Tissues and organs of the IS

NTTH-HCMIU-IM-2014

ORIGIN OF CELLS OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM

LYMPHOID
LINEAGE

MYELOID
INNATE

ADAPTIVE

Derived from common progenitor cell in bone marrow

Pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell
NTTH-HCMIU-IM-2014

Organs and Tissues of immune system

How many lymphatic organs are there?
Where are they?
The one that you might know before this course

NTTH-HCMIU-IM-2014

Investigated later

Primary (Central) vs. Secondary (Peripheral; Systemic+ MALT)

NTTH-HCMIU-IM-2014

Synchronized with other organs

NTTH-HCMIU-IM-2014

LYMPHOCYTES,
LYMPHOID TISSUES AND ORGANS

Lymphocytes originate in bone marrow

Lymphoid tissues and organs
Primary
Production, development and maturation of lymphocytes
Bone Marrow (B cells) and Thymus gland (T cells)

Secondary
Mature lymphocytes meet pathogens and exert their
effector functions
Spleen, adenoids, tonsils, appendix, lymph nodes,
Peyers patches, mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue
(MALT)

NTTH-HCMIU-IM-2014

Immune System
Lymphoid system

NTTH-HCMIU-IM-2014

Primary lymphoid organs

In the primary lymphoid organs, lymphocytes (B, T cells):
- differentiate from lymphoid stem cells
- proliferate, are selected and mature in to functional cells
Exception: Some lymphocytes development might occur outside
primary lymphoid organs.
In the primary lymphoid organs, lymphocytes (B, T cells):
- acquire their repertoire of specific Ag receptor to cope
with the antigenic challenges that individuals encounter during
their lifetimes;
- cells with receptors for autoantigens are mostly
eliminated (negative selection);
- T cells learn to recognize appropriate self MHC
molecules in the thymus (positive selection)
NTTH-HCMIU-IM-2014

THYMUS
Bilobed organ in the
thoracic cavity
overlying the heart and
major blood vessels
Each lobe is organized
into lobules separated
from each other by
connective tissue
trabeculae
Nurse cells+ cortical
TECs+ medulary TECs
(thymic epithelial cells)
Nurse cells= IL-17
producers; proliferation
Fully developed thymic lobule

NTTH-HCMIU-IM-2014

T cell development in the thymus

CENTRAL
TOLERANCE

Diverse TCR (T cell RECEPTOR) are

generated by recombination of gene
segments encoding the TCR.
NTTH-HCMIU-IM-2014

Fetal liver and BM for B cells

Proliferation and maturation

Negative selection

Stromal reticular cells

Heavy chain rearrangement
Light chain rearrangement
NTTH-HCMIU-IM-2014

Lymphocytes (B, T) migrate to and function in

secondary lymphoid organs and tissues
1. Well-organized encapsulated organs/ systemic lymphoid
organs:
spleen: responds to blood-born pathogens/ Ags
lymph nodes: respond to Ags coming from skin or internal
surface or lymphatic vessels
2. Non-encapsulated accumulations of lymphoid tissues:
MALT- mucosa- associated lymphoid tissue: protect mucosal
surface: GALT, BALT, Genitourinary-ALT

NTTH-HCMIU-IM-2014

SPLEEN

White pulp:
- PALS- periarteriolar
lymphoid sheaths, composed
of T cell area around central
arteriole; B cell area either in
unstimulated follicles- virgin B
cells or in stimulated folliclesGerminal Center with
memory B cells
- GC also contains FDC and
Macrophages.
Red pulp:
- Plasma cells, macrophages,
lymphocytes.
- Erythrocytes, platelets,
granulocytes
Marginal zone:
-vascular organization
- B, DC and Macrophages
NTTH-HCMIU-IM-2014

Notes on THE SPLEEN

Spleen
Lymphoid organ in upper left abdomen
Functions
Remove damaged or old erythrocytes
Activation of lymphocytes from blood borne pathogens

Architecture of Spleen
Red pulp
Erythrocytes removed

White pulp
Lymphocytes stimulated

NTTH-HCMIU-IM-2014

Lymph Nodes
Kidney- shaped organs at intervals along lymphatic vessels
Size: 2- 10 mm in diameter

Cortex
APCs
Central Medulla

Paracortex

Filter Ags from the interstitial tissue fluid and lymph

NTTH-HCMIU-IM-2014

Germinal Center (spleen, lymph nodes, MALT)

NTTH-HCMIU-IM-2014

SECONDARY LYMPHOID TISSUES

ASSOCIATED WITH MUCOUS MEMBRANES- MALT
Primary portals of entry for pathogens
Respiratory tract
Gastrointestinal tract
Secondary lymphoid tissues
Bronchial-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT)
Gut-associated lymphoid tissues (GALT)
Tonsils, adenoids, appendix, Peyers patches
Pathogens are directly transferred across mucosa by M cellsnumerous microfolds

NTTH-HCMIU-IM-2014

GALT

Exist as either solitary nodules or aggregated nodules such as appendix

NTTH-HCMIU-IM-2014

Peyers patches as well as tonsils and other lymphoid areas of MALT are sites
of lymphocytes priming by Ags, which are internalized by M cells in the FollicleAssociated Epithelium-FAE
NTTH-HCMIU-IM-2014

THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM

and
LYMPHATIC CIRCULATION
Lymphatic circulation is the process by which the lymphatic system
circulates the fluid lymph throughout the body

NTTH-HCMIU-IM-2014

THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM: terminology

a subsystem of the circulatory system in the vertebrate body that
consists of a complex network of vessels, tissues, and organs.
The lymphatic system helps maintain fluid balance in the body by collecting
excess fluid and particulate matter from tissues and depositing them in the
bloodstream.
It also helps defend the body against infection by supplying disease-fighting
cells called lymphocytes.

BRITANICA ENCYCLOPEDIA

NTTH-HCMIU-IM-2014

THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM: terminology

Lymph
Fluid and cells in lymphatic vessels
Lymphatic vessels
Collect and return interstitial fluid to blood
Transport immune cells throughout body
Transport lipid from intestine to blood
Lymph nodes
Kidney shaped organs at intervals along lymphatic vessels
Other secondary lymphatic tissues and organs

NTTH-HCMIU-IM-2014

Short summary
Nave lymphocytes circulate between blood, lymph and
secondary lymph nodes
Pathogens from infected tissue sites are picked up by
lymphatic vessels and arrive at closest lymph node
T and B cells congregate at specific regions of nodes
Architecture and size of nodes change in response to
activation of lymphocytes

NTTH-HCMIU-IM-2014

NTTH-HCMIU-IM-2014

3. Circulation: cardiac and lymphatic

Thoracic/ right lymphatic duct

Color Atlas of Immunology- 2003

Wheres the oxygen-rich blood?

NTTH-HCMIU-IM-2014

NTTH-HCMIU-IM-2014

NTTH-HCMIU-IM-2014

SUMMARY

NTTH-HCMIU-IM-2014

TISSUES & ORGANS OF IS

The ARMYs CAMPs

Hemopoiesis
Lymphopoiesis
Myeolopoiesis
+/- Selection
Fig 2.28; 2.29
2.32 for T
Fig 2.35 for B

Fig 2.26: Major

organs- tissues
GALT- M cells-2.52;
BALT; NALT; CALT;
O-MALT; D-MALT

NTTH-HCMIU-IM-2014

Interesting info to
explore
Reviews on T- cells and TCR

http://www.lsic.ucla.edu/clas
ses/mimg/spring_05/mimgm
261/miceli_5_21_reading.pd
f

http://www.nature.com/nri/jo
urnal/v5/n7/full/nri1636.html
Intestinal M cell: the fallible
sentinel

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
pmc/articles/PMC1876659/

Lymphatic Drainage Therapy:

http://www.tropos.us/Lymphatic%20Drainage.htm
NTTH-HCMIU-IM-2014

1.
5.

2.
3.

6.
4.

NTTH-HCMIU-IM-2014