Introduction to IMMUNOLOGY COURSE

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OBJECTIVES OF THE COURSE

Fundamental knowledge on
IMMUNE SYSTEM
Application of IMMUNOLOGY in everyday life:
and in Sciences
Critical thinking
And also lab skills

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CONTENTS OF THE COURSE

1. Theoretical course: 45 lecture hours
Hoai- YOUR TOURIST GUIDE
2. Practical course: 15 lecture hours
Hoai and XUAN
Contact us at: A1. 707, School of Biotech, IU, Monitor is preferable
Contact via ntthoai@hcmiu.edu.vn, all are welcome

COURSE ARRANGEMENT
1.MONITOR
2.STUDENT GROUPS: - move forward in groups!
-For competing
-For studying
-For training group skills
-For controlling
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Evaluation
Pass the exam

Activity

Score

Practical Report* (6) 30

Mid-term Exam

30

More important, you know

better the world around, you
have the knowledge
necessary or beneficial for
your career as a scientist,

Final Exam

40

technician, worker, even

farmer, businessman

Total (points)

100

*: Attendance requirement- 100 %

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How to study effectively and successfully pass

this subject?
Print out the slides and bring them with you before going the
class.
Pay attention during class, take notes on the print-out, revise
lessons right after class.
Note down questions and should not hesitate to ask. Things
required for exams are in the slides. Me and Textbooks, we
serve to explain and help you understand, thus able to
remember the information on the slides.

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Lesson of 2day?
Will not be in the examination questions but will
guide you through the course

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Introduction to IMMUNOLOGY
1. What is Immunology?
2. What is Immune System (IS)?
3. History of Immunology

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Introduction to IMMUNOLOGY
1. What is Immunology?

Immunology stems from L.- immunis = "exempt;"

Eng. = protection from disease
Immunology is the study of our protection from foreign
macromolecules or invading organisms and our responses
to
them.
Foreign macromolecule/ Antigen Immunogen:
e.g. virus protein, worm, parasite
Everything that should not be in my body

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Introduction to IMMUNOLOGY
2. What is Immune System (IS)?

Immune System: Molecules, cells, tissues and organs which provide non
specific and specific protection against Microorganisms; Microbial toxins and
Tumor cells

Crucial to human survival

- We will discuss mainly human immune system in our course
- Immune system of other species?
- Why do warm-blooded, long-lived animals required
particularly complex immune defense? (p4, DIR)

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History of Immunology
Experiential Immunology period
Experimental Immunology period
Modern Immunology period
Immunology act as an independent subject (1970s)

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I. Experiential Immunology period

(the 17th century- the middle of 19th century)

In ancient times, many serious infection diseases, such as

smallpox, plague and cholera etc, caused innumerable people
dead.

Plague !!!

--- Black Death Disease

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Story of Plague

port of Weymouth.

Yersinia pestis

The Black Death was one of the

most devastating pandemics in
human history, peaking in
Europe between 1348 and
1350, and killing between 75
million and 200 million people ~
30-60% of EU population Wikipedia

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Figure 1. Photomicrographs demonstrating the high bacterial burden of Y pestis in various organs. Top left, A: Tissue
Gram stain of a lymph node reveals the profusion of neutrophils and large clumps of Gram-negative coccobacilli
characteristic of Y pestis (Brown-Hopps, original 400). Large clusters of bacteria (arrows) are found in the alveolar
spaces (top right, B), adrenals (bottom left, C), and kidneys (bottom right, D) [hematoxylin-eosin, original 400].
Chmura et al. 2003, CHEST, Painful Lymphadenopathy and Fulminant Sepsis in a Previously Healthy 16-Year-Old Girl
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~ 430 B.C: Peloponesian War, Thucydides describes plague

the ones who had recovered from the disease could nurse
the sick without getting the disease a second time

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In 1670,
Chinese medical practitioners: variolation

Edward Jennar ----An English physician

He discovered that cowpox vaccination protected against smallpox
(Variola) in 1796

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Vaccine- Vaccination
Vaccine: A preparation of microbial antigen, often combined
with adjuvants,that is administered to individuals to induce
protective immunity against microbial infections.
Vaccination: A general term for immunization against
infectious diseases, orginally derived from immunization
against smallpox which uses the Vaccinia virus.

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Why do they not want to play with my kids?

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II. Experimental Immunology period:

Basic knowledge and concepts
(the middle of 19th century-the middle of 20th century)

1. Active immunity
2. Passive immunity
3. Mechanism of protective immunity
4. Study on immune-pathology & immune disease
5. Study on antigen
6. Study on immunochemistry
7. Study on immune tolerance
8. Study on Ab formation and hypotheses
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1. Active immunity
In the middle of 19th century

R. Koch
----Isolated and cultured bacteria successfully

Pasteur
----Infectious diseases were caused
by pathogens
In 1880, Pasteur
----Anti-cholera live-attenuated vaccine
(old culture of Chicken V. cholera)
----Artificial active immunity

Robert Koch

Louis Pasteur(1822-1895)

Active immunity:
The form of adaptive immunity that is induced by exposure to a foreign antigen and
in which the immunized individual plays an active role in responding to the antigen.

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2. Passive immunity
In the late eighties of 19th century
Roux and Yersin: Diphtheria was caused by exotoxin produced by C.
diphtheriae
 The discovery of diphtheriae antitoxin and bactericidins
Antitoxin----Antibody (Ab); Exotoxin----Antigen (Ag)
Study on reaction of Ag and Ab in vitro ----Serology
In 1890,Von Behring and Kitasato
----diphtheriae antitoxin was applied in treatment of Diphtheria
---- Artificial passive immunity

Passive immunity:
The form of immunity to an antigen that is
established in one individual by transfer of antibody
or lymphocytes from another individual who is
immune to that antigen. Examples?
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3. Mechanism of protective immunity

Cell mediated immunity(CMI) -----1883-1884, Metchnikoff:
Microorganisms were engulfed and destroyed by phagocytic cells

Humoral immunity(HI) ----1897,Ehrlich:
Ab in serum played important roles in protective immunity

Both HI and CMI were very important for protective immunity,
Ab in serum could promote the phagocytosis of phagocytic cells
---- 1903, Wright & Douglas

4. Study on immune-pathology & immune disease

In 1902, Richet and Portier----Anaphylaxis
Pirquet and Shick----Hypersensitivity
In 1903, Arthus----Arthus phenomenon
In 1906, Pirquet ---- Allergy
In 1907, Donath and Landsteiner
----Autoantibody cause autoimmune disease
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5. Study on antigen
In the early of 20th century, Landsteiner studied on antigenic determinant
(epitope)
----ABO blood type

6. Study on immunochemistry
In 1938,Tiselius and Kabat ---- Ab is globulin
In the fifties of 20th century, Porter and Edelmen, ----Molecular structure of
Ab: 4 peptides

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7. Study on immune tolerance:

No positive response to specific Ag

In 1945, Oven found natural immune tolerance

In 1953, Medawar set up animal model of acquired immune tolerance in
newborn period.

8. Hypotheses for Ab formation

Templates postulate (1930, Breinl and Haurowitz)

Variable folding postulate (1940,Pauling)

Natural selection postulate (1955,Jerne)

Clonal selection theory (1959, Burnet):- Clone: a group cells that stem
from identical cell
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Understanding specificity of antibody for antigen took years

Karl Landsteiner

Early 1900sLandsteiner revealed

antibody could be
produced vs. most
any organic
compound
Last 20 yrs- Antibody
specificity reveals
unlimited range of
reactivity also to
newly synthesized
chemicals!
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2 competing theories for antibodyantigen specificity

Ab-Ag specificity
Selective Theory
interaction as "lock and key fit"
induces cell to produce/release more antibodies

Instructional Theory
antigen serves as template, around which, antibody folds
disproved in 1960's by genetic discoveries in B cells

1950's - selective theory changed to become

Clonal Selection Theory
Paradigm of Modern Immunology
binding of Ag to specific receptor (Ab) on specific B cell stimulates that cell line

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III. Modern Immunology period

(the middle of 20th century-the 21th century)

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

Study on immune system

Study on monoclonal antibody
Study on immune genetics
Study on molecular mechanism of T/B lymphocyte activation and signal
transduction
Study on effective mechanism of immune cells
Study on clinical immunology
Study on applied immunology
New techniques of modern immunology and application

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III. Modern Immunology period

(the middle of 20th century-the 21th century)

1. Study on immune system

In 1957, Glick Fabricius found out that Chicken without bursa can not
produce Ab ----B cell

In 1961, Good and Miller ---- Cell mediated immune of new born mice
whose thymus were taken away are defective ----T cell
2. Study on monoclonal antibody
----In 1975, Kohler and Milstein
3. Study on immune genetics
----In 1978, genetic control of antibody diversity
----Discovery of accurate mechanism of immune response on gene level
(MHC, TCR , BCR)
4. Study on molecular mechanism of T/B lymphocyte activation and signal
transduction
5. Study on effective mechanism of immune cells
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6. Study on clinical immunology

Organ transplantation; Autoimmune disease; Tumor immunology;
Infectious diseases
7. Study on applied immunology

Preparation of monoclonal antibody and genetic engineering antibody;
Preparation of recombinant cytokines; Study on DNA vaccine; Study on
treatment with immune cells
8. New techniques of modern immunology and application

Separation of immune cells; Protein analysis technique; Phage display
technique; Preparation of new animal model

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