NAME:

Ayush Jain

Roll No.: 43
Class:
Div:

FY.BMS.
A

Subject: environmental
management
Year:

2013-14

1.GLOBAL WARMING

Global warming is the talk of the town in this century, with its
detrimental effects already being brought to limelight by the recurring
events of massive floods, annihilating droughts and ravaging cyclones
throughout the globe. The average global temperatures are higher than they
have ever been during the past millennium, and the levels of CO2 in the
atmosphere have crossed all previous records. A scrutiny of the past records
of 100 years indicates that India figures in the first 10 in the world in terms
of fatalities and economic losses in a variety of climatic disasters.
CLIMATE
The climate is defined as the general or average weather conditions of a
certain region, including temperature, rainfall, and wind. The earths
climate is most affected by latitude, the tilt of the Earth's axis, the
movements of the Earth's wind belts, and the difference in temperatures of
land and sea, and topography. Human activity, especially relating to actions
relating to the depletion of the ozone layer, is also an important factor.
GREEN HOUSE EFFECT
Green House effect is the phenomenon whereby the earth's atmosphere
traps solar radiation, and is mediated by the presence in the atmosphere of
gases such as carbon dioxide, water vapour, and methane that allow
incoming sunlight to pass through, but absorb the heat radiated back from
the earth's surface.
GLOBAL WARMING
Global warming is defined as an increase in the average temperature of the
Earth's atmosphere, especially a sustained increase great enough to cause
changes in the global climate.
The term global warming is synonymous with Enhanced green house effect,
implying an increase in the amount of green house gases in the earths

atmosphere, leading to entrapment of more and more solar radiations, and

thus increasing the overall temperature of the earth.
EFFECT OF GLOBAL WARMING ON THE EARTHS
CLIMATE
Detailed researches of climatic events of the past 150 years have revealed
that the temperatures have risen all over the globe, with the warming
occurring in two phases. The first phase was from 1919 to 1940, with an
average temperature gain of 0.35C, and the second phase was from 1970
to the present, exhibiting temperature gains of 0.55C. Records show that
the past 25 years have been the warmest time of the past 5 centuries. The
global warming has resulted in the warming of the oceans, rising of the sea
levels, melting of glaciers, and diminished snow cover in the Northern
Hemisphere.
The recent catastrophic climatic events like the massive floods in Pakistan
and India, the Hurricane Katrina in the United States, the prolonged
droughts in Australia, China, Pakistan, India and Texas, are all the results of
increased temperatures due to global warming. During the 21st century,
climatic disasters occurred five times as frequently and killed or affected
seventy times as many people. Between 2000 and 2004, an average of 26
climatic disasters was reported each year. Thus, the immense geological
changes will continue their destruction unabated if steps to mitigate global
warming are not taken.

2.Effects OF DAMS ON THE

ENVIRONMENT
The human being has been struggling in order to shape the ecosphere in a
manner he wants since the first day. The period in which this struggle was
observed most intensively was the period covering the transition from a
migrant and primitive hunter society to a resident life and farming. The
most deep-seated environmental modification against the nature that had
been realized in the history of the human being has started at this time.
Even the development and downfall of civilizations are correlated to this
interaction between the human being and nature.
INTRODUCTION:
Dams have one of the most important roles in utilizing water resources.
They were constructed long years before gaining present information about
hydrology and hydromechanics. They are not ordinary engineering
buildings. Dam projects, which are useful in meeting the demand for water
in desired times and in regulating stream regimes, have undertaken an
important function in the development of civilization.
Dams have been constructed in order to prevent floods, to supply drinking
and domestic water, to generate energy and for irrigation purposes since the
old-times.
Dams have a great deal of positive and negative effects on the environment
besides their benefits like controlling stream regimes, consequently
preventing floods, obtaining domestic and irrigation water from the stored
water and generating energy. Dams hold possibilities of considerable harm
for living beings in addition to their advantages such as meeting basic
requirements of the society and increasing living standards.
THE POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE IMPACTS OF DAMS
ON THE ENVIRONMENT

While preparing the water resources projects, it is important to make clear

what the environmental impacts of the project may be when it is executed.
The environmental impacts of the dams have been written down below in
numerical order. These are;
1. As a result of dam construction and holding of sediments in
reservoirs, sediment feeding of downstream channel or shore beaches
is prevented. Corrosions may occur. As the transfer of sediments is
avoided by this way, the egg lying zone of the fishes living in the
stream ecosystem is restricted, too.
2. Archaeological and historical places in company with geological and
topographical places that are rare with their exceptional beauties,
disappear after lying under the reservoir.
3. Reproduction of migrating fishes is hindered by the floods that harm
the Egg beds. Or the egg gravel beds can be destructed while the
excavation and coating works in the stream beds.
4. Temperature of water, salt and oxygen distribution may change
vertically as a consequence of reservoir formation. This may cause the
generation of new living species.
5. Normal passing ways of territorial animals are hindered since the dam
Works as a barrier. Meantime the upstream fish movement aiming
ovulation and feeding is prevented and thus fish population decreases
significantly.
6. Rise in evaporation loses may be expected as a result of the increase
in the water surface area.

3.Environmental Resource
Management
It is the management of the interaction and impact of human societies on
the environment. It is not, as the phrase might suggest, the management of
the environment itself. It aims to ensure that ecosystem services are
protected and maintained for future human generations, and also maintain
ecosystem integrity through considering ethical, economic, and scientific
(ecological) variables. Environmental resource management tries to identify
factors affected by conflicts that rise between meeting needs and protecting
resources. It is thus linked to environmental protection and sustainability.
Significance
Environmental resource management is an issue of increasing concern, as
reflected in its prevalence in seminal texts influencing global socio-political
frameworks such as the Brundtland Commission's Our Common Future,
which highlighted the integrated nature of environment and international
development and the World watch Institute's annual State of the World
(book series) reports.
Scope

Improved agricultural practices such as these terraces in northwest Iowa

can serve to preserve soil and improve water quality Environmental
resource management can be viewed from a variety of perspectives.
Environmental resource management involves the management of all
components of the biophysical environment, both living and non-living.
This is due to the interconnected and network of relationships amongst all
living species and their habitats.
Anthropocentrism
An inclination to evaluate reality exclusively in terms of human values is
an ethic reflected in the major interpretations of Western religions and the
dominant economic paradigms of the industrialised world.
Anthropocentrism looks at nature as existing solely for the benefit of man,
and as a commodity to use for the good of humanity and to improve human
quality of life. Anthropocentric environmental resource management is
therefore not the conservation of the environment solely for the
environment's sake, but rather the conservation of the environment, and
ecosystem structure, for human sake.
Economic
A water harvesting system collects rainwater from the Rock of Gibraltar
into pipes that lead to tanks excavated inside the rock. The economy
functions within, and is dependent upon goods and services provided by
natural ecosystems. The role of the environment is recognized in both
classical economics and neoclassical economics theories, yet the
environment held a spot on the back-burner of economic policies from
1950 to 1980 due to emphasis from policy makers on economic growth.
With the prevalence of environmental problems, many economists
embraced the notion that, "If environmental sustainability must coexist for
economic sustainability, then the overall system must [permit] identification
of an equilibrium between the environment and the economy." The
economy functions within, and is dependent upon goods and services
provided by natural ecosystems.

4.Bhopal Gas Tragedy

The Bhopal disaster , also referred to as the Bhopal gas tragedy , was a gas
leak incident in India, considered the world's worst industrial disaster .It
occurred on the night of 23 December 1984 at the Union Carbide India
Limited (UCIL) pesticide plant in Bhopal , Madhya Pradesh. Over 500,000
people were exposed to methyl isocyanine gas and other chemicals. The
toxic substance made its way in and around the shanty towns located near
the plant. Estimates vary on the death toll. The official immediate death toll
was 2,259. The government of Madhya Pradesh confirmed a total of 3,787
deaths related to the gas release. [3] Others estimate 8,000 died within two
weeks and another 8,000 or more have since died from gas-related diseases.
A government affidavit in 2006 stated the leak caused 558,125 injuries
including 38,478 temporary partial injuries and approximately 3,900
severely and permanently disabling injuries. UCIL was the Indian
subsidiary of Union Carbide Corporation (UCC), with Indian Government
controlled banks and the Indian public holding a 49.1 percent stake. In
1994, the Supreme Court of India allowed UCC to sell its 50.9 percent
interest in UCIL to Eveready Industries India Limited (EIIL), which

subsequently merged with McLeod Russell (India) Ltd. Eveready Industries

India, Limited, ended clean-up on the site in 1998, when it terminated its
99- year lease and turned over control of the site to the state government of
Madhya Pradesh.
The pre-event phase
The UCIL factory was built in 1969 to produce the pesticide Seven (UCC's
brand name for carbonyl) using methyl isocyanine (MIC) as an
intermediate. A MIC production plant was added in 1979. After the Bhopal
plant was built, other manufacturers including Bayer produced carbonyl
without MIC, though at a greater manufacturing cost. However, Bayer also
used the UCC process at the chemical plant once owned by UCC at
Institute, West Virginia, in the United States.
The chemical process employed in the Bhopal plant had methylamine
reacting with phosgene to form MIC, which was then reacted with 1naphtha to form the final product, carbonyl. This "route" differed from the
MIC-free routes used elsewhere, in which the same raw materials were
combined in a different manufacturing order, with phosgene first reacting
with naphtha to form a chloroform ate ester, which was then reacted with
methylamine. In the early 1980s, the demand for pesticides had fallen, but
production continued, leading to build-up of stores of unused MIC.
Contributing factors
Factors leading to the magnitude of the gas leak mainly included problems
such as storing MIC in large tanks and filling beyond recommended levels,
poor maintenance after the plant ceased MIC production at the end of 1984,
failure of several safety systems due to poor maintenance, and safety
systems being switched off to save money including the MIC tank
refrigeration system which could have mitigated the disaster severity. The
situation was worsened by the mushrooming of slums in the vicinity of the
plant, non-existent catastrophe plans, and shortcomings in health care and
socioeconomic rehabilitation. Plant management deficiencies were also

identified lack of skilled operators, reduction of safety management,

insufficient maintenance, and inadequate emergency action plans.

5.Carbon Trading
Carbon emissions trading is a form of emissions trading that specifically
targets carbon dioxide (calculated in tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent or
tCO2e) and it currently constitutes the bulk of emissions trading.
This form of permit trading is a common method countries utilize in order
to meet their obligations specified by the Kyoto Protocol; namely the
reduction of carbon emissions in an attempt to reduce (mitigate) future
climate change.
Economics
Emissions trading works by setting a quantitative limit on the emissions
produced by emitters. The economic basis for emissions trading is linked to
the concept of property rights.
Costs and valuation
The economic problem with climate change is that the emitters of
greenhouse gases (GHGs) do not face the full cost implications of their

actions. There are costs that emitters do face, e.g., the costs of the fuel
being used, but there are other costs that are not necessarily included in the
price of a good or service. These other costs are called external costs.
Ethics and fairness
The way of dealing with climate change has particular ethical issues and
other issues related to the fairness of the problem. To actually calculate
social costs requires value judgements about the value of future climate
impacts. There is no consensus among economists over how to value the
fairness (economists use the term equity to mean fairness) of a particular
climate policy. E.g. how to share the burden of costs for mitigating future
climate change. There are methods to infer prices for "non-market" goods
and services. However, these valuations can be controversial, e.g.,
valuations of human health impacts, or ecosystems.
Equity
One of the advantages of Coase's model is that it suggests that fairness
(equity) can be addressed in the distribution of property rights, and that
regardless of how these property rights are assigned, the market will
produce the most efficient outcome. In reality, according to the held view,
markets are not perfect, and it is therefore possible that a trade off will
occur between equity and efficiency.
Taxes versus caps
A large number of papers in the economics literature suggest that carbon
taxes should be preferred to carbon trading. Counter-arguments to this are
usually based on the possible preference that politicians may have for
emissions trading compared with taxes. One of these is that emission
permits can be freely distributed to polluting industries, rather than the
revenues going to the government. A pure carbon tax fixes the price of
carbon, but allows the amount of carbon emissions to vary; and a pure
carbon cap places a limit on carbon emissions, letting the market price of
tradable carbon allowances vary.

Trading
In an emissions trading system, permits may be traded by emitters who are
liable to hold a sufficient number of permits in system. Some analysts argue
that allowing others to participate in trading insider.

6.Non-Biodegradable Waste
It will NOT break down or at least NOT break down for many years.
Examples of Non-biodegradable are plastics, metal and glass. Dangerous
chemicals and toxins are also non-biodegradable, as are plastic grocery
bags, plastic water bottles and other similar materials.
Non-biodegradable products are the products that do not breakdown, decay,
or decompose into simpler forms of matter. Nature cannot reuse the
products when they are discarded. Material that is not organic is nonbiodegradable as opposed to biodegradable products that are made of
organic materials. Products made with non-organic materials are nonbiodegradable products or non-biodegradable material or waste. Some
examples of non-biodegradable products include plastics, foam drinking
cups, circuit boards, ceramics, metals, oil, aluminium cans, and glass
bottles.
Ways to deal with non-degradable waste

Disposal of non-biodegradable waste has become a major concern for the

residents of the capital city, with Kudumbasree workers no longer
collecting waste from homes.
Not just plastic, a whole lot of other hard-to-dispose of waste is
accumulating in many homes. These include used tube lights, glass bottles,
and thermocol packing material.
In 2003, the amount of plastic waste generated by the city in a day used to
be just one-and-a-half tonnes. Last month, at the time of the closure of the
Vilappilsala garbage treatment plant, the amount of plastic waste landing
there daily was a whopping 40 tonnes.
Technology is now available to manufacture crude oil out of plastic; a unit
utilising such technology is coming up at Kottayam on an experimental
basis. It has also been suggested that the plastic be put through a shredding
machine and the shredded plastic be mixed with bitumen for tarring roads.
Recycling plastic
There are also technologies which can convert plastic bags into granules.
Nearly 700 bags will be needed to make one kg of granules.
There are several options for recycling plastic bags, which form a chunk
of the plastic waste. But for everything, we need clean plastic. Right now,
we have to employ people to clean the plastic collected from homes
because most of these are disposed of in a very soiled or wet condition, and
this is not economically viable, says D. Sreekumar, the city Corporation's
Health Officer.
He feels that as part of the training to be as environment-friendly as
possible, people should get into the habit of washing out plastic bags such
as milk sachets or plastic pouches in which wet dosa batter is packed or the
ones in which fish is brought home drying it and then selling it for
recycling.

Used tube lights are also turning out to be a major headache as these
contain high levels of mercury and need to be disposed of safely.
Along with technologies to promote home-based biodegradable waste
management, every city needs sanitary landfills to dispose of nonbiodegradable waste, says Dr. Sreekumar.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
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