08. Detail of Holmes and the Dunhill LC

09A. Watson's Cherrywood in Adventures

09B. Ropp Cherrywood Poker/Gavel

The Woman in Green (1945) marks a slump in the series, and after the enormous cr
eativity involved in the year s previous films, it s really not surprising. The scri
pt takes its cue from some of Holmes s great canonic adventures, the The Adventure
of the Cardboard Box (1892) a story so weird and grotesque David Lynch could ve filme
d it and Colonel Sebastian Moran s sniping-at-the-bust-of-Holmes business from The Ad
venture of the Empty House (1903). But it loses them in the mix of a weak script,
despite having arguably the best of the series incarnations of Moriarty in acto
r Henry Daniell. You wonder how a film can go wrong when a series of beautiful w
omen are murdered and found with their right forefingers amputated, but so it go
es.
For pipe smokers, there s not much to talk about, either: Holmes smokes his now cu
stomary Peterson 4AB; Watson smokes two pipes, a straight apple with sterling ba
nd which might be a Peterson shape 86 (see Figure 39) and an unbanded straight bill
iard later on (34:00 or so). Two or three members of Scotland Yard are also seen
chuffing at their pipes at the assembly of detectives which opens the film. But
cigarettes, alas, rule the day here.
39.Watson's Silver Banded Straight Apple
40. Watson and Holmes at Window of 221B Baker Street
Ch. 12: Pursuit to Algiers (1945)
The Pursuit to Algiers (1945) is best seen late at night, mildly intoxicated, or
both. Others may disagree, but it s my personal low of the series, as Holmes and Wa
tson escort the heir to the throne of Ravenia from London to Algiers aboard a pl
unky Dutch-American liner, the S. S. Friesland an in-joke reference to Doyle s The Ad
venture of the Norwood Builder (1903). Perhaps it is so very bad that, in a way,
it s almost worth seeing.
There is one redeeming quality in the film, a second delightful in-joke for Holm
es fans, wherein we re almost privy to Watson s retelling of the greatest of the unt
old adventures I m referring of course to The Giant Rat of Sumatra, which Watson menti
ons in The Adventure of the Sussex Vampire (1924), to which Watson previously allu
ded in 1942 s Secret Weapon film.
There are only two pipe moments. The first is the reappearance of Rathbone s trust
y Peterson 4AB at about 1:30 into the film and thereafter throughout, but mostly
as a prop he rarely lights it. The second is Nigel Bruce s pipe, a gorgeous silverbanded diamond-shanked bulldog so popular in that era and never produced these d
ays.
41. Holmes's Peterson 4AB in Pursuit
42. Watson's Silver Banded Diamond-Shanked Bulldog
Ch. 13: Terror by Night (1946)
Terror by Night (1946) is the train movie you remember from this series, and it re
presents a return to form, with nearly all its action-packed 60 minutes taking p
lace on the train bound from London to Edinburgh. Holmes and Watson are on board

to guard another priceless diamond, this time the Star of Rhodesia, which of cour
se goes missing almost immediately. I don t know if it s the first film to use the c
lose environment of a moving train in this way, but certainly Hollywood has retu
rned to this idea several times since. It s a return to form in many ways, with a
much tauter script and the suspense of the enclosed setting of the train.
43. Holmes's Peterson 4AB in Terror
Not much in the way of pipes in this movie. We begin once again with Holmes and
the Peterson 4AB on the platform at the train station, and Watson smokes an unch
aracteristically small pipe, a Lovat, at a few points in the film.
44. Watson's Lovat
Ch. 14: Dressed to Kill (1946)
The final film in the series brings us back to many of the leitmotifs of the can
on: a femme fatale, a difficult code unraveled, the strange breed known as collec
tors, and some great pipes and tobaccos sequences. Many critics see Dressed to Ki
ll as a lemon, but I found it quite satisfactory both dramatically and from a pi
pe lover s point of view. The story is an original, but probably inspired by The Ad
venture of the Six Napoleons (1904) with brief references to A Scandal in Bohemia (
1891), the first Holmes story Doyle published in The Strand.
For pipe collectors, the film contains the famous quote by music-box collector G
ilbert Emery that a collector buys but never sells (at about 20:02). Watson smokes
no less than three pipes this time out: first, a great diamond-shanked bulldog
that could be a Peterson XL155 (or any number of other marques, as this was a po
pular shape at the time); then a straight billiard; and finally, a straight pot.
Holmes s Peterson 4AB is looking like it needs some reconditioning by the local to
bacconist by this point, with some quite discernible rim-tar, making it obvious
that Rathbone had been smoking it consistently and not just using it as a prop.
We re also treated to another reference to Holmes monograph on the types of cigar a
sh, as well as his trip to a tobacco shop to confirm the type of cigarette smoke
d by his protagonist, femme fatale Hilda Courtney (played with revolting sensual
ity by Patricia Morison). The tobacconist scene contains an extraordinary shot f
or pipe lovers, seen in Figure 45, which Larry Gosser captured in his illustrati
on (see Figure 3): Holmes and the lady tobacconist flanking an enormous ceramic
shop jar of Peterson s Tobaccos. It s a lovely scene, and notice the giant hanging sho
p pipe, an enormous amber-stemmed meerschaum, at the upper left of the frame beh
ind Rathbone s head. This type of shop decor seems to have been fairly common at t
he time.
But the Peterson s jar, alas, is not an intentional product-endorsement of Kapp &
Peterson, as Figure 46 shows it s the name of the shop: Peterson s Tobacconist. There wa
s no Peterson shop in London in the 1940s that wouldn t happen until the early 1970s
when they opened a shop at 3 Burlington Gardens. All the same, it s a fitting and
perhaps a quiet homage to Rathbone s choice of pipes for most of the series.
45. Peterson's Tobaccos
46. Peterson's Tobacconist
47. The Return of Watson's Silver-Banded Diamond-Shanked Bulldog
It s fitting also that we end with a lovely portrait of Watson, pipe firmly clinc
hed between teeth, looking over his latest published adventures in The Strand, f
ollowed by another portrait of Holmes, one of the great Thinking Men, with the Thin
king Man s pipe, his much-used Pete 4AB.

48. Back at 221B with the 4AB

49. The Thinking Man's Evening Pipe
Coda: The Peterson Sherlock Holmes Rathbone
In the early 1990s Peterson released The Rathbone (shape XL20), the first issue
in their Return of Sherlock Holmes series of seven pipes. Like Basil Rathbone,
it s a tall pipe, elegant and powerful at the same time. On its release I remember w
ondering where the design for the shape came from. Paddy Larrigan, as Pete Nuts
know, only designed the first seven pipes for the Original Sherlock Holmes Colle
ction. Looking at the pipe, its inspiration seems obvious and its designer (whoe
ver he was) is to be applauded, because it effectively integrates the two pipes
Rathbone smoked throughout the twelve films: the graceful Swan Neck stem of the Du
nhill LC / Parker of the first two Fox-released films is mounted on what Peterso
n has always called a Dutch or straight-sided billiard of the 4AB for the remainin
g twelve Universal-released films. It s actually quite an ingenious design:

50. The Peterson Sherlock Holmes Rathbone (Natural)

The late John C. Loring s excellent article The Atypical LC contains an intriguing p
hoto of a straight-sided LC that never went into production that looks more than
a little like the Rathbone.
In closing, if you find yourself hankering after a 4AB, you can look a good
long while on the various estate markets and probably never come up with one. I
f you want to take a shortcut, you have two options: you can procure a Premier 3
09 (a sterling-mounted 309 with nearly the same grade bowl as the old 4) and sen
d it to Sallynoggin and request an AB stem. You can do the same, of course, with a
309 Standard System. Don t wait too long the 309, after its 115+ year run in the Pe
terson catalog, ceased production in the summer of 2013.

51. A Contemporary 309 Retrofit AB Masquerading as the 4AB