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AASHTO - American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.

ABRASION RESISTANCE - The ability of a concrete surface to withstand surface wear from machines and other m
ABUTMENT - in bridges, the end foundation that is typically constructed with concrete that supports the superstructu
ABUTMENT - Supporting substructure at ends of bridges.
ACIAmerican Concrete Institute
ACTIVE CRACK - a crack whose width changes with time.
ADHESIVES the group of materials used to join or bond similar or dissimilar materials, for example in concrete wo
ADMIXTURES - Materials and chemicals added to a concrete mix design which can increase strength, workability,
the placement, and curing of concrete.
ADVANCING SLOPE METHOD a method of placing concrete, as in tunnel linings, in which the face of the fresh

AGGREGATE GRANULAR MATERIALS, SUCH AS SAND, GRAVEL, CRUSHED STONE, AND IRON BLAS
CEMENT CONCRETE OR MORTAR.

Aggregate interlock - Shear or friction resistance by the concrete on opposite sides of a crack in a reinforced concr

Aggregate lightweight is aggregate with a dry, loss weight of 1120 kg/m3 or less.
AGITATOR - a device for maintaining workability and preventing segregation of mixed concrete by agitation.
AIR VOID a space in cement paste, mortal, or concrete filled with air.
AIR-DRY WEIGHT- Is the unit of a lightweight concrete specimen cured for seven days with neither loss nor gain of
c 1.1 c

ANCHORAGE DEVICE IN POST-TENSIONING - IS A DEVICE USED TO ANCHOR TENDONS TO CONCRETE


HARDENING OF TENDONS.
ANCHORAGE -The securing of reinforcing steel in concrete either by straight embedment, hooks, or headed bar
ANSI- American National Standards Institute
ARC WELDING A process by which the two pieces of steel to be joined are heated by an arc formed between an
pieces of steel together.

ARCHITECT -A person or firm who prepares the architectural drawings that determine the design and form of buildin

ARCHITECTURAL DRAWINGS-Drawings which show the general design and form of structures by means of ele
masonry, steel, stone and wood and their dimensions; show fixtures and finishes for ceilings, floor surfaces and wall

ASTM - American Society for Testing and Materials.


AWS - American Welding Society.
AXIAL Typically related to columns
AXLE-STEEL REINFORCING BARSDeformed reinforcing bars rolled from steel axles for railroad cars.
BACK UP BARSSee GRILLAGE BARS.
BACKFILL - Earth or other material used to replace material removed during excavation in preparation for the const
BAND group of reinforcing bars distributed in a slab or wall or footing.

BANDED TENDONS Pre stressing tendons which are grouped into a narrow band 3 to 4 feet wide over the colu
BAR - Steel bar used to reinforce concrete
BAR LISTBill of materials, where all quantities, sizes, lengths and bending dimensions of the reinforcing bars are

BAR NUMBER - A number, approximately the bar diameter in eighths of an inch [whole millimeters], used to desi
millimeters] in diameter: a #9 [#29] bar is approximately 9/8 inches [29 millimeters] in diameter. Bar numbers are roll

BAR OFF unloading reinforcing bars from a truck bed by levering individual bundles over the side with pinch bars

BAR PLACER or PLACER Worker who handles and places reinforcing steel and bar supports.

BAR PLACING SUBCONTRACTOR - A contractor or subcontractor who handles and places reinforcement and bar

BAR SPACINGDistance between parallel reinforcing bars measured from center-to-center of the bars perpendicu
BAR SUPPORTSDevices of formed wire, plastic or precast concrete, to support, hold, and space reinforcing bars
BAR-END CHECK-Check of the ends of reinforcing bars to determine whether they fit the devices intended for mec

BASE OF STRUCTURE - Is that level at which the horizontal earthquake ground motions are assumed to be impart

Bases and foundation is the pads or strips supported directly on the ground that spread the loads from columns or

BASKET - Wire assembly to support and space dowel bars along the expansion joints in concrete pavement.
BEAM - A horizontal structural member supporting loads from a floor or roof system to columns, girders or walls. Is
act at right angles to the length of the beam.

BEAM AND SLAB FLOOR CONSTRUCTIONA reinforced concrete floor system in which a solid slab is supported

BEAM BOLSTER - Continuous bar support used to support the reinforcing bars in the bottom of beams.
BEAM BOLSTER UPPERContinuous bar support for the upper layer of bottom reinforcing bars in beams and top
BEAM SCHEDULE Table on a placing drawing giving the quantity, size and mark number of beams; the quantity,
and, where specified, the stirrup support bars and beam bolsters.
BELLED - Having a butt or bottom end shaped like a bell, often used on concrete piers or caissons.
BENT
Bent - a self-supporting reinforced concrete frame with one or more columns, usually at right angles to the length of
BENT - A self-supporting reinforced concrete frame with one or more columns, usually at right angles to the lengt
bridge is called a bent.
BENT -A self-supporting reinforced concrete frame with one or more columns, usually at right angles to the lengt
bridge is called a bent.

BENT A self-supporting reinforced concrete frame with one or more columns, usually at right angles to the leng
bridge is called a bent.
BENT BARA reinforcing bar bent to a prescribed shape such as a truss bar, straight bar with end hook, stirrup, or

BENT CAPA reinforced concrete beam or block, extending across and encasing the heads of columns, comprisin

BENTA self-supporting reinforced concrete frame with one or more columns, usually at right angles to the lengt
bridge is called a bent.

BILL OF LADING-A list that gives each part or mark number, quantity, length of material, total weight, or other descr

BILLET - Piece of semi-finished steel, nearly square in section, formed by hot-rolling an ingot or bloom, from which r

BOLT CUTTER - A tool used to cut reinforcing bars on the job-site. Smaller (wire) mesh cutters are used to cut weld

BOND holding or gripping force between reinforcing steel and concrete.


Bond stresses - The shear-type stresses produced on the surfaces of reinforcing bars as the concrete tries to slip o
BONDED TENDON PRE-STRESSING TENDON THAT IS BONDED TO CONCRETE EITHER DIRECTLY OR TH

Boundary element is that portion all structural wall and structural diaphragm edge strengthened by longitudinal
the thickness of wall or diaphragm edges of openings within walls or diaphragm. Edges of openings within walls and
421.9.7.5. See section 421.

BOX CULVERT -A tunnel-like reinforced concrete structure consisting of single or multiple openings, usually square

BOX GIRDER - A bridge is having a top and bottom slab with two or more walls forming one or more rectangular ba

BRACKET - An overhanging member projecting from a wall, column, girder, or beam to support the weight of a struc

BREAK (A SPIRAL) - Opening a spiral to the round shape and forcing it toward the opposite direction that it was fol

BUG HOLES - Holes left in the surface of formed concrete or grout, which reflect the location of aggregates, snap ti

BUILDING CODE - Laws or regulations set up by building departments of cities, states and Federal Government, fo
BULKHEAD - Partition placed in a form to hold fresh concrete, earth, or water.

BUNDLE OF BARSA bundle consists of one size, length or mark (bent) of reinforcing bars tied together, with the
and (2) groups of varying bar lengths or marks (bent) that will be placed adjacent may be bundled together. Maximu

BUNDLED BARSA group of not more than four parallel reinforcing bars in contact with each other, usually tied tog
BURLAP CURING - Water soaked burlap cloth ( Usually 9 oz per sq. yd. ) which maintains moisture on the concrete

BURLENE - A curing blanket consisting of 5 mil opaque polyethylene and 10 oz. burlap. The opaque poly reflects

BURNING REINFORCEMENTCutting reinforcing bars with an oxy-acetylene torch.


BUTT-WELDED SPLICEReinforcing bar splice made by welding the butted ends.
CAGE - a rigid assembly of reinforcement ready for placing in position.
CAISSONS Piers usually extending through water or soft soil to solid earth or rock. Also cast-in-place, drilled-hole

CANTILEVER BEAMBeam which extends beyond the supports in an overhanging position with the extended end

CANTILEVER SLAB: SLAB WHICH EXTENDS BEYOND THE SUPPORTS IN AN OVERHANGING POSITION WIT

Capacity reduction factors - Factors that take into account the uncertainties of material strengths, approximation
nominal or theoretical strengths of members to obtain their permissible strengths.
CARBON-STEEL REINFORCING BARSReinforcing bars rolled from steel billets in contrast to rail or axle steel.
CASSON - A foundation or support system whereby cavities are drilled in the earthen substrate and filled with concr
CAST IN PLACE CONCRETE: Concrete, which is poured in forms erected at its permanent location and allowed to
CAT-HEADA light frame and a sheave at the top of a material tower through which the lifting cable is operated.
CEMENT FACTOR: The number of bags or cubic feet of cement used in a cubic yard of concrete.
CEMENT - An ingredient in concrete, which is made by the burning of clay and crushed limestone.

CERTIFIED MILL TEST REPORT a report from the producing steel mill listing the chemical analysis, physical pro

CHAMFER - a beveled outside corner or edge on a beam or column, or a triangular wooden strip placed in the corn
CHOKERA sling hitch that is self-tightening.
Coarse aggregate gravel or crushed rock 5mm or larger in large size mixed with the cement and sand to make a
COLD JOINT construction joint in concrete occurring at a place where the continuous casting has been interrupte
Collector element is an element that acts in axial tension or compression to transmit earthquake induced for
system.see section 421.

Column is a member with a ratio of height to-least lateral dimension of 3 or greater used primarily to support axia
top and bottom dimensions of the smaller side.

COLUMN - Vertical structural member supporting a floor beam, girder, or other member, and supporting primarily ve

COLUMN CAPITALUpper flared cone-shaped section (mushroom head) on circular columns; pyramid-shaped sec

COLUMN HORSEWood or metal supports, used in groups of two or more, to hold longitudinal reinforcing bars in

COLUMN Is member with a ratio of height-to-least-lateral dimension of 3 or greater used primarily to support axial
top and bottom dimensions of the smaller side.

COLUMN SCHEDULETable on a placing drawing giving the mark number and size for the column, number of pie
COLUMN TIES reinforcing bars bent into square, rectangular, U-shaped, circular or other shapes for the purpose

Compaction factor test achieved by a standard amount of work is measured. The apparatus consist of two con
fresh concrete.
COMPACTION - The density required on the surface, which concrete is to be poured. Compaction insures that the

Composite column - A concrete column that is reinforced longitudinally with structural steel shapes.
Composite concrete flexural members are concrete flexural members of precast and cast-in-place concret
elements respond to loads as a unit.
COMPRESSION BARSReinforcing bars used to resist compression forces.
Compression reinforcement - Reinforcement added to the compression side of beams to increase moment c
reinforcement.

Compression-Controlled Section is a cross section in which the net tensile strain in the extreme section steel at
COMPRESSION-CONTROLLED STRAIN LIMIT Is the net tensile strain at balanced strain conditions.
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH - Maximum stress a material is capable of resisting under axial compression loading.

Compressive strength is the capacity of a material or structure to withstand loads tending to reduce size. It can be

Concrete - A mixture of sand, gravel, crushed rock, or other aggregates held together in a rock-like mass with a pas

CONCRETE IS A MIXTURE OF PORTLAND CEMENT OR ANY OTHER HYDRAULIC CEMENT, FINE AGGREGA

CONCRETE BLOCK BAR SUPPORTSPrecast concrete blocks, with or without tie wires, used to support reinforc
Also known as dobies.

CONCRETE COVERThe distance from the face of the concrete to the reinforcing steel, also referred to as Firepr

CONCRETE CURING: The process of hydration, which allows the retention of moisture in a concrete mix to allow
membrane curing compounds is ASTM C-309. The following stipulations are required to meet this specification:

CONCRETE JOINTS: Designed breaks or separations in a concrete pour designed to allow for expansion and contr

Concrete masonry unit (CMU) - A masonry unit made of Portland cement, water, and mineral aggregates formed in
CONCRETE, NORMAL WEIGHT IS CONCRETE CONTAINING ONLY AGGREGATE THAT CONFORMS TO AST
CONCRETE, SAND-LIGHTWEIGHT IS LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE CONTAINING ONLY NORMAL WEIGHT AG
THAT CONFORMS TO ASTM C330.

CONCRETE, SAND-LIGHTWEIGHT IS LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE CONTAINING ONLY NORMAL WEIGHT AG


THAT CONFORMS TO ASTM C80.

Connection is a region that joins two or more members. In section 421, a connection also refers to a region th
definition apply.
CONSTRUCTION JOINT - Separation between two placements of concrete; a means for keying two sections togeth
CONTACT SPLICEa means of splicing reinforcing bars by lap splicing in direct contact.

CONTINUOUS
BEAM
A
beam
which
extends
over
thre
A beam which extends over three or more supports, joined together so that, for a given loadon one span, the effect o
CONTINUOUS FOOTING - Usually runs the perimeter and below weight bearing interior walls.

CONTINUOUSLY REINFORCED CONCRETE PAVEMENT A pavement without transverse contraction or expansi

Contract documents are documents including the project drawings and project specifications, covering the requir
CONTRACTION JOINT- Is a formed, sawed, or tooled groove in a concrete structure to create a weakened plane
parts of the structure.
CONTRACTIONJOINTSaw-cut, formed, or grooved joint to allow for shrinkage in a concrete slab.
CONTRACTOR the person, firm, or corporation with whom the Owner enters into an agreement for construction o

COUPLER threaded device for joining reinforcing bars for the purpose of providing transfer of either axial compre

COUPLING SLEEVENon-threaded device fitting over the ends of two reinforcing bars for the eventual purpose o
other.
Cover - A protective layer of concrete over reinforcing bars to protect them from fire and corrosion.

Cover the reinforcing for concrete members must be protected from the surrounding environment that is fire and
minimum distances from the surface of the concrete so that a protective layer of concrete called cover.
COVER, SPECIFIED CONCRETE Is the distance between the outermost surface of embedded reinforcement
specifications.

Cracking moment the area of reinforcing as a percentage of the total cross sectional area of a beam is quite sm
as the beam is un cracked.

Creep or plastic flow - When a concrete member is subjected to sustained compression loads, it will continue to s
called creep or plasticflow and is caused by the squeezing of water from the pores of the concrete.

Creep under sustained compressive loads, concrete will continue to deform for long periods of time. After the initial d

CRIBBING (Also known as DUNNAGE) wooden blocks or boards used in a horizontal or vertical position to sep

CROSSTIE- Is a continuous reinforcing bar having a seismic hook at one end and a hook not less than 90-deg
peripheral longitudinal bars. The 90-degree hooks of two successive crossties engaging the same longitudinal bars

CULVERT - Any structure, not classified as a bridge, which provides a waterway or other opening under a road or hi
CURVATURE FRICTION Is friction resulting from bends or curves in the specified prestressing tendon profile.

Cyclic loads on a structure can lead to fatigue damage, cumulative damage or failure. These loads can be repeated

Dead load is the dead weight supported by a member, as defined by section 204 (without load factors).
DEAD LOADS - are those that are constant in magnitude and fixed in location throughout the lifetime of the struct
sidewalks, and curbing for bridges.
Dead loads are static forces that are relatively constant for an extended time. They can be in tension or compressi
structure.

Deflection the deformation of the structure should not adversely affect its efficiency or appearance. Deflection m
check compliance with requirements.
DEFLECTION: Any movement or variation from the intended grade line of the slab, beam or other structure.
DEFORMATION In continuum mechanics is the transformation of a body from a reference configuration to a curr
DEFORMED BAR - a reinforcing bar manufactured with deformations (protrusions) to provide a locking anchorage w

Deformed Reinforcements are deformed reinforcing bars, bars and rod mats, deformed wire, welded smooth wir

Deformed reinforcing bars rolled from steel axles for railroad cars.

DESIGN DISPLACEMENT Is the total lateral displacement expected for the design-basis earthquake, as required

DESIGN DRAWINGS -See STRUCTURAL DRAWINGS.


DESIGN LOAD COMBINATION Are the combination for factored loads and forces.
DESIGN STORY DRIFT RATIO Is the relative difference of design displacement in between the top and bottom of
DESIGNING - Preparation of structural drawings to show general arrangement of the structure, size and reinforcem
drawings.
Desing displacement is the total lateral displacement expected for the design-based earthquake, as required by

DETAILERS draftsmen who prepare reinforcing bar placing drawings.


Development length is the length of embedded reinforcement required to develop the design strength of reinforce
DOBIESSee CONCRETE BLOCK BAR SUPPORTS.
DOG-LEGSee OFFSET BEND.
DOLLYSmall, heavy, wheeled platform used for moving heavy objects. Colloquially, any wheeled cart or carrier.
Doubly reinforced beam - Concrete beams that have both tensile and compression reinforcing.

DOWEL - A bar connecting two separately cast sections of concrete. A bar extending from one concrete section in
bars which mainly serve as load transfer device across concrete joints. They are placed across transverse joints of c

DOWEL A bar connecting two separately cast sections of concrete. A bar extending from one concrete section int
column or horizontal wall bars doweled into an adjacent wall section.
DOWEL SLEEVE cap of light metal or cardboard on one end of a dowel bar to allow free movement of an expans
DOWEL TEMPLATE -Frame which outlines the dimensions for setting dowel bars into footings for columns and wall
DRAFTSMANOne who prepares drawings.
DRILLED PIER - A drilled shaft usually extending through water or soft soil to solid earth or rock. Sometimes called

DROP PANEL is a projection below the slab used to reduce the amount of negative reinforcement over a column o

DROP PANEL - the structural portion of a flat slab which is thickened (by dropping the form) throughout an area su

Drop panels - A thickening of a reinforced concrete slab around a column.


DUCT is a conduit (plain or corrugated) to accommodate prestressing steal for post-tensioned installation.
Duct is a conduit (plain or corrugated) to accommodate prestressing steel for post-tensioned ducts are given in se
DUCTILE CONNECTION - Is a connection that experiences yielding as a result of the earthquake design displacem
DUCTILITY Ability to stretch without breaking.
Ductility is a solid material's ability to deform under tensile stress; this is often characterized by the material's ability t

DUNAGAN ANALYSIS - (obsolete) a method of separating the ingredients of freshly mixed concrete or mortar to de
DYNAMIC LOAD - A load or resistance, which is not static or stationary, such as the moving live load which exist in

EDGE REINFORCEMENT - tensile reinforcement sometimes used to strengthen otherwise inadequate edges in a s

Effective Depth of Section(d) is the distance measured from extreme compression fiber to centroid of tension rei
Effective prestress is the stress remaining in prestressing tendons after all loses has occurred, excluding effects

Effective Prestress is the stress remaining in prestressing tendons after all losses have occurred, excluding effec

Elastic modulus, or modulus of elasticity, is a number that measures an object or substance's resistance to be
modulus of an object is defined as the slope of its stressstrain curve in the elastic deformation region.
Embedment Length is the length of embedded reinforcement provided beyond critical section.

END-BEARING SLEEVEDevice fitting over the abutting ends of two reinforcing bars for the purpose of ensuring t

ENDO - The dimension from the end of a reinforcing bar to a point of reference along its longitudinal axis; i.e., an
cover or endo.

ENGINEER - A licensed professional or structural engineer, responsible for the design of reinforced concrete, structu

ENGINEERING DRAWINGSSee STRUCTURAL DRAWINGS.


Environmental loads are loads caused by the environment in which the structure is located. For buildings they
these are also live loads.
ENVIRONMENTAL LOADS - consist of wind, earthquake, and snow loads. such as wind, earthquake, and snow load
EPOXY COATING An organic, non-metallic coating applied to reinforcing steel by
Estimated beam weight - the weight of the beam to be selected must be included in the calculation of the bend
loads.

EXPANSION JOINT A separation between two sections of concrete which is provided to allow for free movem
bituminous material and are sometimes tied together with dowels, using sleeves or coatings at one end.

EXTREME TENSION STEEL Is the reinforcement (prestressed or nonpressed) that is the farthest from the extrem
FABRICATIONActual work on the reinforcing bars such as cutting, bending, bundling, and tagging.

FABRICATORA company that is capable of preparing placing drawings, bar lists, and storing, shearing, bending, b
Factored load - A load that has been multiplied by a load factor, thus providing a safety factor.

FAR FACE (OF A WALL) - Face farthest from the viewer, which may be the outside or inside face, depending on wh

FATIGUE FAILURE - rupture of a material when subjected to repeated loadings, at a stress substantially less than th
FATIGUE STRENGTH - the greatest stress that can be sustained for a given number of stress cycles without failure

FILLETBevelled inside corner usually at 45 to avoid a sharp 90 change in direction at the intersection of two rein
Fined aggregate sand less than 5mm in size mixed with cement and gravel to make a concrete.
FIRE PROOFING also refers to encasement of reinforcing steel for fire protection.
FIREPROOFINGSee CONCRETE COVER. Also refers to encasement of reinforcing steel for fire protection.

Flat plate - Solid concrete floor or roof slabs of uniform depths that transfer loads directly to supporting columns with

FLAT PLATE SLAB - a flat slab without drop panels or column capitals.
FLAT SLAB - a concrete slab reinforced in two or more directions, with drop panels and with or without column capi
FLEXURE Bending Moment
Flexure test a plain concrete specimen is tested to failure in bending. The theoretical maximum tensile stress at
1.5 times the tensile stress determined by the splitting test.
FLOATING SLAB: A special type of foundation made to carry the weight of a superstructure, which is to be erected
FLY ASH: A substitute for cement, ( not to exceed 25% of the weight of the cement ) which reduces shrinkage and

FOOTING - The foundation for vertical walls or the area of the slab designed to support the weight of the roof and w

FOOTINGS - That part of the foundation of a structure which rests on earth. It is made of concrete and used unde
structure over a greater area and thus prevent settling.

FORMS - A temporary structures or molds usually made of wood, fiberglass, metal or plastic, for the support of conc

Formwork - The mold in which semiliquid concrete is placed.


FOUNDATION loads from columns or walls so that the ground without the excessive settlement can support them

FOUNDATION - Substructure through which the loads are carried to the earth or rock, the low artificially built part of

FOUNDATION: The entire substructure below the first floor frame of a building including the footings on which the st
GALVANIZE to dip steel into molten zinc, which is termed hot-dip galvanizing; or to electroplate with zinc.
GENERAL CONTRACTORAn individual or company that bids and executes the contract for actual constructio
completion of the Work in accordance with the project drawings and project specifications.
GIN POLESSingle vertical guyed pole for supporting lifting tackle.
GIRDER - a large beam, usually horizontal, that serves as a main structural member.
GIRDER - Principal beam supporting other beams, it is the main beam upon which floor joists rest, usually made of
Grade 40 (60) reinforcement - Reinforcement with a minimum yield stress of 40,000 psi (60,000 psi).
GRADE BEAM A low foundation wall or a beam usually at ground level, which provides support for the walls of a
GRADE BEAM - a reinforced-concrete beam, usually at ground level, that strengthens or stiffens the foundation or s
GRADE BEAM a low foundation wall or a beam usually at ground level, which provides support for the walls of a s

GRADE BEAM: A horizontal load bearing foundation member supported on each end like a standard beam. Not gro
GRADE MARKSMarkings rolled onto the surface of reinforcing bar to identify the grade of steel.

GRADE OF REINFORCING BARSThe means by which an Engineer specifies the strength properties of the reinfo

GRADE: The slope or ground level of a concrete slab, building or roadbed. Slab on grade is the slab poured on the
GRILLAGE BARS - Reinforcement placed around post-tensioning anchors. Also known as back-up bars.
GROOVE WELD - Arc weld used to join two reinforcing bars, or a reinforcing bar to a steel plate or an angle to make

Grout - A mixture of portland cement or other cement, sand, water, and often coarse aggregate and sometimes adm

Grout leakage occurs where formwork joints do not fit together properly. The result is a porous area of concre
sealed.
GROUTA concrete which contains no coarse aggregate.
HAIRLINE CRACK - a concrete surface crack with a width so small as to be barely perceptible.

HAIRPIN BARS - Bars, usually small sizes, bent to a hair pin shape and used for such purposes as short hooked sp

HAUNCH Portion of a beam that increases in depth towards the support.


HAUNCHING: The increased depth of a beam or slab near supports or footings to increase its strength and load be

HEADED DEFORMED BARS Are deformed reinforcing bars with heads attached at one or both ends. heads are
on the head mating to threads on the bar end, or separate threaded nut to secure the head of the bar. the net bea
area of the bar and the area of any obstruction.

Headed shear stud reinforcement is a reinforcement consisting of individual headed studes, or group of studs
steel plate or shape.
HEADERA short reinforced beam, joist or slab edge generally used at floor openings to support other similar mem
HEAVY BENDING - Reinforcing bar sizes #4 through #18 [#13 through #57], which are bent at not more than six
radius bending.
HICKEY Hand tool with side opening jaw used in developing leverage for making bends on reinforcing bars at the
HIGH CHAIRSee INDIVIDUAL HIGH CHAIRS and CONTINUOUS HIGH CHAIRS.

Honeycomb - Areas of concrete where there is segregation of the coarse aggregate or rock pockets where the agg
the concrete.
HONEYCOMB Voids left in concrete due to loss or shortage of mortar or inadequate consolidation of the concrete

HOOK ON and/or HOOK OFFThe act of placing or removing chokers or slings on or off a bundle of reinforcing ba

HOOKA semi-circular (180) or a 90 turn at the free end of a reinforcing bar to provide anchorage in concrete. Fo

Hoop is a closed tie or continuously wound tie. A closed tie can be made up of several reinforcement elements ea
HORIZONTALS - Reinforcing bars running horizontally.
impact load is one whose time of application on a material is less than one- third of the natural period of vibration o
INDIVIDUAL HIGH CHAIRS - Bar support used under a support bar, to provide support for top reinforcing bars in
bars.
Inflection point - A point in a flexural member where the bending moment is zero and where the moment is changin

Influence line - A diagram whose ordinates show the magnitude and character of some function of a structure (shea

INSERTSDevices embedded in concrete to receive a bolt or screw to support shelf angles and machinery.
INSPECTORA person who examines the Work in progress at the jobsite to see that it conforms to the project draw

INTEGRALElements which act together as a unit, such as concrete joists and top slab. Reinforced concrete mem

INTEGRALLY-CASTElements (such as reinforced concrete joists and top slab) cast in one piece. See MONOLITH
Interaction curve - A diagram showing the interaction or relationship between two functions of a member, usually ax

IRONWORKERS - Workers who handle and place steel and ornamental iron, including reinforcing steel and ba
jurisdiction, these workers are called LATHERS. Colloquial terms frequently used include rod-setter, rodbuster; bar-s

I-SECTION - beam cross section consisting of top and bottom flanges connected by a vertical web.
ISOLATED FOOTING - Individual structures designed to support the weight of columns throughout the structure.
JACK ROD - Plain rod, usually 7/8 or 1 inch in diameter, with square-cut or threaded ends to support sliding forms i
vertical reinforcement required.
JACK ROD SLEEVEPiece of pipe which joins two jack rods for an end-to-end butt connection.
JACK RODPlain rod, usually 7/8 or 1 inch in diameter, with square-cut or threaded ends to support sliding forms i
vertical reinforcement required.
Jacking force is the temporary force exerted by device that introduces tension into prestressing tendons in prestr
Joint is a portion of structures common to intersecting members. The effective cross-sectional area of a join
421.7.4.1.
Joint reinforcement - Wire reinforcing embedded in mortar joints used in masonry walls to reduce shrinkage cracki
JOINTED REINFORCED CONCRETE PAVEMENT A reinforced pavement with transverse joints typically spaced
JOINTER (concrete) - a metal tool used to cut a joint in fresh concrete.
JOIST - a comparatively narrow beam used in closely spaced arrangements to support floor or roof slabs.
JOIST - T-shaped beam used in a parallel series in reinforced concrete joist floor construction.
JOIST CHAIRS - Bar supports which hold and space the two reinforcing bars in the bottom of a joist.

JOIST SCHEDULE - Table on a placing drawing giving the quantity and mark of the joists, the quantity, size, length,
KEYS - Slotted joints in concrete, such as tongue and groove.
L beam - A T beam at the edge of a reinforced concrete slab that has a flange on only one side
LACING - horizontal bracing between shoring members.

LAP - the length by which one bars or sheet of reinforcement overlaps another.
LAP SPLICE - The overlapping of two reinforcing bars by lap splicing them side by side (in contact or non-contact);
length of overlap of two bars. Also referred to as lap.

LIFT - Units of reinforcing bars tied together for shop or field convenience. Lifts are classified in two categories: (1)
the jobsite. Field lifts are units of reinforcing bars required for field handling by the Contractor. A field lift may consis
one or more bundles, the same as field lifts or consist of two or more field lifts. Straight and bent bars are not comb
conditions.
LIFTSLABFloor construction in which slabs are cast directly on one another. Each slab is lifted into final position
or collars.

LIGHT BENDING - All #3 [#10] bars, all stirrups and ties, and all bars #4 through #18 [#13 through #57], which are
one plane (unless Special Bending), all one plane radius bending with more than one radius in any bar (three m
being defined as all bends having a radius of 12 inches or more to inside of bar).

LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE - A mixture with substantially lower unit weight and compressive strength tha
floor levels or roof tops where weight is a factor.

LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE: A MIXTURE WITH SUBSTANTIALLY LOWER UNIT WEIGHT AND COMPRES
AGGREGATE. NORMALLY USED ON UPPER FLOOR LEVELS OR ROOF TOPS WHERE WEIGHT IS A FACTOR
LINTEL - Beam supporting the wall above a window or door opening.
Live load is the live load specified by section 205 (without load factors).
LIVE LOADS - are those that are either fully or partially in place or not present at all, may also change in location;
usually specified in building code that governs at the site of construction.
Live loads - Loads that change position and magnitude. They move or are moved. Examples: trucks, people, wind,
Live loads are usually unstable or moving loads. These dynamic loads may involve considerations such as impact,

LOAD BEARING WALL: Any wall, which bears itsown weight as well as the weight of a ceiling or roof. A wall bui
Load factor - A factor generally larger than one that is multiplied by a service or working load to provide a factor of s
LOAD FACTOR A multiplier that magnifies the load for design purposes.
LOAD, DEAD IS THE DEAD WEIGHT SUPPORTED BYA MEMBER, AS DEFINED BY SECTION 204 (WITHOUT

Load, factored is the load, multiplied by appropriate load factors, used to proportion members by the strength des
LOAD, LIVE IS THE LIVE LOAD SPECIFIED BY SECTION 205 (WITHOUT LOAD FACTORS).
LOAD, SERVICE IS THE LOAD SPECIFIED BY SECTIONS 204 TO 207 (WITHOUT LOAD FACTORS).
LONGITUDINAL BAR - any reinforcing bar placed in the long direction of the member.

Longitudinal loads also need to be considered in designing some structures. Stopping a train on a railroad bridge

LOW-ALLOY STEEL REINFORCING BARSReinforcing bars rolled from low-alloy steel billets.
MARK OUT - Indicating with keel (crayon) marks on the forms, the location of each reinforcing bar; usually done b
placing operations in an area.
MARKS - A series of letters, numbers or a combination of both used to designate (a) the parts of a structure or (b) th
MASONRY LIFT the height to which masonry is laid between periods of grouting.

MAT - A large footing or foundation slab used to support an entire structure. The term MAT also describes a grid of r

Maximum considered earthquake (MCE) - An extreme earthquake, considered to occur only once every 2500 yea

MECHANICAL SPLICE - The complete assembly of an end-bearing sleeve, a coupler, or a coupling sleeve, and pos

METAL FORMS - used to provide the forms for joist floor construction. Also known as PANS.
METAL LATHERA worker who installs furring and metal lath, places inserts in concrete for support of ceilings;
reinforcing steel, which is delivered to the jobsite in straight lengths.
MICRO SILICA: ( Silica Fume ) A concrete additive, which drastically increases strength and reduces permability. It
Microcrack - A crack too fine to be seen with the naked eye.

MISCELLANEOUS IRON - Steel items such as lintel angles, inserts, plates, form braces, spreaders and other struct

Miscellaneous loads among the other types of live loads with which the structural designer will have to conte
pressures on foundation)

MODULAR OR HAND SET FORMS: Smaller forms designed to be placed by hand. They are produced in various

MODULUS OF ELASTICITY IS THE RATIO OF NORMAL STRESS TO CORRESPONDING STRAIN FO


MATERIAL.SEE SECTION 408.6.
MODULUS OF ELASTICITY Is the ratio of normal stress to corresponding strain for tensile or compressive stress
Modulus of rupture - The flexural tensile strength of concrete.
Moment frame is a frame in which members and joints resist forces through flexure, shear, and axial force mome
follows.
Monolithic concrete - Concrete cast in one piece or in different operations but with proper construction joints.
MONOLITHICConcrete cast in one operation.

Mortar - A cementitious material used to construct masonry by being placed between the individual masonry units to

MPaAbbreviation of the metric unit megapascals, used in measuring load or stress. Approximately 6.9 megapasca
MUD MAT - a layer of concrete beneath a structural concrete floor or footing over soft, wet soil.
MUD MAT - a layer of concrete beneath a structural concrete floor or footing over soft, wet soil.
NEAR FACE (OF A WALL) Face nearest the viewer and may be inside or outside, depending on whether one is in
NEAT CEMENT PASTE - a mixture of hydraulic cement and water.
NEAT PLASTER - plaster without sand.
Net tensile strain is the tensile strain at nominal strength exclusive of strains due to effective prestress, creep, sh
NOMINAL DIAMETER - the diameter of a plain round bar of the same weight per linear foot as a deformed reinforci
Nominal strength - The theoretical ultimate strength of a member, such as Mn (nominal moment), Vn (nominal she
NON-CONTACT SPLICEA means of splicing reinforcing bars by lap splicing not in direct contact. See LAP SPLIC
OFFSET BENDAny bend in a reinforcing bar that displaces the center line of a section of the bar to a position pa
column vertical bars. Also known as dog-leg.
ON-CONTACT SPLICE a means of splicing reinforcing bars by lap splicing not in direct contact.
ONE-WAY SLABS - A slab which presumably bends in only one direction. Carrying predominantly uniform load are
spanning between supporting beams or walls.
OPALINE CHERT - chert composed entirely or mainly of opal.
OSHAOccupational Safety & Health Administration.
OVEN-DRY - the condition resulting from having been dried to essential constant mass in an oven at a temperature
Over reinforced members - Members for which the tensile steel will not yield (nor will cracks and deflections appre
the compression concrete.

OWNERThe corporation, association, partnership, individual, or public body or authority which the Contractor ente
PAD - A footing; sometimes a block of concrete to support machinery.

Pans - Metal forms for one-way reinforced concrete joists (one-way pans) and for two-way (waffle slab) concrete jois
PARAPET - extension of the main walls above the roof level, for architectural appearance.
PASS - layer of shotcrete placed in one movement over the area of operation.
PAVING TRAIN - an assemblage of equipment designed to place and finish a concrete pavement.
PEDESTALShort pier used as a base for a column.
PIER A short column used as a foundation member in construction. Also, a large column or wall type bridge suppo
PILASTER - Column partially or completely embedded in a wall, or a portion of a wall enlarged to serve as a column
PILE - A concrete, steel, or wood member driven into the ground to support a load.
PILE CAP:A structural member placed on and usually attached to the top of a piling or group of pilings and used to
timber or steel beams.
PILEA concrete, steel, or wood member driven into the ground to support a load.
PITCHCenter-to-center spacing between turns of a spiral.

Placing Drawings - Detailed drawings which give the quantity, size, location, spacing of the reinforcing bars, and al

Plain concrete is structural concrete with no reinforcement or with less reinforcement than the minimum amount s
PLAIN CONCRETE Is structural concrete with no reinforcement or with less reinforcement.

PLAIN CONCRETEStructural concrete with no reinforcement or with less reinforcement than the minimum amoun

PLAIN REINFORCEMENT IS REINFORCEMENT THAT DOES NOT CONFORM TO DEFINITION OF DEFORME

PLAN VIEWTop view as of any floor, roof, or foundation of a structure.


Plastic centroid of column - The location of the resultant force produced by the steel and the concrete.
Plastic deformation - Permanent deformation occurring in a member after its yield stress is reached.
Plastic hinge region is the length of frame element over which flexural yielding is intended to occur due to earth
where flexural yielding initiates.see section 421.
PLASTICIZERS: Chemicals, which are used to increase the workability of concrete without decreasing strength.
content of the mixture.
Poissons Ratio the ratio of this lateral expansion to the longitudinal shortening is referred ta as Poissons ratio.

POLYMER CONCRETE: A concrete created from the use of synthetic materials as opposed to normal Portland cem
PONDING: Curing with the continuous flow or accumulation of water on newly placed concrete.
Posttensioned concrete - Prestressed concrete for which the steel is tensioned after the concrete has hardened.

POST-TENSIONED CONCRETE: A method of stressing reinforced concrete in which tendons or cables are tightene

POST-TENSIONING - A method of prestressing reinforced concrete when tendons are tensioned after concrete has
Pre stressed concrete is a method for overcoming concrete's natural weakness in tension. It can be used to pro
concrete.

PRE-CAST CONCRETE - Concrete, which is cast and cured in a location other than its final resting Positon and tra

PRECAST PILEA reinforced concrete pile manufactured in a casting plant or at the jobsite and driven into place b
Precompressed tensile zone is that portion of prestressed member where flexural tension, calculated using gro
force was not present.
PRESTRESSED CONCRETE - Reinforced concrete in which the reinforcing steel is stretched and anchored to com
PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE: A process of preparing concrete slabs and beams for extra strength by pouring co
concrete.

Prestressing - The imposition of internal stresses into a structure that are of an opposite character to those that will

Pretensioned - Prestressed concrete for which the steel is tensioned before the concrete is placed.
PRETENTIONING IS A METHOD OF PRESTRESSING IN WHICH TENDONS ARE TENTIONED BEFORE CONC
Primary moments - Computed moments in a structure that do not account for structure deformations.
PUSHERCommon expression for Ironworker Foreman.

RACKSMetal or wooden supports for that portion of a reinforcing bar that extends beyond a construction joint and

Radius Bent - Reinforcing bars bent to a radius larger than that specified for standard hooks; a bar curved to fit into
RAIL-STEEL REINFORCING BARSDeformed reinforcing bars rolled from selected used railroad rails.

READY MIXED CONCRETE: CONCRETE MANUFACTURED FOR DELIVERY ACCORDING TO SPECIFIC MIX D

REBAR - Abbreviated term for reinforcing bar, are reinforcing bars used to increase the tensile strength of conc
required. All bars must be bent without heating except as permitted by the engineer. #5 rebar means that it has a di
that can be used for a single family residence. Rebar should be tied to prevent shifting during the pouring of concret

Rebar (short for reinforcing bar), also known as reinforcing steel, reinforcement steeland colloquially in Austr
concrete and reinforced masonry structures to strengthen and hold the concrete in tension.
REFRACTORY - resistant to high temperatures.
REGLET A long, narrow formed slot in concrete to receive flashing or to serve as anchorage.
REINFORCED CONCRETE (RC) is a composite material in which concrete's relatively low tensile strength and
and/or ductility.

REINFORCED CONCRETE Is structural concrete reinforced with no less than the minimum amounts of prestressin

REINFORCED CONCRETE:Concrete with added materials such as rebar, wire mesh, fiber mesh, dowel bars, expa
external force.
REINFORCED CONCRETEConcrete containing reinforcing steel positioned so that the two materials act together

REINFORCEMENT - Steel bars or wires embedded in concrete and located in such a manner that the steel and the

RETAINING WALL - Wall reinforced to hold or retain soil, water, grain, coal, or sand.
RETAINING WALL: A wall built to prevent dirt, rock or other matter from eroding on to construction areas.
RETARDERS: Additives, which are used to delay the rate of hardening and setting of concrete. These products
concrete.
RIGGER Mechanic whose function is to brace, guy, and arrange for hoisting materials.
RUBBLE CONCRETE: Concrete made from rubble and concrete debris from demolished surfaces.

RUNWAYDecking over an area of concrete placement, usually of movable panels and supports, on which buggies

SAND PLATE - A flat plate attached to the legs of a bar support for use on soil.
SAND POCKET - a zone in concrete or mortar containing fine aggregate with little or no cement.
SANDED GROUT - grout in which fine aggregate is incorporated into the mixture.
SCAFFOLDING - A temporary structure for the support of deck forms, runways, or workers. A temporary Structu
building.
SCALEReduction of size to which drawings are made (as 1/8 inch = 1 foot).

SCHEDULETable on placing drawings (or elsewhere) to give size, shape, and arrangement of similar items. See B

SCREED - THE PROCESS OF LEVELING OR FINISHING THE SURFACE OF A CONCRETE SLAB. THIS CAN BE

second moment of area, also known as moment of inertia of plane area, area moment of inertia, or secon
distributed with regard to an arbitrary axis.
SECTIONCut away view through a general plan or elevation view to explain details.
Segregation occurs when the mix ingredients become separated.
Service load is the load specified by sections 204 to 207 (without load factors).

Shear - to cut off as by two equal opposed forces. SHEARHEADAssembled unit in the top of the columns of flat s

SHEAR CAP IS A PROJECT BELOW THE SLAB USED TO INCREASE THE SLAB SHEAR STRENGTH.SEE SE
SHEAR REINFORCEMENT - Reinforcement designed to resist shearing forces; usually; consisting of stirrups bent a
Shear Strength it is extremely difficult in laboratory testing to obtain pure shear failures unaffected by other stre
values all the way form one third to four fifths of the ultimate compressive strengths.
SHEAR WALL - a wall designed to resist forces resulting from wind, blast or earthquake.
SHEARHEAD Assembled unit in the top of the columns of flat slab or flat plate construction to transmit loads from

Sheathing is a material encasing a prestressing tendon to prevent bonding the tendon whiles the surrounding con

SHELF ANGLESStructural angles with holes or slots in one leg for bolting to the concrete to support brick work, s
SHORES ARE VERTICAL OR INCLINED SUPPORT MEMBERS DESIGNED TO CARRY THE WEIGHT OF THE
SHORES ARE VERTICAL OR INCLINED SUPPORT MEMBERS DESIGNED TO CARRY THE WEIGHT OF THE
Short column or compression brace.

SHOTCRETE: Mortar, concrete or other cementitous materials conveyed by air pressure through a hose at high velo

Shrinkage or drying shrinkage is the contraction that occurs in concrete when it dries and hardens. Drying shri
concrete.

SHRINKAGE: A decrease in volume and mass caused by temperature and chemical changes in concrete, mortar a

SIMPLE BEAM - Beam supported at each end (two points) and not continuous.
SKEWEDPlaced at an angle other than 90.
SLAB - Flat section of floor or roof either on the ground or supported by beams or walls. The slab may be sup
by structural steel beams, by columns, or by the ground
SLAB BOLSTERContinuous bar support used to support bottom slab bars.
SLAB ON GRADE: A non-suspended, ground supported concrete slab, usually reinforced, on the lowest or primary
SLAB ON GROUNDA type of foundation with a concrete floor which is placed directly on the soil. The edge of th
grade.

SLAB SCHEDULETable on a placing drawing giving the quantity and mark of the slabs; the number of pieces, siz

SLABFlat section of floor or roof either on the ground or supported by beams or walls.
SLABS horizontal plate elements carrying lateral loads.
SLEEVE A tube which encloses a bar, dowel, or anchor rod.
Slender columns (or long columns) - Columns with sufficiently large slenderness ratios that secondary moments
more than 5%)

SLING Short lengths of wire, nylon, or Kevlar rope, with a spliced eye at each end or a spliced eye at one end and

Slump test the fresh concrete is tamped into a standard cone which is lifted off after filling and the slump is meas
100 175mm for high workability.
Small, heavy, wheeled platform used for moving heavy objects. Colloquially, any wheeled cart or carrier.
SOFFIT - the bottom of a slab, beam, joist or girder.

SPAN - The horizontal distance between supports of a structural member such as a beam, girder, slab or joist; dista

SPANDREL BEAMS - Perimeter or edge beams; a beam in an exterior wall.


SPECS - A contracted term for project specifications; the directions issued by an Architect or Engineer to establis
drawings.
SPIRAL - A continuously coiled reinforcing bar or wire.
SPIRAL COLUMN - A column in which the vertical reinforcing bars are enclosed within a spiral.
SPIRAL REINFORCEMENT Is continuously wound reinforcement in the form of a cylindrical helix.

SPLICEConnection of one reinforcing bar to another by lap splices (in contact or non-contact), mechanical splices

SPREADER BARA steel beam suspended from a crane, having two or more hooks or shackles to which sling
handling. Sometimes called a strong back.
STEEL FIBER-REINFORCED CONCRETE Concrete containing dispersed randomly oriented steel fibers.
STEM BARS - Reinforcing bars used in the wall section of a cantilever retaining wall or in the webs of a box girder.
is often referred to as the stem of the unit.
STIRRUPS - Reinforcing bars or welded wire reinforcement used in beams and girders for shear reinforcement;
reinforcing bars.
STRENGTH - The measure of a materials ability to resist load or stress.

Strength design - A method of design whereby the estimated dead and live loads are multiplied by certain load or s
STRENGTH REDUCTION FACTOR, F A multiplier that reduces the capacity of the member for design purposes.
STRESS Is the intensity of force per unit area.

Stress is a physical quantity that expresses the internal forces that neighbouring particles of a continuous material e

Strips bands of reinforcing bars in flat slab or flat plate construction. The column strip is a quarter-panel wide
column. The middle strip is half a panel in width, filling in between column strips, and runs parallel to the column strip
STRIPS - Bands of reinforcing bars in flat slab or flat plate construction.

STRONG CONNECTION a connection that remains elastic while adjoining members experience yielding as a resu

STRUT - Short column or compression brace, Strut is any inclined member subjected to compression loads.
SUPPORT BARS - Rest on individual high chairs or bar chairs to support top reinforcing bars in slabs or joists, resp
Support Bars rest on individual high chairs or bar chairs to support top reinforcing bars in slabs or joists, respect
TAMPING ROD - a straight steel rod of circular cross section and having one or both ends rounded to a hemispheric
T-Beam - Beam which has a T-shaped cross-section.
TEMPERATURE BARS - Reinforcing bars distributed throughout the concrete to minimize cracks due to temperatur
TENDON A steel element such as strand, wire, bar, or rod, or a bundle of such elements, used to impart prestress
TENDON PROFILE - the path or trajectory of the prestressing tendon.
TENSILE STRENGTH Maximum stress a material is capable of resisting under axial tension loading.
TESTCORE cylindrical cores are cut from the finished structure with a rotary cutting tool. The core is soaked, ca
structure.

TIE BARS - Reinforcing bars at right angles and tied to main reinforcement to keep it in place; bars extending acros
rigid slabs in contact to maintain aggregate interlock.

TILT-UPA method of concrete construction in which the walls are cast horizontally at a location adjacent to their ev

TRANSVERSE - At right angles to the long direction of the member (crosswise). Also referred to as lateral.
TRUSS BARS - Reinforcing bars bent up to act as both top and bottom reinforcement.
TWO - WAY SLABS - which are subjected mostly to uniformly distributed loads, resist them primarily by bending abo
ULTIMATE LOAD - the maximum load that may be placed on a structure or structural element before its failure.
ULTIMATE STRENGTH - the maximum stress developed in a specimen.
UPTURNED BEAM - Reinforced concrete beam which extends above the slab or structure it is supporting.
VERTICAL BAR - Any reinforcing bar used in an upright or vertical position.
VERTICAL BARAny reinforcing bar used in an upright or vertical position.
VIBRATED CONCRETE - concrete consolidated by vibration during and after placing.
VICAT APPARATUS - a penetration device used in the testing of hydraulic cements and similar materials.
VOIDED SLAB - The concept of a voided flat plate centers on removing concrete from the middle of the slab wh
larger clear span with an economical slab thickness.

Waffle Slab - A two-way reinforced concrete joist floor with ribs running in both directions. (Named after the waffle-lik

WAFFLE SLAB - a two-way reinforced concrete joist floor with ribs running in both directions. (Named after the waff
WALL Is a member, usually vertical, used to enclose or separate spaces.

WALL BEARING STRUCTURE - One with the slabs (i.e., the floors or roofs) supported on walls, generally of mason

WATER REDUCERS - Chemicals used to lower the water to cement ratio in the concrete mixture thus resulting in hi
WEDGE - a piece of wood or metal tapering to a thin edge, used to adjust elevation or tighten formwork.
WEEP HOLEDrainage opening in a wall.
WEIGH BATCHING - measuring the constituent materials for mortar or concrete by mass.
WELDED SPLICES - A means of joining two reinforcing bars by electric arc welding. Bars may be lapped, butted, or
WELDED WIRE REINFORCEMENT Wire reinforcement manufactured by means of welding the intersecting wires
welded wire fabric.
WINCH Mechanical lifting device attached to derricks on which cable is wound up by means of a crank and locked
WIND LOAD - pressure or suction due to wind on part or all of a surface of a structure.
WING WALL - retaining wall at end of a bridge or culvert to retain the earth.
WORKING LOAD - forces normally imposed on a member in service.
WORKING STRESS - maximum permissible design stress using working-stress design methods.

WORKING STRESS DESIGN - A method of design where the members of a structure are so proportioned that t
certain specified values. Methods also referred to as allowable stress design, elasticdesign, or service load design.

WRAPPING - Reinforcing bars or welded wire reinforcement surrounding a structural steel column or beam to reinfo
Yield strength is the specified minimum yield strength or yield point of reinforcement in mpa. Yield strength or yie
by section 403.6 of this code.
YIELD STRENGTH - The load limit to which reinforcing steel will stretch and return to its original length.
ZINC COATING A zinc coating applied to reinforcing steel by dipping in a molten bath of zinc to prevent corrosion.

BAR
SUPPORT
S
Devices of
formed
wire,
plastic or
precast
concrete,
to support,
hold, and
space
reinforcing
bars.

BEAM - A
horizontal
structural
member
supporting
loads from
a floor or
roof
system to
columns,
girders or
walls.

CANTILEV
ER BEAM Beam
which
extends
beyond
the
supports
in
an
overhangi
ng
position
with
the
extended
end
unsupport
ed.
Similarly
such
a
slab
is
called
a
cantilever
slab.

COLUMN Vertical
structural
member
supporting
a
floor
beam,
girder, or
other
member,
and
supporting
primarily
vertical
loads

CONTINU
OUS
BEAM - A
beam
which
extends
over three
or
more
supports
(including
end
supports).

DEFORME
D BAR - A
reinforcing
bar
manufactu
red
with
deformatio
ns
(protrusio
ns)
to
provide a
locking
anchorage
with
the
surroundin
g
concrete.

DOWEL - A
bar
connectin
g
two
separately
cast
sections
of
concrete.
A
bar
extending
from one
concrete
section
into
another is
said to be
doweled
into
the
adjoining
section

FABRICATI
ON
Actual
work
on
the
reinforcing
bars such
as cutting,
bending,
bundling,
and
tagging.

FLAT
SLAB - A
concrete
slab
reinforced
in two or
more
directions,
with drop
panels and
with
or
without
column
capitals.

FOUNDATI
ON - The
entire
substructu
re below
the
first
floor frame
of
a
building
including
the
footings
on which
the
structure
rest.

GIRDER Principal
beam
supporting
other
beams.

GROUT - A
concrete
which
contains
no coarse
aggregate.

HAIRPIN
BARS
Bars,
usually
small
sizes, bent
to a hair
pin shape
and used
for
such
purposes
as
short
hooked
spacer
bars
in
columns
and walls,
and
for
special
dowels.

HAUNCH Portion of
a
beam
that
increases
in
depth
towards
the
support

HICKEY Hand tool


with side
opening
jaw used
in
developing
leverage
for making
bends on
reinforcing
bars at the
jobsite.

HONEYCO
MB - Voids
left
in
concrete
due
to
loss
or
shortage
of mortar
or
inadequate
consolidat
ion of the
concrete.

JOIST - Tshaped
beam used
in
a
parallel
series in
reinforced
concrete
joist floor
constructi
on

LAP
SPLICE The
overlappin
g of two
reinforcing
bars by lap
splicing
them side
by side (in
contact or
noncontact);
similarly
the
side
and
end
overlap of
sheets or
rolls
of
welded
wire
reinforcem
ent. Also,
the length
of overlap
of
two
bars. Also
referred to
as lap.

LONGITUD
INAL BAR
Any
reinforcing
bar placed
in the long
direction
of
the
member.

MAT - A
large
footing or
foundation
slab used
to support
an entire
structure.
The term
MAT also
describes
a grid of
reinforcing
bars.

ONE-WAY
SLABS - A
slab which
presumabl
y bends in
only one
direction.

PILE CAP A
structural
member
placed on
the tops of
piles and
used
to
distribute
loads from
the
structure
to
the
piles.

READY
MIXED
CONCRET
E
Concrete
manufactu
red
for
delivery
according
to specific
mix
designs
to
a
purchaser
in a plastic
and
unhardene
d state

SHEAR
REINFORC
EMENT Reinforce
ment
designed
to
resist
shearing
forces;
usually;
consisting
of stirrups
bent and
located as
required.

SHEAR To cut off


as by two
equal
opposed
forces.

SHEARHE
AD
Assemble
d unit in
the top of
the
columns
of flat slab
or
flat
plate
constructi
on
to
transmit
loads from
slab
to
column

SLAB
Flat
section of
floor
or
roof either
on
the
ground or
supported
by beams
or walls.

SPANDRE
L BEAMS Perimeter
or
edge
beams; a
beam in an
exterior
wall.

STIRRUPS
Reinforcin
g bars or
welded
wire
reinforcem
ent used
in beams
and
girders for

TIE BARS Reinforcin


g bars at
right
angles and
tied
to
main
reinforcem
ent
to
keep it in
place;
bars
extending
across a
constructi
on joint.

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