LBM 5 TUMBUH KEMBANG

STEP 7
1. The theory of aging process?
Answer :

2. Factor of aging process?

(wahsa.org/agingprocess)
3. What can be inhibite the aging process and how the process?
How to slow down the aging process:

a. prevent the increase of free radicals

b. manipulate the immune system
c. through metabolism / food
calorie restriction
Calorie restriction effect decreased glucose and insulin
levels, serum levels of free glucocorticoids slightly
increased, decreased basal temperature (0.5 to 1 C) and
increased protection against RB cells extend life by up to
40%
telomere elongation
Contact inhibition ability of cells to divide (to maintain
function and prevent death) until sel2 is dense enough to
meet each other, so it will stop growing divide persist for
some time off
If the cells has been stopped dividing diluted will divide
again Hayflick limit / Hayflic phenomenon sel2 limited to
splitting after 50 times, because every time divides the
telomeres at the ends of each chromosome will become
shorter, until one day can not be shortened telomeres
longer
Slowing the aging modified telomere length through
telomerase enzyme
Influence axis GH/IGF-1
Panhipopituarisme deficiency thyrotropin, prolactin, GH
extend
Insulin like Growth Factor (IGF-1) low longer lifespan
(IPD volume III IV edition, FKUI 2006)
4. Why the skin around the eyes looks saggy or slacker?
The power and flexibility of the skin is determined by the
proteins collagen and elastin. As aging occurs, the two fibers
will decline. The signs of aging due to slowing the body's
natural process of regeneration began to appear around the
age of 25 years, which turn old cells by new cells began to slow.
At the age of 30 years from the first wrinkles appear.
Furthermore, the process of accelerated aging at around 45
years, which is characterized by hormonal changes and other

processes that cause skin thinning. The aging process raises a

number of functional changes in the skin:
Epidermis
Perbatasan dermis-epidermis
lebih mendatar

Dermis
menjadi

Aktivitas
kelenjar
minyak
mulai
berkurang sehingga kulit menjadi lebih
kering

Ukuran dan bentuk sel tidak beraturan

Ujung saraf menjadi abnormal

Melanosit berkurang

Pembuluh darah berkurang sehingga

kulit tampak lebih pucat

Penyebaran
pigmen
tidak
merata Serat kolagen dan elastin mulai rusak,
sehingga warna kulit tampak berupa kulit mulai kehilangan kekuatan dan
bercak-bercak yang tidak rata
kelenturannya.

Exposure to ultraviolet radiation (sunlight) can accelerate the

damage of excessive collagen and elastin skin. As a result, the
skin becomes wrinkled, dry, rough, loose and raised blackish
blotches (spots). This is called premature skin aging
(photoaging). Someone who has photoaged will look older than
her age
Preview collagen and elastin decline causing skin wrinkling and
loss of smoothness, and looks that women will experience a
loss of collagen faster than men.
Collagen is the protein found in the dermis, which is a layer of
connective tissue in the skin which have the ability to
strengthen the skin. The body will make a lot of collagen at a
young age, will continue to decline in production with age.
(www.infosehat.com)
5. Why the vision was getting blurred,her hearing was declining
and easy to fall off?
The most common eyes problem in the elderly is presbyopia,
difficulty with close focus. Presbyopia is the result of decreased
lens flexibility, which occurs with aging. Cataracts are also

more common with advancing age; they begin forming early in

life, but the progression varies from person to person. The
prevalence of cataracts is approximately 50% in those between
65 and 74 years old and up to 70% in those older than 75.
Typically, cataracts produce a gradual reduction in visual acuity
and represent opacities of the crystalline lens. In persons
with early cataracts, near vision may actually improve;
however, distant vision becomes blurred. This change
occurs because of an increase in the convexity of the
lens. Although cataracts are usually bilateral, one eye may be
affected more than the other. Cataract surgery with intraocular
lens implantation is effective for restoring visual acuity. The
decision about the surgical treatment of cataracts should be
individualized and based on the patients disability.
Acute angle-closure glaucoma is much less common than
chronic open-angle glaucoma and represents about 5% of
glaucoma cases. It often presents after pupillary
dilatation. It results from the obstruction of aqueous
humor as it flows from the anterior chamber of the eye
through the canal of Schlemm. This obstruction abruptly
increases intraocular pressure. Patients with acute angleclosure glaucoma present with symptoms of intense eye
pain, blurred vision with halos around lights, headache,
and nausea. Physical examination reveals a slightly dilated
pupil unresponsive to light. Urgent treatment is necessary to
prevent permanent loss of vision.
The increased frequency of falls among the elderly reflects
multiple age-related changes, including decreased strength
from loss of muscle mass, decreased visual and hearing
acuity, decreased proprioception, and slowed reaction
time. These changes can produce an alteration of gait
and decreased balance in an elderly person.
The prevalence of hearing loss, especially of high frequencies
(presbycusis), increases markedly in the elderly.
Causes of conductive hearing loss include cerumen
impaction, perforation of the tympanic membrane,
cholesteatoma, Paget disease, and otosclerosis.
(Mayo Clinic Internal Medicine Review 2006-2007
SEVENTH EDITION)
6. Why she was felt dizzy and getting balance disorder?

7. Why she was also didnt get menstruation anymore since last
5 years?
Menopause itselfas defined by health care professionalsis a woman's final
menstrual period, which can be confirmed after she goes 12 consecutive
months with no period, and no other biological or physiological cause can be
identified; it also may occur when both ovaries are surgically removed or
damaged. Until that time, a woman in her late 40s or 50s may still be able to
get pregnant, despite irregular periods.
(http://www.healthywomen.org/condition/menopause)

8. Why her weight was decreased and her body shape was got
thinner?
The physiological changes of aging skin
- Decreased epidermal turnover rate is between 30-50% and the stratum
corneum turnover rate 2 times longer than young people.
- Decreased response to trauma
- Skin protection mechanisms decreases
- Power cleansing of chemical absorbed bahan2 decreased percutaneous
- Decreased sensory perception
- Response decreased vascular
- Decreased immune response
- Decreased vitamin D production
- Production of sebum decreases
- Number of active malanosit cells and reduced tanning ability
- Decreased ability to thermoregulation
- Production of sweat glands decreases
Morphologic picture of aging skin
- Dry skin
Because this happens Drought reduced androgens, decreased function of the
sebaceous glands, reduced number and function of the sweat glands ekrin,
reduced water content in the epidermis, that long exposure to sunlight
- Surface rough and scaly skin
It is caused due to abnormal keratinization process and changes and the shape
sel2 epidermis, the stratum corneum easy off and die sel2 tendency to cling to
the one with the other on the surface of the skin and skin dryness factor due to
the reduction of fat and water content of the epidermis
- Skin saggy / hanging with kerutan2 and clearer skin garis2
This is because:
a. Decrease the number of fibroblasts that mnyebabkan elastin fibers decrease
more sclerotic and thickened so jarinagn collagen elastin fibers become loose
and lose its keyalnya, the skin can become tense and less flexible
b. The bones and muscles to atrophy, decreased subcutaneous fat tissue, a thin
layer of skin and loss of elastic forming kerutan2 and skin garis2
c. Contraction otot2 expression that is not followed by a contraction of the skin
that wrinkles alur2 sesaui causing facial area.

Disorders of pigmentation in the skin

This is due to melanin pigment perubahan2 distribution pattern and
proliferation of melanocytes and melanocyte function decreases so irregular
buildup of melanin in the basal epidermis sel2.
In addition, the epidermal turnover decreased so that the layers of skin sel2
mpy plenty of time to absorb melanin bercak2 that will result in pigmentation of
the skin.

The changes that occurred in the Elderly.

A. Physical Changes
1) cells.
o Fewer in number.
o More large size.
o Reduced the amount of body fluid and reduced intracellular fluid.
o The decline in the proportion of protein in the brain, muscle, kidney, blood,
and liver.
o The number of brain cells decreases.
o Disruption of cellular repair mechanisms.
o The brain becomes atrofis weight decreased 5-10%.