Lehmann IA SSM Ch5

Chapter 5
Logarithmic Functions
17. Begin by creating a table of values for f(x), then
build a table for f 1 ( x ) from that information.
Homework 5.1
1. f -1(7) = 4
3. f (4) = 6
5. f -1(4) = 5, since f (5) = 4
7.
x
2
4
6
( x)
6
5
4
8
10
9. g(2) = 6
11. g -1(2) = 1, since f(1) = 2
13.
6
18
54
162
2
3
4
5
486
25.
15.
x
4
( x)
6
10
16
22
28
5
4
3
2
34
0
1
2
3
3
6
12
24
48
x
3
6
12
24
48
21. f -1(3) = 0, since f (0) = 3

23.
g 1 ( x )
1
f ( x)
19. f(3) = 24
3
2
x
2
111
( x)
0
1
2
3
4
Homework 5.1
SSM: Intermediate Algebra
27.
35.
29.
37.
31.
39. a.
f(t) = 0.81t 45.86

Replace f (t ) with p :
p = 0.81t 45.86
Solve for t :
p + 45.86 = 0.81t
p + 45.86
=t
0.81
p
45.86
t=
+
0.81 0.81
Replace t with f 1 ( p )
33.
f 1 ( p ) = 1.23 p + 56.62
b.
f(100) = 0.81(100) 45.86 = 35.14

According to the model, in 2000, 35.1% of
births were out of wedlock.
c.
f 1 (100) = 1.23(100) + 56.62 = 179.62

According to the inverse model, all births will
be out of wedlock in 2080. This is probably a
model breakdown.
112
Homework 5.1

41. a.
43. a.
Linear Function
b.
Linear Function
c.
Use linear regression

f (t ) = 0.78t 52.56
c.
d.
Use linear regression

f (t ) = 0.38t 20.13
f (t ) = 0.78t 52.56
c.
f (t ) = 0.38t 20.13
p = 0.78t 52.56
p = 0.38t 20.13
Solve for t :
Solve for t :
p + 52.56 = 0.78t
p + 20.13 = 0.38t
p + 52.56
=t
0.78
p
52.56
t=
+
0.78 0.78
p + 20.13
=t
0.38
p
20.13
t=
+
0.38 0.38
f 1 ( p ) = 1.28 p + 67.38
f 1 ( p ) = 2.63 p + 52.97
Half the people is 50 percent, substitute 50 for

p and solve.
d.
In 2009, the price of CDs will be $21.29.
p = f (t ) = 0.78t 52.56
50 = 0.78t 52.56
e.
102.56 = 0.78t
45. f(x) = x 3
The year will be 2031.
f 1 (50) = 1.28(50) + 67.38 131.49 The year

will be 2031
f.
The results are the same in parts d and e.
f 1 (25) = 2.63(25) + 52.97 = 118.72

The price of CDs will be $25 in 2019.
131.49 t
e.
f (109) = 0.38(109) 20.13 = 21.29
Replace f ( x) with y :
y = x3
Solve for x :
y+3 = x
Replace x with f 1 ( y ) :
f 1 ( y ) = y + 3
Write equation in terms of x :
f 1 ( x ) = x + 3
113
Homework 5.1
47. f(x) = x + 8
y 5
=x
4
y 5
x=
4 4
y = x+8
Solve for x :
y 8 = x
1
5
y
4
4
f 1 ( y ) =
f 1 ( y ) = y 8
f 1 ( x ) =
f ( x) = x 8
55. f(x) = -6x 2
49. f(x) = 4x
y = 6 x 2
y = 4x
Solve for x :
Solve for x :
y + 2 = 6 x
y
=x
4
6 x = y + 2
y+2
6
1
2
x= y
6
6
1
1
f 1 ( y ) = y
6
3
x=
y
4
f 1 ( y ) =
f 1 ( x ) =
51.
f ( x) =
1
5
x
4
4
x
4
x
7
1
1
f 1 ( x ) = x
6
3
57. f(x) = 0.4x 7.9
x
7
Solve for x :
y=
y = 0.4 x 7.9
7y = x
Solve for x :
y + 7.9 = 0.4 x
f 1 ( y ) = 7 y
y + 7.9 = 0.4 x
y + 7.9
=x
0.4
y 7.9
+
x=
0.4 0.4
y = 4x + 5
f 1 ( y ) = 2.5 y + 19.75
Solve for x :
y 5 = 4x
f 1 ( x ) = 2.5 x + 19.75
f 1 ( x ) = 7 x
53. f(x) = 4x + 5
114
Homework 5.1

59. f(x) = -72.83x + 99.23
6
( y + 3) = x
5
6 y 18
x=
5
y = -72.83 x + 99.23
Solve for x :
y 99.23 = 72.83 x
6
18
y
5
5
f 1 ( y ) =
y 99.23 = 72.83 x
y 99.23
=x
72.83
y
99.23
+
x=
72.83 72.83
6
18
f 1 ( x ) = x
5
5
65.
f ( y ) = 0.014 y + 1.36
f ( x) =
6x 2
5
Solve for x :
y=
7
x +1
3
5 y = 6x 2
5 y + 2 = 6x
5y + 2
=x
6
5y 2
+
x=
6 6
7
x +1
3
Solve for x :
y=
y 1 =
7
x
3
5
1
y+
6
3
3
( y 1) = x
7
3y 3
x=
7
f 1 ( y ) =
f 1 ( x ) =
3
3
y
7
7
f 1 ( y ) =
f 1 ( x ) =
63.
6x 2
5
f 1 ( x ) = 0.014 x + 1.36
61.
f ( x) =
5
1
x+
6
3
67. f(x) = -3(2x 5)

3
3
x
7
7
y = 3(2 x 5)
Solve for x :
1
y = 2x 5
3
1
y + 5 = 2x
3
1 1
y + 5 = x
2 3
1
5
x= y+
6
2
5
f ( x) = x 3
6
5
y = x3
6
Solve for x :
5
y+3 = x
6
115
Homework 5.2

77. a.
1
5
y+
6
2
f 1 ( y ) =
f(x) = mx + b
y = mx + b
1
5
f 1 ( x ) = x +
6
2
Solve for x :
y b = mx
69. f(x) = 7 8(x + 1)
y b
=x
m
1y b
x=
m
1
b
x= y
m
m
y = 7 8( x + 1)
Solve for x :
y = 7 8x 8
y = 8 x 1
y + 1 = 8 x
1
b
y
m
m
f 1 ( y ) =
y +1
=x
8
1
1
x= y
8
8
f 1 ( x ) =
b.
1
1
f 1 ( y ) = y
8
8
1
1
f 1 ( x ) = x
8
8
71. f(x) = x
1
b
x
m
m
The function f(x) given in part a is a linear

function with nonzero slope (since m 0 ).
The inverse function is also a linear function
1
as its slope is nonzero ( is nonzero since
m
m 0 ).
Homework 5.2
1. log 9 (81) = 2, since 9 2 = 81
y=x
Solve for x :
3. log 3 (27) = 3 since 33 = 27
x=y
5. log 2 (32) = 5 since 25 = 32
f 1 ( y ) = y
7. log 6 (216) = 3 since 63 = 216

f 1 ( x ) = x
9. log 6 (36) = 2 since 62 = 36
73. Answers may vary. Example: It makes sense that

g ( x) = x 5 is the inverse function of f ( x ) = x + 5
because addition and subtraction are inverse
operations of each other (or, 5 and -5 are additive
inverses).
11. log10 (100) = 2 since 10 2 = 100

13. log 7 (343) = 3 since 7 3 = 343
15. log 5 (15, 625) = 6 since 56 = 15, 625
75. f(x) = 3 is not one-to-one. For example, f (1) = 3
1
1
17. log 4 = 1 since 4-1 =
4
4

and f (2) = 3 . So, the inverse of f would send 3 to

both 1 and 2, making the inverse of f not a
function. Since f -1 is not a function, f was not
invertible.
116
Homework 5.2

51. h( x) = log( x)
1
1
19. log 2 = 3 since 2-3 =
8
8

h 1 ( x ) = 10 x
1
1
21. log10 = 1 since 10-1 =
10
10
53.
f (2) = 22 = 4
23. log 5 (1) = 0 since 50 = 1
55.
f 1 (2) = log 2 (2) = 1, since 21 = 2
25. log 9 (3) =

27. log 8 (2) =
29. log 7
31. log 5
33.
35.
57. g (3) = log 3 (3) = 1
1
1
since 9 2 = 3
2
59. g 1 (3) = 33 = 27
1
3
1
since 8 = 2
3
1
1
7 = since 7 2 = 7
2
( )
( 5 ) = 14 since 5
4
1
4
61.
f (1) = 3
63.
f 1 (1) = log 3 (1) = 0
65.
=45
log 2 (log 2 (16)) = log 2 (4) since 2 4 = 16

= 2 since 22 = 4
log10 (log10 (10)) = log10 (1) since 101 = 10
= 0 since 100 = 1
37. log b (b) = 1 since b1 = b
68.
39. log b (b 2 ) = 2 since b 2 = b 2

41. log b
43.
45.
( b ) = 12 since b
1
2
= b
log b (log b (b)) = log b (1) since b1 = b

= 0 since b 0 = 1
f ( x ) = 3x
69.
f 1 ( x ) = log 3 ( x )
47. h( x) = 10 x
h 1 ( x ) = log( x)
49.
f ( x) = log 5 ( x)
f 1 ( x) = 5 x
117
Homework 5.3
71.
f 1 ( x ) = log 5 ( x)
c.
First make a table of values for f(x), then build a

table for f 1 ( x ) .
x
0
f ( x)
1
1
2
3
4
5
25
125
625
so
x
1
5
25
125
625
8.6
= 1.19
7.2
The ratio of the Richter numbers is 1.2.
d.
(x)
0
1
4.0 108
= 25
1.6 107
The ratio of the Gansu earthquakes amplitude
to the Naples earthquakes amplitude is 25.
2
3
4
e.
77.
Answers may vary. Example: The Gansu

earthquake released 25 times the energy of the
Naples earthquake.
1
L = 10 log
I0
(w/m )
10 12
Whisper
Inside a running
car
10 10
20
10 8
40
Conversation
10 6
60
80
100
120
Faintest sound
heard by humans
73. a.
x = 2, since 52 = 25
b.
log 5 (25) = 2, since 52 = 25
c.
5x and log 5 ( x) are inverses of each other.
Noisy street corner
75. a.
Soft rock concert

Threshold of pain
4.0 108 A0
R = log
A0
= log ( 4.0 108 )
Intesity of Sound
Decibel Reading
(L)
Sound
10
10
1
79. Answers may vary. Example: log b (a ) is the

exponent of b that gives a. A logarithm can undo
the output of an exponential function if they have
the same base.
= 8.6
The Richter number for the Gansu earthquake
was 8.6.
Homework 5.3
b.
1. log 3 (243) = 5
1.6 107 A0
R = log
A0
35 = 243
= log (1.6 107 )
3. log(100) = 2
= 7.2
10 2 = 100
The Richter number for the Naples earthquake

was 7.2.
5. log b (a ) = c
bc = a
118
Homework 5.3

27. log 6 ( x 3 ) = 2 is equivalent to:
7. log(m) = n
10 n = m
62 = x3
9. 53 = 125
x 3 = 36
1
x = 36 3
log 5 (125) = 3
x 3.3019
11. 103 = 1000
29. log 2 (log 3 ( x )) = 3 is equivalent to:
log(1000) = 3
23 = log 3 ( x)
13. y w = x
log 3 ( x) = 8 is equivalent to:

38 = x
log y ( x) = w
x = 6561
15. 10 p = q
31. log b ( 49 ) = 2
log(q ) = p
b 2 = 49
17. log 4 ( x ) = 2 is equivalent to:
b = 49 2
42 = x
b=7
x = 16
33. log b (8 ) = 3
b3 = 8
1
2 4 = x
1
x=
16
b = 83
b=2
35. log b (16 ) = 4
21. log ( x ) = 2 is equivalent to:
b 4 = 16
=x
1
x=
= 0.01
100
10
b = 16 4
b=2
37. log b (3.6 ) = 6
b 6 = 3.6
40 = x
x =1
b = 3.6 6
b 1.2380
25. log8 ( 4 x ) = 1 is equivalent to:

81 = 4 x
4x = 8
x=2
119
Homework 5.3
39.
45.
8 + 5 ( 2 x ) = 79
4x = 9
log ( 4 x ) = log (9 )
5 ( 2 x ) = 71
x log ( 4 ) = log (9 )
x=
2x =
log (9 )
log ( 4 )
71
log ( 2 x ) = log
5
71
x log ( 2 ) = log
5
x 1.5850
41.
71
log
5
x=
log ( 2 )
5 ( 4 x ) = 80
4 x = 16
log ( 4 x ) = log (16 )
x 3.8278
x log ( 4 ) = log (16 )

x=
71
5
47.
log (16 )
3.83(2.18 x ) = 170.91
log ( 4 )
170.91
3.83
170.91
log ( 2.18x ) = log
3.83
x=2
2.18 x =
43.
11(7 x ) = 5400
170.91
x log ( 2.18 ) = log
3.83
170.91
log
3.83
x=
log ( 2.18 )
5400
7 =
11
5400
log (7 x ) = log
11
x
5400
x log (7 ) = log
11
71
log
5
x=
log ( 7 )
x 4.8738
49.
2 4 x + 5 = 17
log ( 2 4 x + 5 ) = log (17 )
x 3.1842
( 4 x + 5 ) log ( 2 ) = log (17 )

log (17 )
4x + 5 =
log ( 2 )
log (17 )
4x =
5
log ( 2 )
log (17 )
5
log ( 2 )
x=
0.2281
x
120
Homework 5.3

51.
65.
43 x 42 x 1 = 100
4
3 x + 2 x 1
= 100
5 x 1
= 100
log 27 ( x 1) =
1
27 3 = x 1
x 1 = 3
log ( 45 x 1 ) = log (100 )
x=4
(5 x 1) log ( 4 ) = 2
5x 1 =
5x =
1
3
2
log ( 4 )
69.
x
log 2 = 1
2
x
2 1 =
2
x 1
=
2 2
x =1
2
+1
log ( 4 )
+ 1
log
4
( )
x=
5
x 0.8644
53. 3x = 8
69.
log b ( 2 ) = 5
Empty set solution. 3 raised to any power will

always be positive.
b5 = 2
55. log b (81) = 4
b = 25
b 1.1487
b 4 = 81
1
71. Line 3: log[3(8 x )] x log[3(8)]
b = 814
b=3
The power property for logarithms would only

work in this case if both the 3 and the 8 were raised
to the x power. The first step the student should
have made was to divide both sides of the equation
by 3.
57. log 3 ( x) = 4
34 = x
x = 81
3(8 x ) = 7
59. log 4 ( x) = 3
8x =
43 = x
7
3
Then take the log of both sides.
x = 64
61. log 7 ( x) = 1
71 = x
x=7
63. 7 x = 0
Empty set solution. 7 raised to any power will
always be positive, never zero.
121
Homework 5.4
73.
25 = a
a = 32
ab x = c
ab x = c
bx =
85. log b (k 50 ) 0 log b (5k )
c
a
The power property for logarithms would only

work in this case if both the 5 and the k were raised
to the 0 power.
c
log (b x ) = log
a
c
x log (b ) = log
a
87. Answers may vary. Example: When solving some

equation for x, where x is in the exponent of some
base b, first isolate the base b on one side of the
equation. Take the log of both sides of the
equation. Use the power property of logarithms to
bring the exponent x in front of the log(b). Divide
both sides by log(b). Isolate x on one side of the
equation.
c
log
a
x=
log (b )
75.
Homework 5.4
ab kx + d = c
1. a.
cd
log
a
kx =
log (b )
b.
The V-intercept is (0, 2000). The original (t =

0) value in the account is $2000.
c.
2000(1.05)t = 3000
We know we can model the situation well by

using an exponential model f (t ) = ab t . The
V-intercept is (0, 2000), so a = 2000 and
f (t ) = 2000bt . Since the interest rate is 5%,
the base must be 1.05, so f (t ) = 2000(1.05)t .
cd
log
a
x=
k log (b )
77.
V = f (t )
ab kx = c d
cd
b kx =
a
cd
log (b kx ) = log
a
cd
kx log (b ) = log
1.05t = 1.5
log(1.05t ) = log(1.5)
t log(1.05) = log(1.5)
f (4) = 4(4) = 256
log(1.5)
log(1.05)
t 8.3104
t=
79.
4x = 3
log ( 4
The balance will be $3000 after 8.31 years.
) = log (3)
x log ( 4 ) = log (3 )
x=
log (3)
log ( 4 )
x 0.7925
81. g (8) = log 2 (8) = 3
83. log 2 (a ) = 5
122
Homework 5.4
3. a
f (t ) = 1.197(1.0163)t
10 = 1.197(1.0163)t
10
1.0163 =
1.197
10
log(1.0163t ) = log
1.197
c.
b = 1.48. The number of stores is growing

exponentially by 48% per year.
d.
1000 stores per state = 50,000 stores
1.46(1.48)t = 50, 000

50, 000
1.48t =
1.46
50, 000
log(1.48t ) = log
1.46
10
t log(1.0163) = log
1.197
10
log
1.197
t=
log(1.0163)
t 131.2896
50, 000
t log(1.48) = log
1.46
50, 000
log
1.46
t=
log(1.48)
t 26.63
b.
B illio n s o f P eo p le
f ( t)
The model predicts there will be 50,000 stores

in 2007.
30.37
e.
105, 000, 000

1.46
105, 000, 000
log(1.48t ) = log
1.46
1.197
1.48t =
200 t
Yea rs
105, 000, 000

t log(1.48) = log
1.46
105, 000, 000

log
1.46
t=
log(1.48)
t 46.1456
B illio n s o f P eo p le
f ( t)
30.37
10
1.197
The model predicts there will be 105 million

stores in 2026.
200 t
Yea rs
7. a.
There is model breakdown for the years after

2030.
5. a.
b.
1.46(1.48)t = 105, 000, 000
a = 1.46. There was one Starbucks store in

1980.
No. From 1971 (one store) to 1987 (17 stores)
is a difference of both 16 years and 16 stores.
This means that during that time the number of
Starbucks stores was increasing at a rate of
one per year, which is linear growth, not
exponential.
Exponential function. The data points appear

to fit an exponential curve better than a line.
123
Homework 5.4
b.

c.
Use exponential regression.
Early decision applicants:
f (t ) = 1.60(1.018)t
c.
E ( s ) = 50
f (100) = 1.60(1.018)100 = 9.53
0.36(1.0036) s = 50
In 1900 the percentage of food expenditures

devoted to food away from home was 9.5%.
d.
50
0.36
50
log (1.0036 s ) = log
0.36
50
s log (1.0036 ) = log
0.36
1.0036 s =
f 1 (100)
100 = 1.60(1.018)t
1.018t = 62.5
50
log
0.36
s=
log (1.0036 )
log(1.018t ) = log(62.5)
t log(1.018) = log(62.5)
log(62.5)
log(1.018)
t 231.79
t=
s 1373
Regular decision applicants:
In 2032, all food expenditures will be devoted

to food away from home.
e.
9. a.
R( s) = 50
0.037(1.0049) s = 50
Solution is the same as that in part d.

t 231.79 . In 2032, all food expenditures will
be devoted to food away from home.
50
0.037
50
log (1.0049 s ) = log
0.037
1.0049 s =
50
s log (1.0049 ) = log
0.037
50
log
0.037
s=
log (1.0049 )
E ( s ) = 0.36(1.0036) s
R( s) = 0.037(1.0049) s
b.
Half = 50%
E (1425) = 0.36(1.0036)1425 60.3%
s 1475
R(1425) = 0.037(1.0049)1425 39.2%

d.
1475 1373 = 102 points
e.
(1757.58, 199.19); Students who score 1758

points on their SAT have the same change
(199%) of being selected from the early
124
Homework 5.4

decision and regular decision systems. Model
breakdown has occurred.
11. a.
c.
We know we can model the situation well by

using an exponential model f (t ) = ab t . Let
1 5
3 = 8
2
p = f (t ) , the total number of people. The pintercept is (0, 30), and the base is 2.
1 5 3
=
8
2
f (t ) = 30(2)t
b.
1 d5
3
log = log
2
8

d
1
3
log = log
5
2
8
287, 000, 000 = 30 ( 2 )
287, 000,000
30
287, 000,000
log ( 2t ) = log
30
(2)
3
log
8
1
log
2
3
5log
8
t=
1
log
2
t 7.08
d
=
5
287, 000,000
t log ( 2 ) = log
30
287,
000,000
log
30
t=
log ( 2 )
t 23.19
To play for 3 hours, the rock bands should

play at 97 decibels.
The model predicts that all Americans will

have heard the rumor after 24 days. It is likely
that model breakdown wil occur at f(t)
approaches 271 million.
13. a.
15. Use an exponential decay model f (t ) = ab t . Let

P = f (t ) be the percentage of carbon-14
remaining in the wood. The P-intercept is (0, 100).
Every 5730 years the amount of carbon-14 is
1
t
halved so the base is
and the exponent is
.
2
5730
Use an exponential decay model

T = f (d ) = ab d . The T-intercept is (0, 8) so a
= 8. For every increase of 5 decibels d, the
1
exposure time is halved so the base is
and
2
d
the exponent is .
5
t
1 t
1 5730
1 5730
= 100
= 100(0.999879)t
f (t ) = 100
2
2

90% of the carbon-14 remains, so P = 90 = f(t)
1 5
f (d ) = 8
2
b.
1
f (24) = 8
2
f 1 (3)
90 = 100(0.999879)t
24
5
0.999879t = 0.9
log(0.999879)t = log (0.9 )
= 0.2872
t log(0.999879) = log (0.9 )
The model predicts that at 114 decibels, the

bands could play for 0.29 hours (about 17.4
minutes!) without the fans experiencing
hearing loss. The average rock concert lasts
longer than 18 minutes, so the model predicts
that these fans experience hearing loss.
t=
log ( 0.9 )
log(0.999879)
t 870.70
The age of the wood is approximately 871 years.
125
Homework 5.5

b.
17. Use an exponential decay model f (t ) = abt . Let

C = f (t ) be the concentration of alcohol in the
blood (in milligrams per milliliter). The C-intercept
is (0, 0.28). Every 2 hours, the amount of alcohol is
1
t
halved so the base is
and the exponent is
2
2
t
1
12
1 2
f (t ) = 0.28 = 0.28
2
2

1 1600
10 = 100
2
t
1 1600
= 0.1

2
= 0.28(0.7071)t
1600
1
log
= log(0.1)
2
t
1
log = 1
1600
2
1
t
=
1600
1
log
2
1600
t=
1
log
2
t 5315.08
t
Find f 1 (0.08)
0.08 = 0.28(0.7071)t
0.08
0.28
0.08
log(0.7071)t = log
0.28
0.08
t log(0.7071) = log
0.28
0.7071t =
10% of the radium will remain after 5315

years.
0.08
log
0.28
t=
log(0.7071)
t 3.6146
21. Answers may vary. Example:

1.
Look at a scattergram for the data or how

the data changes to determine what type
of equation to use to model the data.
2.
Find an equation for the model f.
3.
Verify the results of f agree with the data
4.
Use f to make estimations or predictions.
She must wait 3.6 hours before driving.

19. a.
Use an exponential decay model f (t ) = abt .

Let P = f (t ) be the percentage of radium that
remains in the tank after t years. The Pintercept is (0, 100). Every 1600 years the
1
amount of radium is halved so the base is
2
t
and the exponent is
.
1600
1
f (t ) = 100
2
If the model is exponential, the power property

would be used in step 4 when calculating f 1
Homework 5.5
t
1600
1. log b (2 x) + log b ( x)
= log b [2 x( x)]
= log b (2 x 2 )
126
Homework 5.5

3. log b (10 x) log b (2)
13. 2 log b (3 x 2 ) 4 log b ( x 3 )
10 x
= log b
2
= log b (5 x)
= log b (3x 2 ) 2 log b ( x 3 ) 4

(3 x 2 ) 2
= log b 3 4
(x )
9 x4
= log b 12
x
9
= log b 8
x
5. 3log b ( x) + log b (3 x )
= log b ( x3 ) + log b (3 x )
= log b [ x3 (3 x)]
= log b (3x 4 )
15. log 6 ( x) + log 6 (4 x) = 2
7. 4 log b (2 x) + 7 log b ( x)
log 6 [ x(4 x)] = 2

log 6 (4 x 2 ) = 2
= log b (2 x) + log b ( x )
4
4 x 2 = 62
= log b [(2 x) 4 ( x 7 )]
= log b (16 x11 )
x2 =
9. log b (8 x) 4 log b (2 x)
x = 92
x=3
= log b (8 x) log b (2 x)4

8x
= log b
4
(2 x )
8x
= log b
4
16 x
17. log 4 ( x 2 ) + log 4 ( x) = 3

log 4 [( x 2 )( x)] = 3
log 4 ( x3 ) = 3
x 3 = 43
1
= log b 3
2x
x = (43 ) 3
x=4
11. log b ( x 3 ) + 3log b ( x 2 )
19. 3log 7 ( x 2 ) + log 7 ( x3 ) = 3
= log b ( x3 ) + log b ( x 2 )3
= log b [( x3 )( x 2 )3 ]
log 7 ( x 2 )3 + log 7 ( x3 ) = 3
= log b ( x x )
3
36
4
log 7 [( x 2 )3 ( x 3 )] = 3
= log b ( x )
9
log 7 ( x 9 ) = 3
x 9 = 73
1
x = (73 ) 9
1
x = 73
x 1.9129
127
Homework 5.5
21. 3log(5 x ) + 4 log(2 x ) = 3
29. 4 log 9 (2 x5 ) + 2 log 9 ( x 4 ) = 2
log(5 x)3 + log(2 x) 4 = 3
log 9 (2 x 5 ) 4 + log 9 ( x 4 ) 2 = 2
log[(5 x)3 (2 x) 4 ] = 3
log 9 [(2 x 5 ) 4 ( x 4 )2 ] = 2
log[(125 x 3 )(16 x 4 )] = 3
log 9 [(16 x 20 )( x8 )] = 2
log(2000 x 7 ) = 3
2000 x = 10
7
x7 =
log 9 (16 x 28 ) = 2
3
16 x 28 = 92
1000
2000
x 28 =
1 7
x=
2
x 0.9057
81 28
x=
16
x 1.0596
23. 5log 4 (2 x 2 ) 2 log 4 (2 x 3 ) = 3
31. 4 log 9 (2 x5 ) + 2 log 9 ( x 4 )
log 4 (2 x 2 )5 log 4 (2 x3 )2 = 3
(2 x )
log 4
3 2
(2 x )
2 5
= log 9 (2 x 5 ) 4 + log 9 ( x 4 ) 2
=3
= log 9 [(2 x 5 ) 4 ( x 4 )2 ]
= log 9 [(16 x 20 )( x8 )]
32 x
log 4
=3
6
4x
log 4 [8 x 4 ] = 3
10
= log 9 (16 x 28 )
33. log 3 (7 ) =
8x = 4
4
x4 =
81
16
64
8
log(7)
1.7712
log(3)
35. log 6 (1000 ) =
log(1000)
3.8553
log(6)
37. log 5 ( 41.2 ) =
log(41.2)
2.3104
log(5)
x = (8 ) 4
x 1.6818
25. log 2 ( x 4 ) + log 2 ( x3 )
1
log
1
70 2.0431
39. log 8 =
log(8)
70
= log 2 [( x 4 )( x 3 )]
= log 2 ( x 7 )
27. log 2 ( x 4 ) + log 2 ( x3 ) = 4
41.
log 2 ( x )
log 7 ( x)
log 2 (7)
43.
log b (r )
log s (r )
log b ( s )
log 2 [( x 4 )( x 3 )] = 4
log 2 ( x 7 ) = 4
x7 = 24
1
45. All three students did the problem correctly.
x = (24 ) 7
x 1.4860
128
Homework 5.6

47.
f (13) = log 5 (13)
1
x
57. log b = log b ( x)
y
y
log(13)
log(5)
1.5937
=
49.
Use the property of logarithms.

1
= log b ( x) + log b
y
= log b ( x) + log b ( y 1 )
1
1
f = log 5
2

2
1
log
2
=
log(5)
0.4307
Use the power property for logarithms.

= log b ( x) + (1) log b ( y )
= log b ( x) log b ( y )
51. g (17 ) = log12 (17 )

=
This is the quotient property for logarithms.
log (17 )
x
log b = log b ( x) log b ( y )
y
log(12)
1.1402
59. a.
53. g (37 ) = log12 (37 )

=
log 2 ( x 3 ) + log 2 ( x 5 )
= log 2 [( x3 )( x5 )]
log (37 )
= log 2 ( x8 )
log(12)
1.4531
b.
55. log b (b 2 ) = 2
log 2 ( x 3 ) + log 2 ( x 5 ) = 7
log 2 [( x 3 )( x 5 )] = 7
log 2 ( x8 ) = 7
b6
log b 4 = log b (b 2 ) = 2
b
x 8 = 27
1
x = ( 27 )8
log b (b 6 ) = 6
x 1.8340
b6
log b (b 6 ) log b (b 4 ) = log b 4
b
= log b (b 2 )
c.
Simplifying an expression involves combining

separate logarithms into one logarithm.
Solving the equation involved simplifying and
the using the definition of logarithm to modify
the statement into an exponential equation to
solve.
d.
Simplifying an expression is the first step

towards being able to solve an equation.
=2
log b (b 6 ) 6
= = 1.5
log b (b 4 ) 4
b6
The expressions log b (b 2 ) , log b 4
b
6
4
log b (b ) log b (b ) are all equal.
, 2, and
Homework 5.6
1. ln(7) 1.9459
3. ln(54.8) 4.0037
129
Homework 5.6
5. ln(0.8) 0.2231
27. 5ln(3x ) = 5
ln(3 x) = 1
1
7. ln 0.6931
2
3 x = e1
e
3
x 0.9061
x=
9. ln(e 4 ) = 4
11. ln(e) = ln(e1 ) = 1
29. 4e3 x 1 = 68
1
13. ln = ln(e 1 ) = 1
e
15.
e3 x 1 = 17
3 x 1 = ln(17)
1
1
ln(e6 ) = (6) = 3
2
2
3 x = ln(17) + 1
ln(17) + 1
3
x 1.2777
x=
17. ln( x) = 2
x = e2
31. 4 x = 90
19. e x = 20
ln(4 x ) = ln(90)
x ln(4) = ln(90)
ln(20) = x
x 2.9957
ln(90)
ln(4)
x 3.2459
x=
21. ln( x + 5) = 3
x + 5 = e3
33. 3.1x = 49.8
x = e 5
3
ln(3.1x ) = ln(49.8)
x ln(3.1) = ln(49.8)
x 15.0855
23. e 2 x = 71
ln(49.8)
ln(3.1)
x 3.4541
x=
ln(71) = 2 x
ln(71)
=x
2
x 2.1313
35. 3(6 x ) 1 = 97
3(6 x ) = 98
25. 7e x = 44
98
3
98
ln(6 x ) = ln
3
98
x ln(6) = ln
3
6x =
44
ex =
7
44
x = ln
7
x 1.8383
98
ln
3
x=
ln(6)
x 1.9458
130
Homework 5.6

37. ln(4 x) + ln(3 x)
49. ln(4 x5 ) 2 ln( x 2 ) = 5
= ln[(4 x)(3 x)]
ln(4 x5 ) ln( x 2 ) 2 = 5
= ln(12 x 2 )
ln(4 x5 ) ln( x 4 ) = 5
4 x5
ln 4 = 5
x
ln(4 x ) = 5
39. ln(25 x 4 ) ln(5 x 3 )

25 x 4
= ln 3
5x
= ln(5 x )
4 x = e5
e5
4
x 37.1033
x=
41. 2 ln(3 x 4 ) + 3ln(2 x)
51. 5ln( x 4 ) + 2 ln(4 x 3 ) = 8
= ln(3 x 4 ) 2 + ln(2 x)3

= ln(9 x8 ) + ln(8 x3 )
ln( x 4 )5 + ln(4 x3 ) 2 = 8
= ln[(9 x8 )(8 x 3 )]
ln( x 20 ) + ln(16 x 6 ) = 8
= ln(72 x11 )
ln[( x 20 )(16 x 6 )] = 8
ln(16 x 26 ) = 8
43. 3ln(3 x 3 ) 2 ln(3 x 2 )
16 x 26 = e8
= ln(3 x ) ln(3 x )
3 3
2 2
x 26 =
= ln(3 x ) ln(3 x )
3
33 x9
= ln 2 4
3 x
= ln(3 x5 )
e8
16
1
e8 26
x=
16
x 1.2227
45. ln(2 x + 1) + ln(3)
53. ln( x8 ) ln( x 3 )
= ln[3(2 x + 1)]
x8
= ln 3
x
= ln(6 x + 3)
= ln ( x5 )
47. ln(3 x) + ln( x ) = 4

ln[(3 x)( x)] = 4
55. ln( x8 ) ln( x3 ) = 4
ln(3 x ) = 4
2
x8
ln 3
x
3x 2 = e4
x2 =
e
3
=4
ln ( x5 ) = 4
1
2
x5 = e4
e4
x=
3
x 4.2661
x = ( e 4 )5
x 2.2255
57. ln(e) = 1 because e1 = e
131
Homework 5.6
60. aebx = c
ebx =
b.
c
a
180 = 70 + 137e 0.06t

110 = 137e 0.06t
110
137
110
ln (e 0.06t ) = ln
137
e0.06t =
c
bx = ln
a
c
ln
a
x=
b
110
0.06t ln(e) = ln
137
110
0.06t = ln
137
61. 3ln( x) = 3ln( x)

x7
ln( x 7 ) ln( x 4 ) = ln 4
x
110
ln
137
t=
0.06
t 3.6583
3
= ln( x ) = 3ln( x)
ln( x 7 )
= ln x 4 ( x 7 )
ln( x 4 )
He will be able to drink the coffee in 3.66

minutes.
2 ln( x) ln( x) = 2[ln( x)]2
c.
ln( x3 ) = 3ln( x)
ln(3 x) = ln(3 x )
3ln( x) , ln( x 7 ) ln( x 4 ) , and ln( x3 ) are all the
equal.
63. a.
The time when the person bought it is t = 0.

70 + 137e 0.66(0) = 70 + 137e0
Looking at the graph of y we can see that as t

gets larger, y approaches 70. So the
temperature of the store is 70F.
= 70 + 137
= 207
65. a.
The temperature was 207F when the coffee

was purchased.
The poles are at x = 10 or x = -10

h(10) = 10(e 0.03(10) + e 0.03(10) )
= 10(1.34986 + 0.740818)
= 10(2.090677)
= 20.90677
The poles are 20.9 feet high.
b.
h(6) = 10(e 0.03(6) + e 0.03(6) )

h(6) = 10(1.197217 + 0.835702)
= 10(2.0324876)
= 20.32488
132
Chapter 5 Review Exercises

The cable is 20.32 feet high when it is 6 feet
away from the center.
c.
2. g ( x) =
The shortest height happens in the center,

where x = 0.
Replace g ( x) with y :
4x 7
8
Solve for x :
4x 7 = 8 y
y=
h(0) = 10(e 0.03(0) + e 0.03(0) )

= 10(1 + 1)
= 10(2)
4x = 8 y + 7
= 20
8y + 7
4
Replace x with g 1 ( y ) :
x=
The least height of the cable is 20 feet.

67. Answers may vary. Example: When solving some
equation for x, where x is in the exponent of some
base b, first isolate the base b on one side of the
equation. Take the log of both sides of the
equation. Use the power property of logarithms to
bring the exponent x in front of the log(b). Divide
both sides by log(b). Isolate x on one side of the
equation.
7
4
Write in terms of x :
g 1 ( y ) = 2 y +
g 1 ( x) = 2 x +
7
4
3. h( x) = 3 x

1.
4x 7
8
h 1 ( x ) = log 3 ( x)
f ( x) = 3x
4.
y = 3x
f ( x) = log 4 ( x)
f ( x) = 4 x
Solve for x :
1
y
3
5. g ( x) = 10 x
x=
g 1 ( x) = log( x)
1
y
3
f 1 ( y ) =
6. h( x) = log( x)
h 1 ( x ) = 10 x
1
f 1 ( x) = x
3
133
7.
f (0) = 1
8.
f (2) = 4
9.
f 1 (0) = 4
10.
f 1 (2) = 1
11.
24. log b (1) = 0, since b 0 = 1

25. log d ( f ) = t
26. y r = w
27.
12.
28. 6(2) x = 30
2x = 5
log(2 x ) = log(5)
x log(2) = log(5)
13. log 5 (25) = 2, since 52 = 25
log(5)
log(2)
x 2.3219
x=
14. log(100, 000) = 5, since 10 = 100, 000

5
1
1
15. log 3 = 2, since 32 =
9
9
29. log 3 ( x) = 4
x = 34
1
16. ln 3 = ln(e 3 ) = 3
e
17. log 6
18. log 4
( )
6 =
x = 81
30. 4e x = 75
1
1
, since 6 2 = 6
2
( 4 ) = 13 , since 4
3
1
3
75
4
75
ln(e x ) = ln
4
75
x = ln
4
x 2.9312
ex =
=34
19. log(0.001) = 3, since 10 3 = 0.001

20. log 3 (7) =
log(7)
1.7712
log(3)
21. ln(5) 1.6094

22. log b (b) = 1, since b1 = b
23. log b (b 7 ) = 7, since b 7 = b 7
134
31. 4.3(9.8) x 3.3 = 8.2
36. 5(4)3 x 7 = 40
43 x 7 = 8
4.3(9.8) x = 11.5
11.5
9.8 x =
4.3
11.5
log(9.8 x ) = log
4.3
11.5
x log(9.8) = log
4.3
log(43 x 7 ) = log(8)
(3 x 7) log(4) = log(8)
log(8)
log(4)
log(8)
+7
3x =
log(4)
log(8)
+7
log(4)
x=
3
x 2.8333
3x 7 =
11.5
log
4.3
x=
log(9.8)
x 2.8333
32. log b (83) = 6
37. e3 x 8 = 12
3 x 8 = ln(12)
b 6 = 83
3 x = ln(12) + 8
b = 83 6
ln(12) + 8
3
x 3.4950
x=
b 2.0886
33. 3ln( x) + 7 = 1
38. log b (32) = 5
3ln( x) = 6
ln( x) = 2
b5 = 32
x = e2
b = 32 5
34. log 2 ( x 2 ) + log 2 (2 x) = 4
b=2
39. 5log 6 (2 x ) 3log 6 (4 x ) = 2
ln(2.4 x ) = ln(63.5)
x ln(2.4) = ln(63.5)
log 6 (2 x)5 log 6 (4 x)3 = 2
ln(63.5)
x=
ln(2.4)
x 4.7415
(2 x)5
log 6
3
(4 x)
=2
32 x5
=2
log 6
3
64 x
35. log 5 ( x) = 3.17
x2
log 6
2
2
x
= 62
2
x 2 = 72
x = 53.17
x 164.3368
=2
x = 72 2
x 8.4853
135
40. ln(3 x + 1) = 2
44.
3x + 1 = e2
56 x
= 48
54 x
3x = e2 1
52 x = 48
e2 1
3
x 2.1297
log(52 x ) = log(48)
x=
2 x log(5) = log(48)
log(48)
log(5)
log(48)
x=
2 log(5)
x 1.2027
2x =
41. 2 log 3 (5 x) + 4 log 3 ( x) = 5

log 3 (5 x) 2 + log 3 ( x) 4 = 5
log 3 [(5 x) 2 ( x) 4 ] = 5
log 3 [25 x 6 ] = 5
45. log b ( x) + log b (6 x ) log b (2 x)
25 x = 3
6
x6 =
= log b [ x(6 x)] log b (2 x)
243
25
= log b (6 x 2 ) log b (2 x)
6 x2
= log b
2x
= log b (3 x )
243 6
x=
25
x 1.4609
46. 3log b (2 x) + 2 log b (3 x)
42. ln(4 x8 ) ln(2 x7 ) = 5
= log b (2 x)3 + log b (3 x)2
4 x8
ln 7 = 5
2x
ln(2 x ) = 5
= log b [(2 x)3 (3 x )2 ]

= log b [72 x5 ]
2 x = e5
47. 3ln(4 x 3 ) + 3ln(2 x 5 )
e5
x=
2
x 74.2066
= ln(4 x 3 )3 + ln(2 x 5 )3
= ln(64 x 9 ) + ln(8 x15 )
43. log 2 (log 2 ( x)) = 2
= ln[(64 x9 )(8 x15 )]

= ln(512 x 24 )
log 2 ( x) = 2 2
log 2 ( x) = 4
x=2
48. 4 log b (3 x 2 ) 2 log b (9 x5 )
= log b (3 x 2 ) 4 log b (9 x5 ) 2
x = 16
(3 x 2 )4
= log b
5 2
(9 x )
81x8
= log b
10
81x
1
= log b 2
x
136
49. ln(2 x 7 ) 4 ln(2 x3 )
53. a.
n = f (t ) be the number of leaves. The nintercept is (0, 30), so a = 30. The number of
leaves doubles every week so the base, b =
2. f (t ) = 30(2)t .
= ln(2 x 7 ) ln(2 x 3 )4
= ln(2 x 7 ) ln(16 x12 )
50.
2 x7
= ln
12
16 x
1
= ln 5
8x
b.
log b ( w)
= log y ( w)
log b ( y)
c.
5000
30
500
log(2t ) = log
3
500
t log(2) = log
3
2t =
log b (b 5 ) 5
=
log b (b 2 ) 2
log b (b3 ) = 3
500
log
3
t=
log(2)
t 7.38
log b (b5 ) = 5
3
= log b (b ) = 3
There are 5000 leaves on the tree 7.38 weeks

after April 1.
Use an exponential model f (t ) = ab t . Let

V = f (t ) , where V is the value of the account.
The V-intercept is (0, 8), so a = 8. Since the
interest rate is 5%, the base is b =
1.05. f (t ) = 8(1.05)t .
b.
f 1 (5000)
5000 = 30(2)t
51. log b (b ) log b (b ) = 5 2 = 3
52. a.
f (8) = 30(2)8 = 7680

There are 7680 leaves on the tree 8 weeks after
April 1.
b5
log b 2
b
54. a.
f (9) = 8(1.05)9 12.41063

The balance in the account after 9 years is $12,
410.63.
c.
The balance will have doubled when it is

$16,000. Find f 1 (16)
16 = 8(1.05)
Use an exponential model because the data

points curve upwards.
1.05t = 2
b.
log(1.05 ) = log(2)
Using exponential regression:
f (t ) = 0.083(2.65)t
t log(1.05) = log(2)
log(2)
log(1.05)
t 14.2067
c.
t=
The balance will be doubled in 14.2 years.

137
b = 2.649 Every year the sales of Nantucket

Nectar Juice Drinks goes up by 165%.
Chapter 5 Test

The rubber band is stretched to 80.92 inches
with 8 cassettes.
To find the percent growth, take the growth

from one year to the next and divide by the
sales from the previous year.
.1
.3
.5
5
=1
= 1.5
=1
=5
.1
.2
.5
1
9
15
30
= 1.5
=1
=1
6
15
30
There are two scenarios which might cause

model breakdown. The rubber band reaches a
point where it can stretch no farther, or the
rubber band breaks.
e.
From this the greatest percent growth can be

seen to have happened in 1994 when there was
a 500% increase.
d.
f 1 (139)
139 = 9.33(1.31)n
139
9.33
139
log(1.31n ) = log
9.33
1.31n =
f 1 (1000)
1000 = 0.083(2.65)t
1000
0.083
1000
t
log(2.65 ) = log
0.083
2.65t =
139
n log(1.31) = log
9.33
139
log
9.33
n=
log(1.31)
n 10.00
1000
t log(2.65) = log
0.083
1000
log
0.083
t=
log(2.65)
t 9.65
It would take 10 cassettes to stretch the rubber

band to 139 inches.
If model breakdown occurs with 8 cassettes,
then it definitely occurs with 10. Either the
rubber band has stopped stretching with the
addition of the last two cassettes, or the rubber
band is broken.
Sales will be $1 billion in 2000.

55. a.
Chapter 5 Test
1. g ( x) = 2 x 9
Replace g ( x) with y :
y = 2x 9
Solve for x :
2x = y + 9
Using exponential regression:

f (n) = 9.33(1.31)
b.
1.31; As each cassette is added to the bag the

length increases by 31%
c.
9.33; The initial length of the rubber band is

9.33 inches.
d.
y+9
2
Replace x with g 1 ( y ) :
x=
1
9
y+
2
2
g 1 ( y ) =
g 1 ( x) =
f (8) = 9.33(1.31)8 80.92
2. h( x) = 4 x
138
1
9
x+
2
2
Chapter 5 Test
3.
h 1 ( x ) = log 4 ( x)
15. log b (50 ) = 4
f ( x) = log 5 ( x)
b 4 = 50
1
b = (50 )4
f 1 ( x) = 5 x
b 2.6591
4.
16. 6(2) x 9 = 23
6(2) x = 32
2x =
32
6
32
log(2 x ) = log
6
32
x log(2) = log
6
5. log 2 (16) = 4, since 2 4 = 16
32
log
6
x=
log(2)
x 2.4150
1
1
6. log 4 = 3, since 4 3 =
64
64
7. log 7 (10) =
17. log 3 ( x ) + log 3 ( 2 x ) = 5
log(10)
1.1833
log(7)
log 3 [ x(2 x)] = 5
8. log(0.1) = 1, since 10 1 = 0.1
log 3 (2 x 2 ) = 5
2 x 2 = 35
243
x2 =
2
9. log 2 (log(10, 000)) = log 2 (4) = 2

Since 10 4 = 10, 000 and 2 2 = 4
243 2
x=
2
x 11.0227
10. log b (1) = 0, since b = 1

0
11. log b (b3 ) = 3, since b3 = b3
18. 2e3 x 1 = 54
1
1
12. log b ( b ) = , since b 2 = b
2
1
13. ln 2
e
e3 x 1 = 27
ln(e3 x 1 ) = ln(27)
2
= 2, since e = 2
e
(3 x 1) ln e = ln(27)
3 x 1 = ln(27)
14. log b (log b (b)) = log b (1) = 0
3 x = ln(27) + 1
ln(27) + 1
3
x 1.4319
x=
139
Chapter 5 Test
19. 2 log 4 (3 x5 ) 3log 4 ( x 2 ) = 3
25. a.
P = f (t ) be percentage of carbon-14
remaining in the wood. The P-intercept is (0,
100). The base is and the exponent is
log 4 (3 x5 ) 2 log 4 ( x 2 )3 = 3
log 4 (9 x10 ) log 4 ( x6 ) = 3
9 x10
log 4 6
x
=3
t
1 5730
. f (t ) = 100
.
5730
2
log 4 (9 x 4 ) = 3
9x = 4
4
x4 =
b.
Find f 1 (40)
t
64
9
1 5730
40 = 100
2
64 4
x=
9
x 1.6330
1 5730
= 0.4

2
t
1 5730
= log(0.4)
log
2
t
1
log = log(0.4)
5730
2
5730 log(0.4)
t=
1
log
2
t 7574.65
20. 7 ln( x 2) 1 = 4
7 ln( x 2) = 5
ln( x 2) =
5
7
5
x 2 = e7
5
x = e7 + 2
x 4.0427
The wood is 7575 years old.
21. log s ( w) = t
26. a.
22. e p = k
23. log b ( x 3 ) + log b (5 x)
= log b [ x 3 (5 x )]
= log b (5 x 4 )
24. 4 ln( x3 ) 5ln(2 x 2 )
= ln( x ) ln(2 x )
3 4
2 5
f (t ) = 0.37(1.77)t
= ln( x ) ln(32 x )
12
10
x12
= ln
10
32 x
x2
= ln
32
140
b.
0.37; In 1990 there were 370 arrests.
c.
b = 1.77; The number of arrests increases by

77% each year.
Cumulative Review Chapters 1-5
d.
Find f 1 (1000)
3. 3b 7 18 = 7
3b 7 = 25
25
b7 =
3
1000 = 0.37(1.77)t
1000
0.37
1000
log(1.77t ) = log
0.37
1.77t =
25 7
b=
3
b 1.3538
1000
t log(1.77) = log
0.37
1000
log
0.37
t=
log(1.77)
t 13.84
4.
7
2 5
x = x
12
3 4
7
2 7
5
7
x x = x x
12
3 12
4
12
2 8
= x
3 12
3 2 2 3
= x
2 3 3 2
x = 1
According to the model, there will be 1 million

arrests in 2004. This seems unlikely, model
breakdown has probably occurred.
1. 2(4)5 x 1 = 17
5. 8 + 2e x = 15
(4)5 x 1 =
17
2
2e x = 7
ex =
17
log(4 ) = log
2
17
(5 x 1) log(4) = log
2
5 x 1
7
2
7
ln(e x ) = ln
2
7
x = ln
2
x 1.2528
17
log
2
5x 1 =
log(4)
6. log b (93) = 4
17
log
2 +1
5x =
log(4)
b 4 = 93
1
17
log
2 +1
log(4)
x=
5
x 0.5087
b = (93) 4
b 3.1054
2. log 3 ( x 5) = 4
x 5 = 34
x = 81 + 5
x = 86
141

11. Simplify 3(2 4 x) = 10 2 y :
7. 4 log 5 (3 x 2 ) + 3log 5 (6 x 4 ) = 3
6 4 x = 10 2 y
log 5 (3 x 2 ) 4 + log 5 (6 x 4 )3 = 3
log 5 (81x ) + log 5 (216 x ) = 3
4 x + 2 y = 16
log 5[(81x8 )(216 x12 )] = 3
In order to eliminate x, multiply 2 x 3 y = 8 by 2.

This gives 4 x 6 y = 16 . Add the two equations:
12
log 5 (17496 x ) = 3
20
17496 x 20 = 53
x 20 =
4 x + 2 y = 16
125
17496
4 x 6 y = 16
1
This yields 4 y = 32 , so y = 8. Solve for x:
125 20
x =
17496
x 0.7811
4 x 6(8) = 32
4 x 48 = 32
8. 7 3(4 x 2) = 5 x + 1
4 x = 16
x=4
7 12 x + 6 = 5 x + 1
13 12 x = 5 x + 1
1
3
x y = 12
2
4
5
5
5
60
by
. This gives
. Add the
x+ y =
3
6
4
3
equations:
12. In order to eliminate x, multiply
12 x = 5 x 12
17 x = 12
12
17
x 0.7059
x=
5
5
60
x+ y =
6
4
3
5
1
x + y = 1
6
3
9. 2 ln(12 x ) ln(3 x ) = 5
9
ln(12 x 9 ) 2 ln(3 x 3 ) = 5
ln(144 x18 ) ln(3 x 3 ) = 5
5
1
60
y+ y =
1 . The common
4
3
3
denominator is 12, so the equation changes to
15
4
240 12
19
. So,
y+ y =
y = 19 and y = 12.
12
12
12 12
12
Solve for x when y = 12.
This yields
144 x18
ln
=5
3
3x
ln(48 x15 ) = 5
48 x15 = e5
x15 =
e5
48
1
3
x (12) = 12
2
4
1
x 9 = 12
2
1
x = 3
2
x = 6
1
15
e5
x=
48
x 1.0782
10. Substitute x = 2 y 5 for x in 4 x 5 y = 14

4(2 y 5) 5 y = 14
8 y 20 5 y = 14
3y = 6
y=2
142

13. 8 x 3 3(4 x 5)
2b 5 c8
16. 2 7
3b c
8 x 3 12 x + 15
20 x 18
2b 5 ( 2) c8 7
=
18
x
20
9
x
10
2b 3 c1
=
3
2c1
= 3
3b
8c 3
=
27b9
x
0
9
10
9
10 , )
16 x 28
= log b
4
49 x
16 x 24
= log b
49
1600c 4
b 23
18. 3ln(4 x 6 ) + 4 ln(3 x 2 )
1
2
3
= ln(4 x 6 )3 + ln(3x 2 ) 4
6b 2 c 4
4b
= ln[(64 x18 )(81x8 )]
= ln(5184 x 26 )
3
2 3
+
4b 6 c
=
3
=
= ln(64 x18 ) + ln(81x8 )
1 1
1 3
3 2
2 4
4b 6 6 c
=
3
4b
3c
= log b (16 x 28 ) log b ( 49 x 4 )
1600b 23 c 4
15.
(64 25)(b 9 b 14 )(c 6 c 2 )
= log b ( 2 x 7 ) log b (7 x 2 )
(64b 9 c 6 )(25b 14 c 2 )
17. 4 log b ( 2 x 7 ) 2 log b (7 x 2 )
14. (4b 3c 2 )3 (5b 7 c 1 ) 2
8b 3 c
2 3

4 4
19.
5
4
f ( x) = 5(3) x
20. g ( x) = 3 x + 25
21. 7
5
6
22. 40
5
4
23. 8
24.
143
f 1 (5) = 0, since f (0) = 5

29.
25. k ( x ) is an exponential function k ( x ) = ab x with

base b = . The y-intercept is (0, a). To find a,
substitute a point from the table for x and y and
solve.
1
160 = a
2
1
160 = a
8
a = 1280
30.
So the y-intercept is (0, 1280).

26.
31. First find the slope:

27.
m=
3 7
10
=
5+ 4
9
10
x + b . Substitute a point, say (-4. 7) to
9
solve for b.
So y =
10
(4) + b
9
40
+b
7=
9
40
=b
7
9
63 40
=b
9
9
23
b=
9
7=
28.
So the equation is y =
144
10
23
x+
.
9
9

32. The y-intercept is (0, 8.1). So the equation is
y = 8.1b x . Substitute (20, 719.3) to find b.
719.3 = 8b
b 20 =
36. (0, 2) because a = 2

37.
20
719.3
8
1
719.3 20
b=
8
b 1.25
So the equation is y = 8.1(1.25) x
33. Both points satisfy the equation y = ab x so we
have the system:
38.
13 = ab 7
85 = ab3
Combining the equations yields:
13 ab 7
=
85 ab3
13
= b4
85
39.
13 4
b=
85
b 0.6254
2(3) x = 35
3x =
Substitute this value of the base into the equation

y = a (0.6254) x . Substitute (3, 85) to find a.
35
2
35
log(3x ) = log
2
35
x log(3) = log
2
85 = a (0.6254)3
85
(0.6254)3
a 347.49
a=
34.
f 1 (35)
35
log
2
x=
log(3)
x 2.6053
f (4) = 2(3)4
1
1
1
40. log 3 = 4, since 34 = 4 =
81
3
81

35. 2(3) x = 16
41. log 3 (log 2 (8 )) = log 3 (3) = 1
3x = 8
log(3 ) = log(8)
x
since 23 = 8 and 31 = 3
x log(3) = log(8)
log(8)
log(3)
x 1.8928
x=
42. log b
145
( b ) = 17 , since b
7
1
7
=7b
43. log 8 (73) =

44.

48.
log(73)
2.0633
log(8)
f ( 1) = 1
y = 4x 6
Solve for x :
45. The y-intercept is (0, 2). So the equation is

y = 2b x . Substitute (-1, 1) to find b.
y + 6 = 4x
y+6
=x
4
y 6
x= +
4 4
1 = 2b 1
b 1 =
1
2
1
b=
2
b=2
f ( x) = 4 x 6
1
3
y+
4
2
Replace y with x :
f 1 ( y ) =
f 1 ( x) =
So the equation is f ( x) = 2(2) x

46.
1
3
x+
4
2
49. g 1 ( x) = log 8 ( x )
50. Answers may vary. Example:
47.
f 1 (2)
2 = 2(2) x
2x = 1
log(2 x ) = log (1)
0 2
x log(2) = 0
2 4
0
log(2)
x=0
x=
2 5
2 6
3 7
The relation is not a function because the input x =
2 has three different outputs y = 4, 5, and 6.
146

51. a.
b.
The y-intercept for both functions is (0, 2).
8 = ab 7
For f, as the value of x increases by 2, the

value of y increases by 3.
3 = ab 4
Combining the equations yields:
For g, as the value of x increases by 2, the

value of y is multiplied by 3.
c.
8 ab 7
=
3 ab 4
8
= b3
3
g; Raising 3 to a large power (as happens in g

for large x values) will yield a larger number
than multiplying that number by 3 power (as
happens in f).
8 3
b=
3
b 1.3867
d.
Substitute this value of the base into the

equation y = a (1.3867) x . Substitute (4, 3) to
find a.
3 = a (1.3867)4
3
(1.3867) 4
a 0.81
a=
52. a.
First find the slope:

m=
83 5
=
74 3
So y =
c.
5
x + b . Substitute (4. 3) to solve for b.
3
5
3 = (4) + b
3
20
+b
3=
3
20
=b
3
3
9 20
=b
3 3
11
b=
3
So the equation is y =
b.
5
11
x
3
3
Both points satisfy the equation y = ab x so we

have the system:
147

53. a.

U-Haul costs less than Budget for mileage less
than 41.67 miles.
f (2) = 3(2) = 6
g (2) = 32 = 9
b.
Finding f
55. a.
Create a scattergram to determine the type of

regression to use.
f ( x) = 3 x
y = 3x
Solve for x :
1
y
3
x=
Use exponential regression as the points fit a

curve: s = f (t ) = 20.38(0.79)t
1
y
3
Replace y with x :
f 1 ( y ) =
1
f 1 ( x) = x
3
b.
(0, 20.38); There were 20.4 cases of syphilis

per 100,000 people in 1990.
c.
rate of decay = 1 0.79 = .21, so 21%; The

number of cases decreases by 21% each year.
g ( x) = log 3 ( x)
c.
54. a.
d.
1
f (81) = (81) = 27
3
20.38(0.79)t = 1
0.79t =
U ( x) = 0.69 x + 19.95
1
log(0.79t ) = log
20.38
1
t log(0.79) = log
20.38
Slope of U is 0.69; U-Haul charges $0.69 per

mile
1
log
20.38
t=
log(0.79)
t 12.8
Slope of B is 0.45; Budget charges $0.69 per

mile
c.
0.69 x + 19.95 = 0.45 x + 29.95
There will be 1 case per 100,000 people in

2003.
0.24 x = 10
x=
d.
1
20.38
g 1 (81) = log 3 (81) = 4, since 34 = 81
B( x) = 0.45 x + 29.95
b.
f (t ) = 1
10
41.67 miles
0.24
U ( x) < B ( x )
0.69 x + 19.95 < 0.45 x + 29.95
0.24 x < 10
x < 41.67
148
e.
d.
f 1 (0.1)
0.25t 1.67 = 0
20.38(0.79)t = 0.1
0.1
0.79t =
20.38
0.1
log(0.79t ) = log
20.38
0.25t = 1.67
1.67
0.25
t 6.68
t=
0.1
t log(0.79) = log
20.38
0.1
log
20.38
t=
log(0.79)
t 22.56
(6.68, 0); There were no laser eye surgeries in

1997 according to the model. Model
breakdown has occurred.
e.
f (0) = 0.25(0) 1.67 = 1.67

(0, -1.67); There were -1.67 million laser eye
surgeries in 1990 according to the model.
Model breakdown has occurred.
There will be 1 case per million people in

2013.
f.
f (t ) = 0
f.
2004 is t = 14
f (18) = 0.25(18) 1.67 = 2.83

There will be 2.83 million laser eye surgeries
in 2008 according to the model.
f (14) = 20.38(0.79)14 = 0.75

There are 0.75 cases per 100,000 people.
g.
0.75
n
=
100, 000 289, 000, 000
100, 000n = 216750000
f (t ) = 0.25t 1.67
Replace f (t ) with n :
n = 0.25t 1.67
Solve for x :
n = 2167.5
n + 1.67 = 0.25t
n + 1.67
=t
0.25
n
1.67
+
t=
0.25 0.25
Replace t with f 1 ( n) :
In 2004, the model predicts there will be 2168

cases in the U.S.
56. a.
f 1 (n) = 4n + 6.68
h.
f 1 (4) = 4(4) + 6.68 = 22.68

There will be 4 million laser eye surgeries in
2013.
It is better to use a linear function as the points

do not form a curve.
e.
Using linear regression:

n = f (t ) = 0.25t 1.67
c.
b = 0.25; The number of laser eye surgeries is

increasing by 0.25 million (250,000) per year.
149

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Chapter 5

21. f -1(3) = 0, since f (0) = 3

SSM: Intermediate Algebra

f(t) = 0.81t 45.86

f(100) = 0.81(100) 45.86 = 35.14

f 1 (100) = 1.23(100) + 56.62 = 179.62

SSM: Intermediate Algebra

Use linear regression

Use linear regression

Half the people is 50 percent, substitute 50 for

In 2009, the price of CDs will be $21.29.

The year will be 2031.

f 1 (50) = 1.28(50) + 67.38 131.49 The year

The results are the same in parts d and e.

f 1 (25) = 2.63(25) + 52.97 = 118.72

f (109) = 0.38(109) 20.13 = 21.29

SSM: Intermediate Algebra

55. f(x) = -6x 2

57. f(x) = 0.4x 7.9

Write equation in terms of x :

Write equation in terms of x :

SSM: Intermediate Algebra

67. f(x) = -3(2x 5)

SSM: Intermediate Algebra

69. f(x) = 7 8(x + 1)

The function f(x) given in part a is a linear

1. log 9 (81) = 2, since 9 2 = 81

3. log 3 (27) = 3 since 33 = 27

5. log 2 (32) = 5 since 25 = 32

7. log 6 (216) = 3 since 63 = 216

Write equation in terms of x :

9. log 6 (36) = 2 since 62 = 36

73. Answers may vary. Example: It makes sense that

11. log10 (100) = 2 since 10 2 = 100

75. f(x) = 3 is not one-to-one. For example, f (1) = 3

and f (2) = 3 . So, the inverse of f would send 3 to

SSM: Intermediate Algebra

23. log 5 (1) = 0 since 50 = 1

f 1 (2) = log 2 (2) = 1, since 21 = 2

25. log 9 (3) =

57. g (3) = log 3 (3) = 1

f 1 (1) = log 3 (1) = 0

log 2 (log 2 (16)) = log 2 (4) since 2 4 = 16

37. log b (b) = 1 since b1 = b

39. log b (b 2 ) = 2 since b 2 = b 2

log b (log b (b)) = log b (1) since b1 = b

SSM: Intermediate Algebra

First make a table of values for f(x), then build a

Answers may vary. Example: The Gansu

log 5 (25) = 2, since 52 = 25

5x and log 5 ( x) are inverses of each other.

Noisy street corner

Soft rock concert

= log ( 4.0 108 )

79. Answers may vary. Example: log b (a ) is the

= log (1.6 107 )

The Richter number for the Naples earthquake

SSM: Intermediate Algebra

11. 103 = 1000

29. log 2 (log 3 ( x )) = 3 is equivalent to:

log 3 ( x) = 8 is equivalent to:

17. log 4 ( x ) = 2 is equivalent to:

19. log 2 ( x ) = 4 is equivalent to: