Professional Documents
Culture Documents
DOI 10.1007/s10661-011-1914-0
Received: 29 March 2010 / Accepted: 27 January 2011 / Published online: 10 March 2011
Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2011
Introduction
With the discovery of the synthetic dyes, the things
began to change. Cheaper to produce, brighter,
more color-fast, and easy to apply to fabric are
some of the characteristic of these new dyes.
Scientists have competed to formulate gorgeous
new colors, and synthetic dyes had become obsolete for most applications. No doubt, this brightcolored material has changed the world; however,
the chemicals used to produce dyes are often
toxic, carcinogenic, or even explosive. Among the
different pollutants of aquatic ecosystem, dyes are
152
153
154
Table 1 Reviewed results representing the adsorption capacity of agriculture and industrial waste materials for the
adsorption of dyes and their optimized pH values for maximum adsorption
Adsorbent
Dye
pH
Adsorption capacity
References
Rice husk
Activated carbon - RHC
Rice husk
Activated carbon
Activated carbon - RHS
Activated carbon - RHZ
Rice husk
Rice husk
Rice husk ash
Sugarcane bagasse
Sugarcane bagasse
Sugarcane bagasse
Activated carbon
Sugarcane bagasse
Sugarcane dust
Activated carbon
Activated carbon
Activated carbon
Activated carbon
Activated carbon
Activated carbon
Activated carbon
Activated carbon
Activated carbon
Fly ash SFA
Fly ash SFA
Fly ash CFA
Fly ash CFA
Fly ash CFA
Fly ash CFA
Fly ash CFA
Fly ash CFA
Cotton waste
Fly ash
Fly ash
Fly ash
Fly ash
Fly ash
Fly ash
Fly ash
Fly ash
Sludge ash
Sludge ash
Sludge ash
Activated carbon (sludge based)
Activated carbon (sludge based)
Activated carbon (sludge based)
Activated carbon (sludge based)
Activated carbon (Chemviron GW)
Activated carbon (Chemviron GW)
Activated carbon (Chemviron GW)
Indigo carmine
Acid yellow 36
-picoline
Crystal violet
Crystal violet
Acid blue
Congo red
Safranine
Brilliant green
Methylene blue
Methylene blue
Methyl red
Acid orange 10
Basic violet 3
Basic green 4
Acid blue 80
Acid red 114
Acid yellow 117
Reactive blue 2
Reactive yellow 2
Reactive red 4
Methylene blue
Crystal violet
Rhodamine B
Methylene blue
Rhodamine B
Methylene blue
Rhodamine B
Egacid orange II
Egacid red G
Egacid yellow G
Midlon black VL
Basic blue
Acid orange 7
Acid yellow 23
Direct yellow 28
Basic yellow 28
Disperse blue 79
Pyridine
Brilliant green
Metomega chrome
Methylene blue
Reactive blue 2
Reactive yellow 2
Basic red 46
Acid brown 283
Direct red 89
Direct black
Basic red 46
Acid brown 283
Direct red 89
5.4
3.0
7.0
10.8
10.8
2.0
6.0
7.0
3.0
5.8
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
6.0
3.0
7.0
4.0
7.0
7.0
11.0
3.0
3.2
3.0
11.0
3.5
4.0
65.90 mg g1
86.90 mg g1
15.46 mg g1
64.80 mg g1
61.60 mg g1
55.40 mg g1
14.00 mg g1
178.10 mg g1
26.20 mg g1
34.20 mg g1
99.60 mg g1
54.60 mg g1
5.78 mg g1
3.79 mg g1
3.99 mg g1
112.30 mg g1
103.30 mg g1
155.80 mg g1
0.27 mmol g1
0.24 mmol g1
0.11 mmol g1
0.93 mmol g1
0.43 mmol g1
0.48 mmol g1
2.40 103 mol g1
0.60 103 mol g1
3.60 103 mol g1
1.00 103 mol g1
4.70 103 mol g1
2.20 103 mol g1
1.50 103 mol g1
3.10 103 mol g1
277.00 mg g1
4.00 g g1
23.90 g g1
816.00 g g1
288.00 g g1
0.06 g g1
31.06 mg g1
65.9 mg g1
742.80 g g1
3.5 106 mol g1
250.00 mg g1
333.30 mg g1
188.00 mg g1
20.50 mg g1
49.20 mg g1
28.90 mg g1
106.00 mg g1
22.00 mg g1
8.40 mg g1
155
Table 1 (continued)
Adsorbent
Activated carbon (Chemviron GW)
Sugar industry mud
Activated carbon (oil palm shell)
Granular activated carbon
Granular activated carbon
Silkworm pupa
Silkworm pupa
Activated carbon W20
Activated carbon W20N
Activated carbon
(coconut tree flower)
Activated carbon (Jute fiber)
Activated carbon (rice husk)
Metal hydroxide sludge
Metal hydroxide sludge
Metal hydroxide sludge
Activated carbon (newspaper)
Powdered activated sludge
Charfines
Lignite coal
Bituminous coal
Activated carbon
Activated carbon (Cassava peel,
physical 700 C)
Activated carbon (Cassava peel,
physical 700 C)
Activated carbon (Cassava peel,
physical 700 C)
Activated carbon (Cassava peel,
chemical H3 PO4 )
Activated carbon (Cassava peel,
chemical H3 PO4 )
Activated carbon (Cassava peel,
chemical H3 PO4 )
Activated carbon (bagasses)
Activated carbon (bagasses)
Activated carbon (beds)
Activated carbon fiber (pitch)
Activated carbon fiber (pitch)
Activated carbon fiber (pitch)
Activated carbon fiber (pitch)
Activated carbon fiber (pitch)
Activated carbon fiber (pitch)
Activated carbon fiber (pitch)
Activated carbon fiber (pitch)
Activated carbon fiber (pitch)
Dye
pH
Direct black
Basic red 22
Methylene blue
Basic blue 4
Basic red 18
Basic blue 4
Basic red 18
Bisphenyl A
Bisphenyl A
Reactive red
3.0
7.0
6.5
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
9.0
8.0
6.1
Reactive red
Malachite green
Reactive red 2
Reactive red 120
Reactive red 141
Methylene blue
Direct yellow 12
Direct brown
Direct brown
Direct brown
Direct brown
Rodamine B
Direct brown
Procion orange
Acid violet
Malachite green
Methylene blue
Rodamine B
Direct brown
Procion orange
Acid violet
Malachite green
Methylene blue
Basic red 22
Acid blue 25
Yellow dye
Acid blue 9
Acid blue 74
Acid orange 10
Acid orange 51
Direct black 19
Direct yellow 11
Direct yellow 50
Basic brown 1
Basic yellow
6.1
10.2
8.6
8.6
8.6
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
5.6
6.9
6.7
6.8
6.8
6.8
7.5
8.3
8.3
8.4
8.3
8.2
4.1
5.9
7.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
Adsorption capacity
g1
References
18.70 mg
519.00 mg g1
243.90 mg g1
58.82 mmol g1
116.27 mmol g1
6.33 mmol g1
0.42 mmol g1
392.00 mg g1
438.00 mg g1
181.90 mg g1
200.00 mg g1
1.49 mmol g1
61.73 mg g1
45.87 mg g1
51.55 mg g1
390.00 mg g1
98.00 mg g1
6.40 mg g1
4.10 mg g1
2.04 mg g1
7.69 mg g1
100%
10.4%
5.3%
83.0%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
86.3%
100%
100%
608.00 mg g1
548.00 mg g1
551.00 mg g1
5.0 104 mol g1
9.0 104 mol g1
8.0 104 mol g1
1.8 104 mol g1
1.1 104 mol g1
1.8 104 mol g1
2.2 104 mol g1
1.4 103 mol g1
2.2 103 mol g1
156
Table 1 (continued)
Adsorbent
Waste Fe(III)/Cr(III) hydroxide
Activated carbon (filtrasorb 400)
Dye
Fe(III)/Cr(III) hydroxide
Congo red
Ramazol reactive
yellow
Ramazol reactive
black
Ramazol reactive
red
Crystal violet
Indigo carmine
Crystal violet
Indigo carmine
Crystal violet
Indigo carmine
Basic red
Basic red
Reactive red 141
Methylene blue
Methylene blue
Methylene blue
Methylene blue
Methylene blue
Methylene blue
Methylene blue
Basic blue 69
Acid blue 264
Methylene blue
Basic blue 69
Acid blue 264
Methylene blue
Basic blue 69
Acid blue 264
Methylene blue
Remazol red
Remazol black B
Remazol red
Remazol black B
Acid blue 80
Acid blue 80
Acid blue 80
Acid blue 80
Acid blue 80
Acid blue 80
Methylene blue
Methylene blue
Basic blue 41
Omega chrome
red ME
Direct red 12b
Fe(III)/Cr(III) hydroxide
Methylene blue
Corncob
Dye mixture
pH
Adsorption capacity
g1
References
3.0
5.7
44.00 mg
1111.00 mg g1
5.7
434.00 mg g1
5.7
400.00 mg g1
263.20 mg g1
60.00 mg g1
270.90 mg g1
54.40 mg g1
184.70 mg g1
30.80 mg g1
10.2 105 mol g1
1.11 105 mol g1
45.00 mg g1
3.47 mmol kg1
114.90 mg g1
87.00 mg g1
31.70 mg g1
28.70 mg g1
24.90 mg g1
28.30 mg g1
598.00 mg g1
983.00 mg g1
484.00 mg g1
761.00 mg g1
1014.00 mg g1
507.00 mg g1
1119.00 mg g1
1176.00 mg g1
556.00 mg g1
2.50 mg g1
2.10 mg g1
0.60 mg g1
0.60 mg g1
333.30 mg g1
59.90 mg g1
75.20 mg g1
169.50 mg g1
277.80 mg g1
384.60 mg g1
39.70 mg g1
88.50 mg g1
303.10 mg g1
0.77 mg g1
3.0
5.00 mg g1
10.0
10.00 mg g1
7.0
4.60 mg g1
Namasivayam and
Sumithra (2005)
Namasivayam and
Sumithra (2005)
Robinson et al. (2002b)
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
2.0
10.0
8.5
5.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.4
7.4
7.4
7.4
7.4
7.4
7.0
7.0
7.0
2.0
157
Table 1 (continued)
Adsorbent
Dye
pH
Adsorption capacity
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
11.1
1.5
11.0
g1
Barley husk
Activated carbon
Activated carbon
Activated carbon
Activated sludge
Activated sludge
White ash
Pellet adsorbent
White ash
Pellet adsorbent
Coir pith carbon
Coir pith carbon
Slag
Dye mixture
Acid red 114
Polar yellow
Polar blue RAWL
Basic red 18
Basic blue 9
Congo red
Congo red
Congo red
Congo red
Rhodamine B
Acid violet
Basic blue 9
8.30 mg
101.00 mg g1
128.80 mg g1
100.90 mg g1
285.70 mg g1
256.40 mg g1
171.00 mg g1
31.70 mg g1
171.00 mg g1
31.70 mg g1
2.56 mg g1
8.06 mg g1
9.95 mg g1
Slag
Acid blue 29
2.0
4.86 mg g1
Slag
Acid red 91
7.0
2.36 mg g1
Slag
Disperse red 1
2.0
33.20 mg g1
Carbonaceous adsorbent
Carbonaceous adsorbent
Carbonaceous adsorbent
Silk cotton carbon
Silk cotton carbon
Silk cotton carbon
Silk cotton carbon
Silk cotton carbon
Coconut tree sawdust carbon
Coconut tree sawdust carbon
Coconut tree sawdust carbon
Coconut tree sawdust carbon
Coconut tree sawdust carbon
Maize cob carbon
Maize cob carbon
Maize cob carbon
Maize cob carbon
Maize cob carbon
Banana pith carbon
Banana pith carbon
Banana pith carbon
Banana pith carbon
Banana pith carbon
Wheat straw
Wheat straw
Sunflower oil cake AC1
Sunflower oil cake AC2
Sunflower oil cake AC3
Activated carbon (almond shell)
Activated carbon (apricot stone)
Activated carbon (hazelnut shell)
Activated carbon (walnut shell)
Ethyl orange
Methylene yellow
Acid blue 113
Rhodamine B
Congo red
Methylene blue
Methyl violet
Malachite green
Rhodamine B
Congo red
Methylene blue
Methyl violet
Malachite green
Rhodamine B
Congo red
Methylene blue
Methyl violet
Malachite green
Rhodamine B
Congo red
Methylene blue
Methyl violet
Malachite green
Methylene blue
Citric acid
Methylene blue
Methylene blue
Methylene blue
Methylene blue
Methylene blue
Methylene blue
Methylene blue
7.0
7.0
7.0
6.1
6.7
5.1
5.0
4.9
3.2
3.5
3.6
3.9
3.3
3.2
5.0
4.0
4.3
2.1
3.2
5.0
4.0
4.3
4.1
7.0
7.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
198.40 mg g1
211.90 mg g1
221.20 mg g1
70.00 mg g1
250.00 mg g1
120.00 mg g1
225.00 mg g1
222.50 mg g1
247.50 mg g1
239.00 mg g1
225.50 mg g1
240.00 mg g1
225.00 mg g1
206.60 mg g1
191.40 mg g1
233.40 mg g1
93.60 mg g1
120.50 mg g1
206.60 mg g1
191.40 mg g1
233.40 mg g1
93.60 mg g1
120.50 mg g1
312.50 mg g1
227.27 mg g1
10.21 mg g1
16.43 mg g1
15.80 mg g1
1.33 mg g1
4.11 mg g1
8.82 mg g1
3.53 mg g1
References
Robinson et al. (2002b)
Choy et al. (1999)
Choy et al. (1999)
Choy et al. (1999)
Gulnaz et al. (2004)
Gulnaz et al. (2004)
Chou et al. (2001)
Chou et al. (2001)
Chou et al. (2001)
Chou et al. (2001)
Namasivayam et al. (2001a)
Namasivayam et al. (2001a)
Ramakrishna and
Viraraghavan (1997)
Ramakrishna and
Viraraghavan (1997)
Ramakrishna and
Viraraghavan (1997)
Ramakrishna and
Viraraghavan (1997)
Jain et al. (2003)
Jain et al. (2003)
Jain et al. (2003)
Kadirvelu et al. (2003)
Kadirvelu et al. (2003)
Kadirvelu et al. (2003)
Kadirvelu et al. (2003)
Kadirvelu et al. (2003)
Kadirvelu et al. (2003)
Kadirvelu et al. (2003)
Kadirvelu et al. (2003)
Kadirvelu et al. (2003)
Kadirvelu et al. (2003)
Kadirvelu et al. (2003)
Kadirvelu et al. (2003)
Kadirvelu et al. (2003)
Kadirvelu et al. (2003)
Kadirvelu et al. (2003)
Kadirvelu et al. (2003)
Kadirvelu et al. (2003)
Kadirvelu et al. (2003)
Kadirvelu et al. (2003)
Kadirvelu et al. (2003)
Gong et al. (2008)
Gong et al. (2008)
Karagz et al. (2008)
Karagz et al. (2008)
Karagz et al. (2008)
Aygn et al. (2003)
Aygn et al. (2003)
Aygn et al. (2003)
Aygn et al. (2003)
158
Table 1 (continued)
Adsorbent
Metal hydroxide sludge
Metal hydroxide sludge
Metal hydroxide sludge
Bark
Rice husk
Cotton waste
Hair
Coal
Bark
Rice husk
Cotton waste
Hair
Coal
Core pith
Core pith
Core pith
Activated carbon (rice husk)
Activated carbon fibers
Rice husk
Cotton waste
Hair
Coal
Bark
Rice husk
Cotton waste
Hair
Coal
Sugarcane dust
Sugarcane dust
Sugarcane dust
Activated carbon (rice husk)
Cotton
Calcium rich - fly ash
Activated carbon (sewage sludge)
Activated carbon (sewage sludge)
Commercial activated carbon
Bamboo dust carbon
Coconut shell carbon
Groundnut shell carbon
Rice husk carbon
Straw carbon
Sugarcane baggase
Activated sugarcane baggase
Lignin (sugarcane baggase)
Activated carbon PKN2
Activated carbon PKN2
Activated carbon PKN2
Activated carbon PKN3
Activated carbon PKN3
Activated carbon PKN3
Activated carbon PKN4
Activated carbon PKN4
Dye
Reactive red 2
Reactive red 120
Reactive red 141
Safranine
Safranine
Safranine
Safranine
Safranine
Methylene blue
Methylene blue
Methylene blue
Methylene blue
Methylene blue
Acid violet
Acid brilliant blue
Rhodamine B
Acid blue
Methylene blue
Safranine
Safranine
Safranine
Safranine
Methylene blue
Methylene blue
Methylene blue
Methylene blue
Methylene blue
Basic violet 10
Basic violet 1
Basic green 4
Acid blue
Direct red 28
Congo red
Methylene blue
Saphranine
Methylene blue
Methylene blue
Methylene blue
Methylene blue
Methylene blue
Methylene blue
Methylene blue
Methylene blue
Methylene blue
Methylene blue
Acid blue 74
Basic brown 1
Methylene blue
Acid blue 74
Basic brown 1
Methylene blue
Acid blue 74
pH
8.5
8.5
8.5
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
2.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
2.0
7.0
5.0
7.0
7.0
7.4
7.4
7.4
7.4
7.4
7.4
7.0
7.0
4.5
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
Adsorption capacity
g1
62.50 mg
48.30 mg g1
56.20 mg g1
1119.00 mg g1
838.00 mg g1
875.00 mg g1
190.00 mg g1
120.00 mg g1
914.00 mg g1
312.00 mg g1
270.00 mg g1
158.00 mg g1
250.00 mg g1
1.60 mg g1
16.60 mg g1
203.20 mg g1
50.00 mg g1
99.30 mg g1
838.00 mg g1
875.00 mg g1
190.00 mg g1
120.00 mg g1
914.00 mg g1
312.00 mg g1
270.00 mg g1
158.00 mg g1
250.00 mg g1
50.4 mg g1
13.9 mg g1
20.6 mg g1
50.00 mg g1
1 102 kg1
4.47 105 mol g1
6.08 mg g1
11.05 mg g1
980.30 mg g1
143.20 mg g1
277.90 mg g1
164.90 mg g1
343.50 mg g1
472.10 mg g1
96.56 mg g1
99.63 mg g1
16.50 mg g1
765.00 mg g1
549.00 mg g1
1453.00 mg g1
785.00 mg g1
561.00 mg g1
1529.00 mg g1
828.00 mg g1
567.00 mg g1
References
Netpradit et al. (2003)
Netpradit et al. (2003)
Netpradit et al. (2003)
McKay et al. (1999)
McKay et al. (1999)
McKay et al. (1999)
McKay et al. (1999)
McKay et al. (1999)
McKay et al. (1999)
McKay et al. (1999)
McKay et al. (1999)
McKay et al. (1999)
McKay et al. (1999)
Namasivayam et al. (2001b)
Namasivayam et al. (2001b)
Namasivayam et al. (2001b)
Mohamed (2004)
Zhi-yuan (2008)
McKay et al. (1999)
McKay et al. (1999)
McKay et al. (1999)
McKay et al. (1999)
McKay et al. (1999)
McKay et al. (1999)
McKay et al. (1999)
McKay et al. (1999)
McKay et al. (1999)
Ho et al. (2005a)
Ho et al. (2005a)
Ho et al. (2005a)
Mohamed (2004)
Sawada and Ueda (2003)
(2004)
Acemioglu
Rozada et al. (2003)
Rozada et al. (2003)
Kannan and Sundaram (2001)
Kannan and Sundaram (2001)
Kannan and Sundaram (2001)
Kannan and Sundaram (2001)
Kannan and Sundaram (2001)
Kannan and Sundaram (2001)
Raghuvanshi et al. (2004)
Raghuvanshi et al. (2004)
Filho et al. (2007)
Tseng (2007)
Tseng (2007)
Tseng (2007)
Tseng (2007)
Tseng (2007)
Tseng (2007)
Tseng (2007)
Tseng (2007)
159
Table 1 (continued)
Adsorbent
Activated carbon PKN4
Activated carbon (oil palm wood)
Activated carbon C1
Activated carbon C2
Activated carbon C3
Activated carbon C4
Activated carbon C5
Activated carbon C6
Activated carbon
Rice husk
Wheat bran carbon
I-GLYTAC-Cotton
I-GLYTAC-Cotton
I-GLYTAC-Cotton
II-GLYTAC-Cotton
II-GLYTAC-Cotton
II-GLYTAC-Cotton
III-GLYTAC-Cotton
III-GLYTAC-Cotton
III-GLYTAC-Cotton
IV-GLYTAC-Cotton
IV-GLYTAC-Cotton
IV-GLYTAC-Cotton
V-GLYTAC-Cotton
V-GLYTAC-Cotton
V-GLYTAC-Cotton
Porous carbon
Dye
Basic brown 1
Methylene blue
Methylene blue
Methylene blue
Methylene blue
Methylene blue
Methylene blue
Methylene blue
Rhodamine B
Rhodamine B
Methylene blue
Acid blue 25
Acid yellow 99
Reactive yellow 23
Acid blue 25
Acid yellow 99
Reactive yellow 23
Acid blue 25
Acid yellow 99
Reactive yellow 23
Acid blue 25
Acid yellow 99
Reactive yellow 23
Acid blue 25
Acid yellow 99
Reactive yellow 23
Rhodamine B
pH
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
2.1
2.1
2.5
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
3.45
Adsorption capacity
g1
1845.00 mg
90.9 mg g1
198.00 mg g1
309.00 mg g1
362.00 mg g1
412.00 mg g1
306.00 mg g1
316.00 mg g1
5.34 105 mg g1
5.87 105 mg g1
222.20 mg g1
0.26 mmol g1
0.18 mmol g1
0.19 mmol g1
0.60 mmol g1
0.39 mmol g1
0.39 mmol g1
0.64 mmol g1
0.41 mmol g1
0.41 mmol g1
0.59 mmol g1
0.37 mmol g1
0.37 mmol g1
0.59 mmol g1
0.36 mmol g1
0.36 mmol g1
0.90 mmol g1
References
Tseng (2007)
Ahmad et al. (2007)
Attia et al. (2008)
Attia et al. (2008)
Attia et al. (2008)
Attia et al. (2008)
Attia et al. (2008)
Attia et al. (2008)
Jain et al. (2007)
Jain et al. (2007)
zer and Dursun (2007)
Bouzaida and Rammah (2002)
Bouzaida and Rammah (2002)
Bouzaida and Rammah (2002)
Bouzaida and Rammah (2002)
Bouzaida and Rammah (2002)
Bouzaida and Rammah (2002)
Bouzaida and Rammah (2002)
Bouzaida and Rammah (2002)
Bouzaida and Rammah (2002)
Bouzaida and Rammah (2002)
Bouzaida and Rammah (2002)
Bouzaida and Rammah (2002)
Bouzaida and Rammah (2002)
Bouzaida and Rammah (2002)
Bouzaida and Rammah (2002)
Guo et al. (2005)
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
Table 2 Reviewed results representing the adsorption capacity of fruit waste for the adsorption of dyes and their optimized
pH values for maximum adsorption
Adsorbent
Dye
pH
Adsorption capacity
References
Methylene blue
Methylene blue
Methylene blue
Rhodamine B
Congo red
Procion orange
Acid violet 17
Direct red 28
Direct red 23
Direct red 80
Basic violet 10
Methyl orange
Methylene blue
Rhodamine B
Congo red
Methyl violet
Amido black 10B
Direct red 28
Basic blue 9
Basic violet 10
Methyl orange
Methylene blue
Rhodamine B
Congo red
Methyl violet
Amido black 10B
Rhodamine B
Direct red
Acid brilliant blue
Methylene blue
Methylene blue
Methylene blue
Methylene blue
Acid blue 25
Acid red 114
Basic blue 69
Basic red 22
Acid blue 25
Acid red 114
Basic blue 69
Basic red 22
Basic blue 69
Basic red 22
Acid blue 114
Acid red 25
Reactive dye mixture
Methylene blue
Methylene blue
Acid blue 40
Reactive black 5
Reactive red 198
9.0
8.0
11.0
3.0
5.0
3.0
6.3
8.0
2.0
2.0
8.0
5.7
7.2
5.8
7.9
5.3
5.8
8.0
8.0
8.0
5.7
7.2
5.8
7.9
5.3
5.8
4.0
3.0
3.0
6.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
8.5
8.5
2.0
16.00 mg g1
44.70 mg g1
15.20 mg g1
3.22 mg g1
22.40 mg g1
1.30 mg g1
19.88 mg g1
14.00 mg g1
10.72 mg g1
21.05 mg g1
14.30 mg g1
20.50 mg g1
18.60 mg g1
14.30 mg g1
14.00 mg g1
11.50 mg g1
7.90 mg g1
18.20 mg g1
20.80 mg g1
20.60 mg g1
21.00 mg g1
20.80 mg g1
20.60 mg g1
18.20 mg g1
12.20 mg g1
6.50 mg g1
8.50 mg g1
5.92 mg g1
4.42 mg g1
142.86 mg g1
80.29 mg g1
12.94 mg g1
17.27 mg g1
21.70 mg g1
22.90 mg g1
157.40 mg g1
76.60 mg g1
17.50 mg g1
20.00 mg g1
152.00 mg g1
75.00 mg g1
158.00 mg g1
77.00 mg g1
22.00 mg g1
23.00 mg g1
2.79 mg g1
185.00 mg g1
413.00 mg g1
1.02 104 mol g1
2.54 105 mol g1
1.08 104 mol g1
167
Table 2 (continued)
Adsorbent
Pith
Pith
Palm fruit bunch
Palm fruit bunch
Palm fruit bunch
Jack fruit peel
Dye
Acid blue 25
Basic blue 69
Basic yellow 21
Basic red 22
Basic blue 3
Basic blue 9
pH
5.0
5.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
biosorbent was 44.70 mg g1 . In one of his papers, he also reported that the total number of
experiments for achieving the highest removal of
MB from aqueous solutions using yellow passion
fruit peel (Passif lora edullis f. f lavicarpa) and
mandarin peel (Citrus reticulata) as biosorbents
two independent sets of full 23 factorial designs
with two central points (10 experiments) were experimented. In order to continue the optimization
of the system, a new full 22 factorial design with
two central points (six experiments) and a central composite surface analysis (13 experiments,
divided into four cube points, five center points,
and four axial points) were employed for yellow
passion fruit peel (PFP) and mandarin peel (MP),
respectively. Using these statistical tools, the best
conditions for MB removal from aqueous solution
were initially methylene blue (Co ) of 3.20 mg L1 ,
pH 9.0 for PFP and 11.0 for MP, and time of
contact higher than 48 h for PFP and 42.9 h for
MP (Hameed 2009).
Garlic peel
Hameed and Ahmad (2009) reported the potential of garlic peel, an agricultural waste to remove MB from aqueous solution. Experiments
were carried out as function of contact time, initial concentration (25200 mg L1 ), pH (412),
and temperature (303, 313, and 323 K). Adsorption isotherms were modeled with the Langmuir,
Freundlich, and Temkin isotherms. The data fitted
well with the Freundlich isotherm. The maximum
monolayer adsorption capacities were found to
be 82.64, 123.45, and 142.86 mg g1 at 303, 313,
and 323 K, respectively. The kinetic data were
analyzed using pseudo-first-order and pseudosecond-order models. The results indicated that
Adsorption capacity
g1
14.30 mg
150.00 mg g1
327.00 mg g1
180.00 mg g1
92.00 mg g1
285.71 mg g1
References
Ho and McKay (2003)
Ho and McKay (2003)
Nassar and Magdy (1997)
Nassar and Magdy (1997)
Nassar and Magdy (1997)
Hameed (2009)
168
169
170
171
172
Table 3 Reviewed results representing the adsorption capacity of plants waste for the adsorption of dyes and their optimized
pH values for maximum adsorption
Adsorbent
Dye
Rhodamine B
7.2
25.80 mg g1
Congo red
6.7
128.30 mg g1
Methylene blue
Methylene blue
Methylene blue
Methylene blue
Methylene blue
Methylene blue
Methylene blue
Congo red
Rhodamine B
Basic red 13
Acid blue 25
Acid blue 25
Acid blue 25
Acid blue 25
Acid yellow 36
Acid yellow 132
Acid blue 256
Basic blue 41
Basic blue 41
Basic blue 41
Basic blue 41
Basic blue 41
Basic blue 41
6.4
7.0
4.3
7.0
7.2
7.1
8.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
3.0
3.5
3.5
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
23.00 mg g1
95.10 mg g1
85.16 mg g1
90.90 mg g1
25.0 mg g1
49.96 mg g1
142.90 mg g1
35.70 mg g1
87.70 mg g1
408.00 mg g1
36.98 mg g1
31.98 mg g1
27.85 mg g1
26.19 mg g1
183.80 mg g1
398.80 mg g1
280.30 mg g1
72.60 mg g1
43.40 mg g1
67.10 mg g1
130.20 mg g1
125.30 mg g1
86.60 mg g1
Malachite green
Malachite green
Basic blue 69
Acid blue 25
Methtlene blue
Methylene violet
Remazol BB
Remazol red
Remazol black B
Methylene blue
Red basic 22
Methylene blue
Red basic 22
Brilliant green
7.0
9.0
7.0
7.0
10.0
10.0
2.0
7.0
7.0
11.0
11.0
11.0
11.0
7.0
27.00 mg g1
59.70 mg g1
77.00 mg g1
6.14 mg g1
33.44 mg g1
21.65 mg g1
34.10 mg g1
2.80 mg g1
3.30 mg g1
13.02 mg g1
23.90 mg g1
9.78 mg g1
20.20 mg g1
0.55 mmol g1
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
7.0
55.00 mol g1
39.00 mol g1
184.00 mol g1
91.00 mol g1
33.00 mol g1
36.00 mol g1
211.00 mol g1
111.00 mol g1
62.40 mg g1
Methylene blue
Methylene blue
Methylene blue
Methylene blue
Egacid orange
Egacid orange
Egacid orange
Egacid orange
Methylene blue
pH
Adsorption capacity
References
Sarma et al. (2008)
Bhattacharyya and Sharma
(2004)
Bestani et al. (2008)
Ponnusami et al. (2008)
Uddin et al. (2008)
Ahmad et al. (2007)
Darus et al. (2005)
Ofomaja (2008b)
Kumar and Kumrana (2005)
Panda et al. (2008)
Panda et al. (2008)
Ho et al. (2005b)
Ferrero (2007)
Ferrero (2007)
Ferrero (2007)
Ferrero (2007)
Malik (2003)
zacar and Sengil
(2005)
zacar and Sengil
(2005)
Elizalde-Gonzlez et al. (2007)
Elizalde-Gonzlez et al. (2007)
Elizalde-Gonzlez et al. (2007)
Elizalde-Gonzlez et al. (2007)
Elizalde-Gonzlez et al. (2007)
Elizalde-Gonzlez et al. (2007)
Garg et al. (2003)
Garg et al. (2003)
Ho and McKay (1998a)
Ho and McKay (1998a)
Ofomaja (2008a)
Ofomaja (2008a)
Morais et al. (1999)
Nigam et al. (2000)
Nigam et al. (2000)
Batzias and Sidiras (2004)
Batzias and Sidiras (2004)
Batzias and Sidiras (2004)
Batzias and Sidiras (2004)
Bhattacharyya and Sharma
(2003)
Jano et al. (2008)
Jano et al. (2008)
Jano et al. (2008)
Jano et al. (2008)
Jano et al. (2008)
Jano et al. (2008)
Jano et al. (2008)
Jano et al. (2008)
Garg et al. (2004)
173
174
Table 4 Reviewed results representing the adsorption capacity of naturally available inorganic minerals for the adsorption
of dyes and their optimized pH values for maximum adsorption
Adsorbent
Dye
pH
Adsorption capacity
References
Clay
Clay
Clay
Clay
Clay
Clay
Clay
Sepiolite
Sepiolite
Sepiolite
Sepiolite
Sepiolite
Sepiolite
Am-SiO2
Red mud
Spent activated clay
Zeolite
Zeolite
Zeolite
Zeolite
Zeolite
Zeolite
Perlite
Perlite
Ca Montmorillonite
Ca - Montmorillonite
Ti - Montmorillonite
Ti Montmorillonite
Glass powder
Raw kaolin
Pure kaolin
Calcined raw kaolin
Calcined pure kaolin
NaOH treated raw kaolin
NaOH treated pure kaolin
Calcined alunite
Calcined alunite
Calcined alunite
Fullers earth 1
Fullers earth 2
Fullers earth 3
Fullers earth 4
Balkaya lignite
Diatomaceous clay
Clay
Halloysite nanotubes
Dolomite
Charred dolomite
Fly ash
Red mud
Kaolinite
Methylene blue
Basic blue 69
Acid blue 25
Acid blue 9
Basic red 18
Basic blue 69
Basic red 22
Reactive red 239
Reactive yellow 176
Reactive black 5
Reactive blue 221
Acid blue 62
Methylene blue
Methylene blue
Congo red
Methylene blue
Reactive black 5
Reactive red 239
Reactive yellow 176
Methylene blue
Methylene blue
Alizarin sulphonate
Methylene blue
Methyl violet
Basic green 5
Basic violet 10
Basic green 5
Basic violet 10
Carminic acid
Methylene blue
Methylene blue
Methylene blue
Methylene blue
Methylene blue
Methylene blue
Reactive blue 114
Reactive yellow 64
Reactive red 124
Methylene blue
Methylene blue
Methylene blue
Methylene blue
Methylene blue
Methylene blue
Methylene blue
Methylene blue
Brilliant red
Brilliant red
Methylene blue
Methylene blue
Safranin - O
7.0
7.0
7.0
3.0
3.0
7.0
7.0
11.0
11.0
11.0
6.7
6.7
6.6
5.0
2.0
8.0
11.0
11.0
11.0
7.0
5.0
8.0
11.0
9.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
2.0
10.0
10.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
10.0
7.0
7.0
5.2
5.2
9.2
6.30 mg g1
1200.00 mg g1
220.00 mg g1
57.80 mg g1
157.00 mg g1
585.00 mg g1
488.40 mg g1
108.80 mg g1
169.10 mg g1
120.50 mg g1
55.9 104 mol g1
32.9 104 mol g1
1.87 104 mol g1
70.86 mmol kg1
4.05 mg g1
3.41 104 mol g1
60.50 mg g1
111.10 mg g1
88.50 mg g1
0.045 mmolg1
33.83 mmol kg1
7.13 mmol kg1
9.1 106 mol g1
1.4 105 mol g1
156.30 mg g1
414.90 mg g1
170.50 mg g1
961.50 mg g1
8.2 103 mmol g1
13.99 mg g1
15.55 mg g1
7.59 mg g1
8.88 mg g1
16.34 mg g1
20.49 mg g1
170.70 mg g1
236.00 mg g1
153.00 mg g1
4.48 104 mol g1
6.11 104 mol g1
6.00 104 mol g1
6.34 104 mol g1
40.00 mg g1
4.2 104 mmol g1
0.15 meq g1
84.32 mg g1
900.00 mg g1
110.00 mg g1
1.4 105 mol g1
7.8 106 mol g1
10.45 mol m2
175
Table 4 (continued)
Adsorbent
Kaolinite
Kaolinite
Kaolinite
QAL alumina
QAL alumina
QAL alumina
QAL alumina
Gibbsite
Gibbsite
Gibbsite
Gibbsite
Silica
Silica
Silica
Silica
Diatomaceous earth
Activated bentonite
Anion clay hydrotalcite
Bentonite HDMTA
Bentonite HDMTA
Bentonite BTEA
Bentonite BTEA
Bentonite Na
Bentonite DTMA
Bentonite
Bentonite
Crude clay
Sand
Raw bentonite
Modified bentonite
Fly ash
Sepiolite
Clinoptilolite
Clinoptilolite
Natural zeolite
Modified zeolite CTAB
Modified zeolite HDTMA
Bentonite
Anilinepropylsilica xerogel
Na-Bentonite
Ca-Bentonite
Arizona
Illite
Kaolinite
Zeolite
Zeolite
Zeolite
Bentonite
Silica
Sand
Sepiolite
Sepiolite
Dye
Azure - A
3,6-diamino acridine
9-amino acridine
Safranin - O
Azure - A
3,6-diamino acridine
9-amino acridine
Safranin - O
Azure - A
3,6-diamino acridine
9-amino acridine
Safranin - O
Azure - A
3,6-diamino acridine
9-amino acridine
Methylene blue
SELLA FAST Brown H
Acid blue 29
2 nitrophenol
2 chlorophenol
2 nitrophenol
2 chlorophenol
Acid blue 193
Acid blue 193
Basic red 2
Basic blue 9
Basic red 46
Methylene blue
Crystal violet
Crystal violet
Reactive Blue 21
Reactive Blue 21
Amido Black 10B
Safranine T
Basic red 46
Reactive yellow 176
Reactive yellow 176
Methylene blue
Congo red
Methylene blue
Methylene blue
Methylene blue
Methylene blue
Methylene blue
Everzol black B
Everzol red 3BS
Everzol yellow 3RS H/C
Malachite green
Basic blue 3
Methylene blue
Acid red 57
Methyl violet
pH
9.2
9.2
9.2
9.2
9.2
9.2
9.2
9.2
9.2
9.2
9.2
9.2
9.2
9.2
9.2
11.0
7.0
7.0
10.0
10.0
4.0
4.0
1.5
1.5
7.9
9.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
2.0
2.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
8.9
7.0
6.0
6.6
Adsorption capacity
m2
8.80 mol
7.18 mol m2
4.85 mol m2
0.55 mol m2
0.45 mol m2
0.34 mol m2
0.02 mol m2
1.40 mol m2
0.90 mol m2
0.70 mol m2
0.80 mol m2
1.40 mol m2
0.88 mol m2
1.15 mol m2
0.40 mol m2
198.00 mg g1
0.36 mg g1
34.00 mg g1
18.64 mg g1
9.95 mg g1
23.02 mg g1
10.04 mg g1
67.10 mg g1
740.50 mg g1
274.00 mg g1
1667.00 mg g1
54.00 mg g1
0.64 mol g1
0.32 mmol g1
1.12 mmol g1
106.71 mg g1
66.67 mg g1
55.13 g g1
11.20 g g1
8.56 mg g1
5.54 mg g1
13.15 mg g1
33.00 mg g1
22.62 mg g1
0.75 mmol g1
0.65 mmol g1
1.15 mmol g1
0.25 mmol g1
0.06 mmol g1
2.90 mg g1
3.70 mg g1
7.60 mg g1
7.72 mg g1
11.16 mg g1
0.64 mol g1
11.99 mol g1
1.76 104 mol g1
References
Harris et al. (2001)
Harris et al. (2001)
Harris et al. (2001)
Harris et al. (2001)
Harris et al. (2001)
Harris et al. (2001)
Harris et al. (2001)
Harris et al. (2001)
Harris et al. (2001)
Harris et al. (2001)
Harris et al. (2001)
Harris et al. (2001)
Harris et al. (2001)
Harris et al. (2001)
Harris et al. (2001)
Al-Ghouti et al. (2003)
Espantalen et al. (2003)
Orthman et al. (2003)
Navarro et al. (2009)
Navarro et al. (2009)
Navarro et al. (2009)
Navarro et al. (2009)
zcan et al. (2004)
zcan et al. (2004)
Hu et al. (2006)
zacar and Sengil (2006)
Karim et al. (2009)
Bukallah et al. (2007)
Eren (2009)
Eren (2009)
Demirbas and Nas (2009)
Demirbas and Nas (2009)
Qiu et al. (2009)
Qiu et al. (2009)
Karadag et al. (2007)
Karadag et al. (2007)
Karadag et al. (2007)
Al-Bastaki and Banat (2004)
Pavan et al. (2008b)
Kahr and Madsen (1995)
Kahr and Madsen (1995)
Kahr and Madsen (1995)
Kahr and Madsen (1995)
Kahr and Madsen (1995)
et al. (2004)
Armagan
et al. (2004)
Armagan
et al. (2004)
Armagan
Tahir and Rauf (2006)
Ahmed and Ram (1992)
Bukallah et al. (2007)
Alkan et al. (2004)
et al. (2007)
Dogan
176
Dogan
et al. (2007). The rate of adsorption was
investigated under various parameters such as
contact time, stirring speed, ionic strength, pH,
and temperature for the removal of these dyes.
Kinetic study showed that the adsorption of
dyes on sepiolite was a gradual process. Quasiequilibrium reached within 3 h. Adsorption rate
increased with the increase in ionic strength, pH,
and temperature. The adsorption of acid red 57 by
natural mesoporous sepiolite has been examined
by Alkan et al. (2004) in order to measure the
ability of this mineral to remove colored textile
dyes from wastewater.
Bentonite
Bentonite
is
an
absorbent
aluminum
phyllosilicate, generally impure clay consisting
mostly of montmorillonite. Combining ultrafiltration (UF) and adsorption is an advance
technique for the treatment of colored wastes
proposed by researchers. Bentonite can be used
to adsorb dyes and UF can be used to purify
wastewaters from colloidal matters. Combining
both processes in a one-step treatment process can
achieve both goals concurrently. The suitability
177
178
179
such as 25, 50 and 75 mg L1 . Maximum decolorization was observed in Blue CA and Corazol
Violet SR dyes. The effluent from the dye house
was treated using both organisms with different
concentration of glucose (1% and 2%). Effective
decolorization was found to be more by the P.
f lorida in 2% glucose.
Swamy and Ramsay (1999) reported five
species of white rot fungi for their ability to decolorize Amaranth, Remazol Black B, Remazol
Orange, Remazol Brilliant Blue, Reactive Blue,
and Tropaeolin O in agar plates, Bjerkandera sp.
BOS55, Phanerochaete chrysosporium, and Trametes versicolor displayed the greatest extent of
decoloration. In static aqueous culture, the three
cultures formed fungal mats which did not decolorize any dye beyond some mycelial sorption.
When agitated at 200 rpm, the biomass grew as
mycelial pellets. Bjerkandera sp. BOS55 pellets
decolorized only Amaranth, Remazol Black B,
and Remazol Orange. P. chrysosporium and T.
versicolor pellets were capable of decolorizing
most dyes with decoloration by T. versicolor being several times more rapid. Batch cultures of
Bjerkandera sp. BOS55 and P. chrysosporium had
a limited ability to decolorize repeated dye additions; however, T. versicolor rapidly decolorized
repeated additions of the different dyes and dye
mixtures without any visual sorption of any dye
to the pellets. The choice of buffer had a profound effect on pH stability upon dye addition
and, consequently, decoloration. The use of 2,29dimethylsuccinic acid allowed for excellent pH
control and resulted in high decoloration ability.
Fu and Viraraghavan (2002a) reported some
elution and regeneration methods for fungal biomass and summarize the pretreatment methods
for fungal biomass. Kaushik and Malik (2009) in
their study conclude that the fungal decolorization
has a great potential to be developed further as
a decentralized wastewater treatment technology
for small textile or dyeing units. However, further research work is required to study the toxicity of the metabolites of dye degradation and
the possible fate of the utilized biomass in order to ensure the development of an eco-friendly
technology. Wesenberg et al. (2003) summarize
the state-of-the-art in the research and prospective use of white-rot fungi and their enzymes
180
181
Table 5 Reviewed results representing the adsorption capacity of bioadsorbents for the adsorption of dyes and their
optimized pH values for maximum adsorption
Adsorbent
Dye
pH
Adsorption capacity
References
Acid green 25
Acid orange 10
Acid orange 12
Acid red 18
Acid orange 12
Acid red 14
Acid orange 7
Direct red 81
Reactive blue 2
Reactive red 2
Reactive yellow 2
Reactive yellow 86
Direct red 28
Reactive red 222
Reactive red 222
Reactive red 222
Reactive red 222
Reactive red 222
Reactive red 222
Methylene blue
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
3.0
3.0
4.0
4.0
3.0
3.0
4.0
3.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
9.0
645.1 mg g1
922.9 mg g1
973.3 mg g1
693.2 mg g1
1954 mg g1
1940 mg g1
1940 mg g1
2383 mg g1
2498 mg g1
2422 mg g1
2436 mg g1
1911 mg g1
81.23 mg g1
1106 mg g1
293 mg g1
1037 mg g1
398 mg g1
1026 mg g1
494 mg g1
144.93 mg g1
Acid green
Disperse red
Basic orange
Disperse red 1
Acid blue 29
Acid blue 25
Basic blue 69
Basic violet 14
Basic green 4
Reactive blue 19
Reactive orange 16
Reactive red 4
Reactive black 5
Remazol blue
Remazol blue
Remazol blue
Remazol blue
Remazol blue
Direct blue 1
Direct red 128
Direct blue 1
Direct red 128
2 nitrophenol
2 chlorophenol
2 nitrophenol
2 chlorophenol
Basic yellow 21
Basic red 22
Reactive red 222
Reactive blue 222
7.0
7.0
7.0
4.0
4.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
6.0
3.0
6.0
3.0
4.0
4.0
3.0
3.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
98.00 mg g1
76.00 mg g1
61.00 mg g1
5.59 mg g1
45.96 mg g1
12.7 mg g1
195 mg g1
400 mg g1
350 mg g1
90 mg g1
190 mg g1
150 mg g1
500.7 mg g1
167.0 mg g1
250.0 mg g1
182.0 mg g1
154.0 mg g1
114.0 mg g1
101.1 mg g1
189.7 mg g1
152.3 mg g1
225.4 mg g1
97.37 mg g1
24.18 mg g1
71.28 mg g1
17.33 mg g1
860.0 mg g1
720.0 mg g1
1653.0 mg g1
1009.0 mg g1
182
Table 5 (continued)
Adsorbent
Chitosan swollen bead
Chitosan flake
Chitosan flake
Chitosan flake
Chitosan BA
Chitosan BA
Chitosan DBA
Chitosan DBA
Chitosan PA
Chitosan PA
Chitosan CA
Chitosan CA
Cross linked chitosan beads
Non-cross-linked chitosan beads
Dried seagrape
(Caulerpa lentillifera)
Dried seagrape
(Caulerpa lentillifera)
Dried seagrape
(Caulerpa lentillifera)
Eggshell membrane
Eggshell membrane
Chitosan
Chitosan
Chitosan
Peat
Peat
Peat
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Fungus (Aspergillus niger)
Chitin gels
Chitin gels
Peat
Peat
Peat
Peat
Peat
Hen feather
Dried Chlorella vulgaris (an alga)
Dried Chlorella vulgaris (an alga)
Dried Chlorella vulgaris (an alga)
Peat
Peat
Peat
Chitin
Chitin
Peat
Peat
White rot fungi
White rot fungi
Dye
pH
Adsorption capacity
g1
References
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
9.0
7.0
9.0
7.0
9.0
7.0
9.0
3.0
6.0
6.0
885.0 mg
339.0 mg g1
199.0 mg g1
188.0 mg g1
44.76 mmol kg1
45.77 mmol kg1
66.76 mmol kg1
67.39 mmol kg1
99.70 mmol kg1
101.09 mmol kg1
104.69 mmol kg1
107.28 mmol kg1
1936.0 mg g1
1189.0 mg g1
80.7 mg g1
Wu et al. (2001a)
Wu et al. (2001a)
Wu et al. (2001a)
Wu et al. (2001a)
Chao et al. (2004)
Chao et al. (2004)
Chao et al. (2004)
Chao et al. (2004)
Chao et al. (2004)
Chao et al. (2004)
Chao et al. (2004)
Chao et al. (2004)
Chiou and Li (2002)
Chiou and Li (2002)
Punjongharn et al. (2008)
6.0
113.6 mg g1
6.0
35.5 mg g1
Direct red 80
Acid blue 25
Reactive red 222
Reactive yellow 145
Reactive blue 222
Basic blue 3
Basic red 22
Basic yellow 21
Remazol blue
Remazol black B
Remazol red RB
Congo red
Acid blue 74
Reactive violet 5
Basic blue 41
Acid blue 25
Basic blue 3
Basic yellow 21
Basic red 22
Malachite Green
Remazol black B
Remazol red RR
Remazol golden yellow
Acid blue 25
Basic blue 3
Basic blue 69
Reactive yellow 2
Reactive black 5
Acid blue 25
Basic blue 69
Amarant
Remazol black B
2.0
2.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
6.0
3.3
3.3
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
5.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
3.5
5.5
5.5
8.0
6.0
5.0
5.0
4.9
5.0
0.124 mmol g1
1.736 mmol g1
185.0 mg g1
78.0 mg g1
41.0 mg g1
427.52 mg g1
248.33 mg g1
306.25 mg g1
84.0 mg g1
88.5 mg g1
48.8 mg g1
14.72 mg g1
40.0 mg g1
32.5 mg g1
536.6 mg g1
45.0 mg g1
555.61 mg g1
666.56 mg g1
312.50 mg g1
2.9 105 mol g1
555.60 mg g1
196.10 mg g1
71.90 mg g1
35.00 mg g1
410.00 mg g1
605.00 mg g1
2.83 mg g1
1.88 mg g1
14.40 mg g1
168.00 mg g1
50.00 mg g1
60.00 mg g1
183
Table 5 (continued)
Adsorbent
White rot fungi
White rot fungi
White rot fungi
White rot fungi
Peat
Chitosan
Dye
Remazol orange
Remazol brilliant blue
Reactive blue
Tropaeolin O
Acid blue 25
Acid red 73
pH
4.8
4.7
4.6
4.7
7.0
7.0
positively charged nature at acidic pH and the anionic nature of the reactive dyes. Reactive orange
16 dye was adsorbed most effectively to a maximum of approximately 200 mg g1 . Chitin and
chitosan exhibits strong affinity for acid/reactive
dyes, and peat is shown to be a particularly
effective adsorbent for basic dyes (Table 5).
Conclusions
After reviewing the collected data, we have made
some conclusions as discussed in the following
paragraphs:
The treatment of industrial effluent that contains the large number of organic dyes by adsorption process, using these easily available low
cost adsorbents, such as natural materials, waste
materials from industrial and agriculture, plant
waste, fruit waste, and bioadsorbents are an
interesting alternative to the traditionally available aqueous waste processing techniques (chemical coagulation/flocculation, ozonation, oxidation,
photodegradation, etc.). Undoubtedly, low-cost
adsorbents offer a lot of promising benefits for
commercial purposes in the future.
As we knew that the distribution of size, shape,
and volume of voids species in the porous materials is directly related to the ability to perform the adsorption application, there are only
a few papers where they have studied the morphology of the adsorbent. The comparison of adsorption performance of different adsorbents not
only depend on the experimental conditions and
analytical methods (column, reactor, and batch
techniques) but also depends on the surface morphology of the adsorbent, surface area, particle
size and shape, micropore and mesopore volume,
Adsorption capacity
g1
60.00 mg
40.00 mg g1
20.00 mg g1
20.00 mg g1
43.49 mol g1
728.2 mg g1
References
Swamy and Ramsay (1999)
Swamy and Ramsay (1999)
Swamy and Ramsay (1999)
Swamy and Ramsay (1999)
Poots et al. (1976)
Wong et al. (2004)
etc. Many researchers have made comparison between the adsorption capacities of the adsorbents,
but they have nowhere discussed anything about
the role of morphology of the adsorbent, even in
case of the inorganic material where it plays a
major role in the adsorption process.
The pH value of the solution is an important
factor which must be considered during designing adsorption process. The pH has two kinds
of influences on dye: an effect on the solubility
and speciation of dye in the solution. It is well
known that surface charge of adsorbent can be
modified by changing the pH of the solution and
the chemical species in the solution depend on
this parameter. The high adsorption of cationic or
acidic dyes at higher pH may be due to the surface
of adsorbent becomes negative which enhances
the positively charged dyes through electrostatic
force of attraction and vice versa in case of anionic or basic dyes. In case of adsorbents obtained
from the industries and agriculture by-products,
fruit, and plant waste, the literature reveals that
maximum removal of dyes from aqueous waste
can be achieved in the pH range of 58. But the
major role of pH was seen in the paper in which
inorganic and bioadsorbents are used for the dye
waste treatment.
We also agree with the discussions made by
Crini (2006) in the review article that the adsorption process will provide an attractive technology
if the low-cost sorbent is ready for use. However,
physical and chemical processes such as drying,
autoclaving, crosslinking reactions, or contacting
with organic or inorganic chemicals proposed for
improving the sorption capacity and the selectivity. For example, for the industrial application
of biosorption, immobilization of biomass is necessary (Aksu 2005). These pretreatment methods are not cost effective at large scale. The
184
Fig. 1 Comparison of adsorption capacities of different adsorbents for the removal of cationic dye methylene blue
Fig. 3 Comparison of adsorption capacities for the adsorption of acid blue (AB) dyes onto the different adsorbents
Peat
Peat
Peat
Chitin gels
Peat
Fungal
Bentonite - DTMA
Peat
BB BB 9 BB 3 BB BB 3 BB BB 3 BB 3 BB
69
69
69
41
BB
69
Peat
Peat
Peat
Peat
Peat
Silica
Bentonite
Peat
BB
69
Bentonite - Na
BB
69
Clay
BB
41
Clay
Wood
BB
41
Clay
AGAP-P-N-800
BB
41
Clay
Wood
AGAP1000
AGAP800
BB
41
AGAP-P-800
AGAP
AGAP1
BB
41
Bagasse pith
Bagasse pith
Bagasse pith
BB
41
Saw dust-Walnut
Pith
Bagasse pith
Bagasse pith
Banana pith
Slag
BB BB 3 BB
69
69
Bagasse pith
Bagasse pith
BB
69
BB BB 9 BB 9 BB 9 BB 9 BB
69
41
Carbonaceous adsorbent
Slag
AC4.0h
BB
69
AC2.7h
BB
69
Linseed oil cake
AC1.5h
BB
69
Cotton waste
BB
Activated carbon
1800
1600
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
Fig. 2 Comparison of adsorption capacities for the adsorption of basic blue (BB) dyes onto the different adsorbents
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
AB AB AB AB AB AB AB AB AB AB AB AB AB AB AB AB AB AB AB AB AB AB AB AB AB AB AB AB AB AB AB AB AB AB AB
80 25 264 80 80 80 80 80 80 29 113 74 74 74 25 114 25 25 25 25 25 256 25 25
9
29 193 193 29 25 74 25 25 25
186
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