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The 2nd International Building Control Conference 2011

Building Conservation and Sustainability in the United

Kingdom
P. J. Godwin*
North Norfolk District Council Cromer Norfolk NR27 9EN (UK)
Institute of Historic Building Conservation Jubilee House Tisbury Wiltshire SP3 6HA (UK)

Abstract
There is an assumption on the part of some that only new building technology can meet the increasingly restrictive
construction and building standards both for the restoration or conversion of historic buildings and new build.
Indeed carbon-free construction continues to be the long-term aim of the United Kingdom governments. In recent
years the issue has been given political impetus as well as professional emphasis. The drive towards sustainability in
building is exemplified in the successive introduction of Codes for Sustainable Construction. This paper seeks to
examine the extent to which the principles of sustainability are applied in the conservation, restoration and adaptation
of historic buildings in the United Kingdom. It will also outline how traditional buildings are already examples of
sustainability and how they can be made to be more sustainable without doing harm to their character. It will also
explore the ways in which tried and tested building techniques, craftsmanship and the use of traditional materials can
still be used to meet emerging standards for sustainability and energy conservation. Whilst concentrating on historic
properties the use of traditional materials and building techniques in respect of new-build will also be outlined,
particularly in the context of retaining local distinctiveness and identity.

2011 Published by Elsevier Ltd. Open access under CC BY-NC-ND license.

Selection and/or peer-review under responsibility of Universiti Teknologi MARA Perak and
Institution of Surveyors Malaysia (ISM)
Keywords: Heritage sustainabilty character efficiency distinctiveness

1.0 Introduction
In this paper the extent to which the principles of sustainability are applied in the adaptation,
conversion and restoration of historic buildings in the UK will be assessed and considered. However
____________
*Corresponding author.
E-mail address: Phil.Godwin@north-norfolk.gov.my

1877-7058 2011 Published by Elsevier Ltd. Open access under CC BY-NC-ND license.
doi:10.1016/j.proeng.2011.11.135

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there will also be consideration given to the way in which traditional building techniques can meet
sustainability objectives for newly constructed buildings. (Clearly however the climatic conditions and
differing attitudes and values of both professionals and the general society across the world vary and its
important to take this into account).
For historic buildings in the United Kingdom and Europe the key issue in terms of sustainability
appears to be the reduction of Carbon Dioxide (CO2) emissions. Indeed this has now become part of a
wider agenda which has major political, economic and social implications.
Traditional buildings are under significant pressure to reduce carbon emissions. Fundamentally this
revolves around energy conservation and the efficiency of buildings. For new buildings the issues again
relate to the use of energy but not just in respect of the way they work but also how they are built. Yet
older buildings are capable of adaptation. The challenge is how to achieve this without damaging the
intrinsic architectural or historic character and significance of a building or structure. However sensitive
adaptation is possible. When new building design is considered the challenge is to ensure that in
meeting the sustainability agenda local and regional identity is not ignored. Local distinctiveness and
character is what makes places special and by association, their people.
So for older buildings and any of traditional construction a balance needs to be drawn between making
alterations to facilitate and improve efficiency and safeguarding the special architectural and historic
interest of a building. Otherwise lasting damage could be inflicted upon a buildings heritage value and
its significance diminished. For example it would neither be sustainable nor cost-effective to replace a
200 year old window that capable of repair and upgrading with a new double-glazed alternative, and
even less so if the anticipated life of the new window is only 20-30 years. In a cooler climate secondary
or interior glazing may be a better idea. It is this that lies at the heart of this paper. In the UK we are
where we are and the questions are constantly being asked about how we can use tried and tested
construction techniques and materials to achieve sustainability and how we should be using existing
buildings, with all their embodied energy, before we consider re-construction.
As a consequence of the above the paper that follows will concentrate on how the concepts and
principles of sustainability can be applied to historic properties before touching upon how established
building practices, which are often sustainable at heart, can apply to new-build. Among the areas to be
explored is thermal performance, embodied carbon, ventilation, making the most of a building design,
passive design and other climatic influences.
In new-build the whole emphasis in the UK seems to be on minimising energy consumption,
demonstrating energy efficiency, adaptation to future climate change and obtaining materials from
sustainable sources and avoiding long transportation. There is little or no appreciation of the need to
maintain some local identity and distinctiveness. At national government level the concentration for the
most part is upon energy conservation and this is very much reflected in the national building
regulations. Orientation and consideration of micro-climate are amongst the other aspects considered but
insulation and energy efficiency dominates the thinking in political as well as professional circles.

2.0 Historic Buildings and Sustainability

2.1 What is sustainability and how does it relate to historic buildings?
Sustainability is broadly divided into three overlapping aspects, covering environmental, economic
and social requirements and the need to bring them all into harmony. When they were first built and
inhabited, all pre-industrial buildings were by definition sustainable and zero carbon in both

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construction and use. The primary energy sources were human and animal and the materials such as
timber sustainable by their very nature. Building, heating and cooking were almost entirely fuelled by
sustainably sourced biomass. There is no inherent conflict between the retention of historic buildings
and the principles of sustainability.
The notion of preserving what we have and making the maximum use of it sits well with the aims of
building conservation. The rider to this is the fact that the historic built environment is a finite and
precious resource, although it can of course be argued that we are continuously in the process of creating
heritage and that is a point that many architects tend to stress.
As already outlined the biggest current problem as perceived in the UK is the excessive use of energy
and the production of greenhouse gases, mainly carbon dioxide, which is causing climate change. In
2008 the UK government passed the Climate Change Act. Its not specific to buildings but its general
thrust is to improve carbon management and help to move Britain in the direction of a low carbon
economy. It was also meant to show that Britain was taking the lead, unlike some. This apparently was a
response to the Kyoto Protocol of 1997 which of course set legally binding targets for emissions for all
developed and developing countries that were prepared to ratify them. There were some notable
exceptions who failed to do this.a situation exacerbated by the debacle at Copenhagen in 2009. The
specific regulation that binds the UK to the sustainability and energy conservation is the European
Directive 2002/92/EC (Energy Performance in Buildings). The UK has, until recently, progressively
increased the standards within the building regulations and the latest addition was the introduction of
Performance Certificates.
So energy efficiency is seen as the key factor and thereby dominates UK regulations Part L of those
regulations is where it is at. The Building Regulations are secondary legislation and are the basis of
building control in respect of energy conservation. They relate to all buildings when altered or extended
but not presently those hard to treat. The regulations could though be changed in 2012 with this
exception, which relates often to historic buildings removed. At the moment they are the only means of
compulsory improvement of energy efficiency in existing buildings and only apply to fuel and power.
No mention is made of conserving fabric. On the contrary active encouragement is given to its
replacement where thermal performance is improved.
3.0 Building Construction and Sustainability The Main Factors
3.1 Thermal Performance
Historic buildings are more efficient energy-wise than most models of thermal performance indicate.
But older structures perform differently from a thermal point of view to modern buildings. They are
described as being thermally heavy or having thermal mass. This is about the ability to absorb heat in
high temperatures and release it when temperatures fall. In the UK this is measured through U Value, a
number that expresses how quickly heat passes through a material. Traditional buildings in the UK and
Europe, due to their heavy thermal mass can stay cooler due to their construction and being thermally
heavy. Something to consider in terms of the climate in warmer parts of the world!
3.2 Embodied Energy and Sustainability Issues
Embodied energy is the energy consumed in extracting, processing, manufacturing, transporting and
installing building materials or equipment e.g. the energy used to fire bricks in a kiln. When we are

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considering the choice between repairing and refurbishing an existing building and re-development this
factor requires serious consideration. The energy consumption used up in the construction of new
buildings can exceed that required merely to maintain the existing building in a beneficial and
equivalent use can be manifold and far exceed the amount the energy needed to restore or repair the
existing property. The existing built environment contains significant amounts of embodied energy.
With appropriate modification, properly managed traditional built structures will last for hundreds of
years and play an important part in the conservation of energy and control over carbon emissions both
now and the future. So by keeping existing structures and buildings a contribution and a reduction in
energy use is already achieved. By retaining and re-using original materials wherever these are available
and making use of the embodied energy of those materials rather than wasting it a substantial
contribution can be made to the goal of achieving sustainable development, whether this relates to
existing buildings or new-build.
3.0 Improving Energy Efficiency in Historic Buildings
Although the biggest impact on energy usage can be from the way people use it, changes in fabric of
buildings will have the most dramatic effect on an historic buildings appearance and character. The
following issues are the most contentious for conservation professionals in the UK:
3.1 Windows
The minimum U Value in the UK Building Regulations is 2.0 W/m2.It is commonly assumed that no
historic window with its single-glazing can meet this standard. Guidance from English Heritage shows
that benign improvements such as the use of shutters, heavy curtains and secondary glazing can
significantly improve performance. Draft stripping window frames and sashes can reduce leakage or
drafts by 80%. It has to be accepted though that even with these measures the standards can never be
fully met.
3.2 Walls
When the media covers the issue of sustainability and energy conservation the only answer given seems
to be insulate, insulate, insulate. In cases where there are cavity walls and timber-framed construction
this is a viable option. However most historic buildings in the UK have solid walls and great care is
needed. There can be a very real danger that insulation can give rise to problems. Preventing the natural
drying out or breathing of solid walls can lead to damp and further decay in fabric. To ensure maximum
performance walls must be dry. Leaking downpipes, cement renders, incorrect paints inside and out can
lead to dampness. In the past our predecessors used lath and lime plasters and natural linings like hemp.
The standard of insulation may still not reach modern standards but it can get close and the added
advantage is that exterior as well as internal character is retained. Insulation may be applied to external
walls but the combined thickness of the render layer and insulation can mean that existing architectural
detail and texture can be lost.

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3.3 Roof
Similar considerations apply to roofs. Besides the visual and detailing problems that these changes can
make, it is essential that adequate levels of ventilation protect the roof structures from moisture or rot
problems. Traditionally roofs, particularly under hard surfaces like tiles have benefited from substantial
amounts of ventilation which is able to offset the large amounts of moisture generated below.
Sometimes the imperfect nature of construction is beneficial in respect of ventilation. The same applies
to windows. Making everything airtight and tanked is not always the best solution with an historic
building. Likewise insulating roofs can be a double-edged sword. Finding the right depth of insulation
and material is a real challenge.
3.4 Floors and Doors
Floors are very often key features in historic properties in the UK. Where there are floor boards are in
good condition they should be left well alone, not just from an aesthetic point of view but also an
economic and sustainability standpoint. Insulating timber floors in the UK is only worth it if there is
space under them to crawl in. Laying insulation material on top of floors stops water vapour movement
and may give rise to rot. In the British Climate external doors are generally thermally effective, as long
as their frames are 45mm thick. The panels in a door can be added to with a layer of insulation but it
should always be kept on the inside, so that external appearance and character is kept
3.5 Cleaner and Greener Technology
Perhaps the greatest threat to maintaining the character of historic buildings in the UK is the
introduction of greener and cleaner technology. Ground source heat pumps are for the most part hardly
seen, but the use of solar panels is becoming more popular. They are also being supported by
government tax incentives. They can have a devastating impact on the character and setting of historic
buildings. They can be used but their placing or attachment needs careful consideration. Often they can
be located on less prominent elevations or behind parapets and walls or even be installed in freestanding positions.
3.6 Materials
Traditional buildings are usually constructed from locally sourced materials and were naturally less
energy intensive in their supply. e.g. stone, lime mortar, timber, thatch and reeds. This is a good
example to follow for new-build too. Sourcing local materials invariably means less transport and
pollution and gives a better chance of producing buildings and structures which are distinctive to the
locality or region. On older buildings the existing materials should be replaced on a like for like basis.
This very much complies with British conservation practice and principles which essentially stems from
the approach of minimum or honest intervention and certainly no fake preservation. With historic
buildings second-hand and recycled materials are a must. An effort should be made also to find durable
materials which will last longer. This is what out forefathers in the UK inadvertently achieved those
many centuries ago. The use of natural materials with a low embodied energy is a good choice for
construction. They include wattle and daub, unfired earth/cob, straw, hemp, reed, hair, timber and lime
mortar. Some of these materials such as hemp, lime and straw even absorb CO 2. Other materials such as

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stone and brick have high-embodied energy so recycled supplies are best if sustainability is the
objective.

4.0 Historic Buildings and Sustainability - Key Principles and Philosophies in the UK
What are the lessons from the UK when it comes to alteration and adaptation of historic buildings?
Ensure you understand the significance of a building and its historic features, architecture and
contribution to the locality, including the context and setting; ensure you have enough information
to properly understand the likely impact of your intervention; obtain or undertake professional
survey inclusive of archaeological records
Minimise the physical and visual impact of any work or new equipment, including any matching,
blending or complementing any new work or reinstatements.
Avoid damage to significant historic fabric by intervening as little as possible. Ensure that there is
no unnecessary loss of significant features of special interest
Avoid removing fixtures, fittings or features of historic interest, but if unavoidable make a record.
Look at all the options for improving performance and environmental sustainability and look for
precedents elsewhere.
Use traditional building techniques and those proven to work on the building previously. Test any
new materials and systems and research accordingly. Consider the supplementing of traditional
building techniques with caution.
Locate new equipment such as solar panels and wind turbines sensitively and ideally off the
building concerned. If unavoidable find a les prominent location.
Consider how the changes could be reversed without damaging the existing fabric.
The retention of older buildings, either in their entirety, or simply by re-using components in-situ and
allowing for their thermal upgrading in benign and sympathetic ways, can provide excellent finished
results which are fully in accordance with the principles of building conservation and sustainability
Replacing an existing building with a new one requires a considerable investment of embodied energy
in materials, transport and construction typically equivalent to five or ten years of building. In global
environmental terms the balance of advantage strongly favours the retention of existing in building stock,
especially when performance in terms of energy consumption can be improved.
Sometimes it has to be appreciated that some buildings are of such quality importance or completeness
that they should not be altered at all to meet sustainability aims save in the most exceptional
circumstances.
5.0 Understanding a buildings significance and how it functions
When proposing any works to modify an older building it is important that it is properly understood.
Very few historic buildings or places survive as originally built. The majority will be made up of works
from different periods, derived from different values. When simple modifications are proposed to
individual building elements such as walls, windows and doors the significance may seem obvious. This
may be so but caution is still needed since the consequences of an accumulation of changes can be
disastrous in heritage terms.
A historic building should be regarded as a composite work of art and a document of history. This may
seem somewhat purist but it is the fundamental principle behind UK conservation philosophy. Heritage

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assets in the form of historic buildings are seen as the embodiment of the story of the nation and worth
safeguarding for their own sake, irrespective of economic value. When changes and adaptation to
sustainability standards are proposed even the slightest alterations, particularly externally can be
damaging. Some buildings have changed substantially and restoration may not be feasible, so that more
change will do little further damage. Many aspects of historic buildings may be of significance. These
are the special elements:
External features such as decorative faade, windows and doors
The spaces and the internal layout (one of the most important characteristics)
Internal features such as paneling, shutters and decorated plaster surfaces
Details such as mouldings, stucco work, wall and ceiling decoration
The principle of minimum intervention also applies in UK practice. This is based upon the concept
that the minimum absolutely necessary then the maximum historic fabric is preserved and thereby the
significance it embodies. Compatibility is vital in that all new work should blend with the old, but in a
honest and straight forward manner. Where changes may have a detrimental effect and is unavoidable
they should be made to be reversible (see above).
The next key principle in UK conservation practice which relates to the sustainability agenda is
authenticity. This requires that the history and fabric of the building is respected. It implies:
That all new work or alterations appear as of its time
That all past phases of the buildings history can be read or understood
That speculative restoration should be avoided
That nothing significant should be removed
Finally it is of course vital that you understand how the building works. Good building surveyors
should be adept. Whilst the principle and value of understanding the heritage value is self-evident there is
not always an understanding of how traditional buildings work or behave physically and functionally as
an environmental system. Buildings have always been designed and constructed specifically in order to
filter the extremes of the external environment-to keep out rain, heat, cold and control the entry of both
light and air. The internal environment of older buildings is also moderated by layout and materials. So
before considering sustainability and adaptation it is important to:
Understand how the building works on the large scale-looking at the performance on the whole
building (heating, ventilation, and energy efficiency)
On the medium scale its necessary to review conditions from place to place around the building.
On the smaller scale it is important to look at the junctions between different parts of the building
(thermal bridging).
6.0 Achieving the balance
The conversion or adaptation of an existing building, instead of creating a completely new one, takes
advantage of the energy embodied in the historic fabric of that building. The energy expended in the
manufacture of materials and their transporting together with the construction of a new building is often
equal to the energy used to service the energy requirements of a new building for up to 10 years.
Recycling existing buildings will minimise the consumption of greenhouse gases and energy used in
demolition. Traditional building materials and methods of construction are generally robust and should be
more widely promoted and used on the basis that historic buildings normally have a life span well in
excess of modern buildings.

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Historic buildings and their component parts are however a finite resource, which once lost cannot be
replaced. The process of adaptation or conversion of traditional buildings has the potential to cause
irretrievable damage though the loss of character, of archaeological information and historic fabric. Work
that is not sympathetic to the nature of the building, can for example, dramatically affect a buildings
performance.
Care must be taken to achieve a balance between work to bring an old building up to modern
performance standards and sustainability requirements. At some point the extent of work will mean that
the conservation or heritage limit will have been achieved. This can be defined as the point beyond which
conservation principles and good practice will become compromised if further changes are made to the
building, for example the replacement of a historic roof with photo-voltaic panels or the application of an
external wall treatment like render that completely covers up and detracts from the original. For
professional in the UK and the world over there is a need to reach some compromise.
Of course all of this depends upon a much deeper decision and a much deeper assessment. In the UK
the challenge of meeting the sustainability agenda whilst maintaining a respect for built heritage remains.
However in the end it will be what values the community and the nation puts upon the historic built
heritage of the nation that will determine the future of historic buildings. In Britain the past is still
treasured, as is the story of the people who made and lived and worked in historic buildings. Every nation
needs to prize its history and its identity and arriving at a position when past, present and future can be
harnessed for future generations to enjoy surely must be the answer.
7.0 New Build and Traditional Building Techniques
The last part of this paper will touch upon how traditional building techniques can be used in newbuild and how they can contribute to sustainability objectives and the delivery of sustainable
development. Architects and other designers interested in sustainability should the following principles:
Passive Design and Passive Haus by locating buildings or orientating them in certain
directions solar heat can either be harnessed and conserved or managed to prevent heat
intrusion. Choice of materials and thermal massing qualities are particularly relevant depending
upon location. The layout and passive, non- mechanical operation of the building is paramount.
Use local materials recycled materials where retaining local character is a key objective
Use natural materials with low-embodied energy such as unfired earth/clay, lime mortar,
straw, reed, timber, hemp and hair.
Use traditional building techniques lime rendering and thatching
Use materials from sustainable source such as farmed woodland
Use glass and other material with good thermal capacity and capable of adaptation in
different form
Maximise use of non-mechanical ventilation systems
In choosing building techniques and materials it is also important to consider context. Good
architects will respond to the style of the local vernacular architecture and create an innovative design
which reflects upon the locality.
A key concept is natural building. This concentrates wholly on the use of local materials and local
climatic or micro-climate conditions (which most vernacular historic buildings do anyway).Natural
building tends to depend on local ecology, geology and climate, on the character of the site and the needs
of the builders and users (Michael G Smith The Case for Natural Building in Kennedy, Smith and
Wanek (2002). But in addition to relying upon materials and building techniques there is also an emphasis

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on layout and orientation of buildings, natural ventilation and economic use of services and facilities
management.
The most common use of materials for natural or sustainable construction are clay and sand
when mixed with water and fiber like straw it can form clay blocks. This as wells as rammed earth has
marvelous thermal mass qualities. Wood from sustainable sources is the other regular choice.
There are many traditional techniques and some are now gaining a renewed popularity in the UK and
Europe. One of the oldest is adobe, which is simply a mix of clay and sand. Sometimes chopped straw or
other fibers can be added to give strength. Adobe has a good thermal mass but is not a good insulator but
it can be augmented by a double-wall (cavity). Related to the above is the use of cob. This is a mixture of
clay, sand and straw. The construction does not form bricks. It was commonly used in the south-west of
Britain (Devon and Cornwall). Its a cheap and simple form of building materials and results in a very
distinctive character or appearance. Its very durable and its been estimated that one-third of the worlds
population still live in earthen/cob dwellings even today.
Cordwood is a term used for short-lengths of debarked tree and which can be laid up crosswise with
cob mixtures to strengthen walls. Then there is Earth Bag, where stacked natural fiber like earth
or
other mixes are bagged to form footings, walls and even roofs. Rammed Earth is an earth-based wall
system finding more admires in the UK. This is compacted gravel, sand, clay that is extremely strong and
durable. Quality rammed earth walls are dense, solid and stone-like with great environmental benefit and
superior low maintenance characteristics.
Straw Bale has been used in construction since pre-history. Architects in the UK are now
experimenting with it. Bale buildings can either have a structural frame of other materials or be structural
in their own right. Straw comes from a never ending supply, as does reed and is therefore the perfect
sustainable material. And finally, apart from manufactured glass (which uses carbon of course) there is
the timber-framed house, so common in the UK in the Middle Ages (9 th to 15th centuries). Timberframing is now widely used in the mass housing in the UK. In conjunction with a number of natural
insulations and timber cladding or modern lime renders it is possible to quickly construct a high
performance and sustainable-friendly building.
7.0 Conclusion
Traditional buildings in the UK and across the whole world are already good examples of
sustainability and can very often further adapted to meet more strident sustainable construction
standards. However both in respect of building conservation and new-build, there is a need, for several
reasons, cultural and social included, to balance sustainable design objectives with the need to
safeguard the character of individual historic buildings and local distinctiveness when new-build is
delivered for an area. It is possible to adapt or convert historic buildings in a sustainable manner.
Traditional building techniques are inherently sustainable. The age and durability of historic buildings
proves the point.
In the UK scenario building conservation and sustainability are not incompatible, but there is
undeniably some conflict of interest. At this time the sustainability bandwagon or agenda holds the
centre ground. However despite this the commitment to the historic built heritage remains, both
legislatively and in the cultural values of the nation. There is a social and cultural dimension to the
decisions which have to be made as far as the built environment is concerned.
In the end it is vital to understand that historic buildings are a finite resource and that in their
existence there is not only embodied energy and carbon but the spirit and identity of the country.
Likewise in the drive towards sustainable design we should ensure that local distinctiveness and
character is retained.

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Acknowledgements
This paper would not have been possible without the assistance of UK governments agency for the
historic environment, English Heritage, at their East of England office in Cambridge. My colleagues
at North Norfolk District Council in the Conservation, Design and Landscape Unit have also been
very supportive.
References
[1]Wood C. (2009). Making historic buildings even more sustainable. Context magazine: Journal of
the Institute of Historic Building Conservation (UK) Edition 111.P.39-41
[2]Curtis R. (2010). Climate Change and Traditional Buildings: The Approach taken by Historic
Scotland.Journal of Architectural Conservation Vol.16 Issue 3 November 2010
[3]English Heritage. Guidance Note (November 2010). Energy efficiency and Historic Buildings
Application of Part L of the Building Regulations to historic and traditionally constructed buildings
or http://www.english-heritage.org.uk English Heritage provides further advice on how to achieve
energy
conservation measures at http://www.helm.org.uk/upload/pdf/EnergyConservation.pdf
[4]The Princes Regeneration Trust (2010). The Green Guide for Historic Buildings: How to improve
the environmental performance of listed and historic buildings The Stationary Office
(TSO)@Blackwell Norwich England
[5]North Norfolk District Council. Design Guide (December 2008) Supplementary Planning
Document Cromer England
[6]Nicholl R. & Hall.K The Green Building Bible Vols. 1 & 2 The low energy design technical
reference (2007) Third Edition. Green Building Press PO Box 32 Llandysul Dyfed Wales

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