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DOI 10.1007/s40092-014-0083-5
TECHNICAL ARTICLE
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Received: 30 July 2013 / Accepted: 23 July 2014 / Published online: 22 October 2014
The Author(s) 2014. This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com
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Introduction
Since distribution systems account for up to 90 % of all
customer reliability problems, improving distribution reliability is the key to improve customer reliability (Brown
2002).
Reliability evaluation of distribution power system is of
significant importance when performing asset management. Distribution systems begin at distribution substations, which are the weakest link between the source of
supply and the customer load points in a distribution power
system, because they comprise switching arrangements that
would lead to loss of load.
By knowing how to calculate the reliability of different
substation configurations, an engineer can use this information to help design a system with the best overall
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Zone branch;
Reliability block diagram;
Event tree;
Monte Carlo (and discrete event simulations);
Boolean algebra;
FMECA;
Cut-set.
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Path-set;
Fault tree;
Markov Model;
Petri nets.
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a sum of disjoint product. The final disjoint version of pathset can be interpreted directly as a probabilistic expression
(system reliability) on a one-for-one correspondence. The
input to this package would be the sum of the RBD path-sets
and the output would be the system reliability expression.
This algorithm could considerably reduce the number of
disjoint (mutually exclusive) terms and save computation
time with respect to top-event probability. Four major theorems of this algorithm are given, the use and correctness of
which will be analyzed and proven. In addition, some
examples for different substations configurations are illustrated and comparison of their reliability indices is provided
to show the superiority and efficiency of the presented
algorithm, which is not only easier to understand and
implement but also better than the existing known SDP
algorithm for large network and complex RBDs.
This implementation allows the analysis of the RBD as a
time dependent analysis using C/C??. The contribution of
this work is to provide a software tool for customers who
purchase the critical power systems, the people who sell
the systems, engineers who design and test the systems,
and managers who make decisions on the systems. With
knowledge of the system design (such as a one-line
drawing), engineers can easily construct, verify, and
modify the RBD, and also communicate with those of
different disciplines. Reliability indices of different substations arrangements are presented, and are compared with
each other to optimize the choice of the adequate
configuration.
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Network reduction
This method proceeds by the manipulation of the basic
network structures: serial structures, parallel structures and
m/n structures when the n blocks originate from a common
node.
The method sequentially reduces the simple structures to
equivalent units until the whole network reduces to a single
unit.
Series blocks are replaced with one block, where:
Y
X
Aeq
k:
8i Ai and keq
8i i
n
[
Mr
r1
1
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n
\
Mr
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PfMr \ Ms g
PSystem success
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n1
PfMr \ Ms g
1 r\s n
1 r\s\t n
Pf M r g
r1
8i
Path-set approach
n
X
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state can be calculated by solving the Kolmogorov equations, written in matrix form hereafter:
P_ i t kij Pi t
SAIFI
SAIFI
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SAIDI
:
CAIDI
The most often used performance measurement for a sustained interruption is the system average interruption
duration index (SAIDI). This index measures the total
duration of an interruption for the average customer during
a given time period. SAIDI is normally calculated on either
monthly or yearly basis; however, it can also be calculated
daily, or for any other time period (Brown 2002).
P
ri Ni
SAIDI =
Nt
Ni
:
Nt
interrupted.
Algorithm
The evaluation of network reliability, with two state
components, is a common task in power distribution systems reliability assessment. And with an increase in networks size and complexity, the computation workload is
assigned to computers. However, applying the previously
discussed methods will result in a NP-hard problem.
Heuristic algorithms do not provide an assurance for
optimization of the problem. These methods are an
approximation (Bashiri and Karimi 2012). They have an
additional property that worst-case solutions are known.
Meanwhile, none of meta-heuristic algorithms are able to
present a higher performance than others in solving all
problems. Also, existing algorithms suffer from some
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r1
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1 r\s n
PfMr \ Ms g
1 r\s\t n
1n1 P
n\
n
r1 Mr
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M1 M1 M2 M1 M2 M3 M1 M2 Mn1 Mn
2
T F1 F 2 F 3 F n
where Fr Cr Mr
and
Cr
1
Cr1 Mr1
r1
:
1\r n
. . .1 PMk1 PMk
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where
PM k
pjk
k.
Elimination procedure
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where Micc and Mjcc stand for the products of basic events
left except the same events of Mic and Mjc.
Computer program implementation
Implementation procedure
The first input to the program is the sum of minimal pathsets. Therefore, the first thing to do is decomposing it into a
sum of mutually exclusive products. This step is accomplished using the recursive method.
Since each of the resulting products is crossed, then it is
disjoint separately, using the four disciplines
aforementioned.
First, the product is checked for distinction between the
minimal path-sets basic events. If the entire minimal pathsets (either complemented or not), forming this particular
product, have independent events; therefore, the probability of this product can be computed straight forward.
(Distinction discipline).
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Initializing terms
Begin
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Distinction Discipline
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Yes
Independent event?
Treating terms
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Recursive decomposing
No
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Elimination Discipline
Absorption Discipline
Decomposition Discipline
Yes
No
No
Last Product?
Failure rate
(failure/year)
MTTR
(h)
Repair rate
(repair/year)
Cost
($)
Transformer
0.0030
342.0
Bus bar
0.0017
24.0
365.0
500
Breaker
0.0036
83.1
105.4
12,000
Yes
End
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25.61
48,000
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Table 2 Substation reliability
indices
Configuration
Availability
MTTF (y)
MTTR (h)
Frequency (fl/y)
Single bus
0.9999612
14.5
38.92
0.008732
Double breaker
0.999917
131.3
95.43
0.007616
201,350
0.004223
184,000
&1
236.7
&0
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Table 3 Transition rates and costs of radial system component (Anderson 1998)
k (fl/year)
Component
MTTR (h)
l (rp/year)
Cost ($)
1.956
1.320
6,636
0.0006
5.0
1,752
0.0036
83.1
105.4
0.0034
26.8
326.9
0.0055
26.5
30.6
0.0018
25.0
350.4
0.0061
3.6
2,433
0.0030
342.0
25.61
0.0027
4.0
2,190
0.0024
24.0
365.0
12,000
J
K
0.0027
0.0012
4.0
4.0
2,190
2,190
5,000
5,000
0.0004
11.0
796.4
2,500
0.0002
3.8
0.0005
11.0
0.0002
3.8
0.0006
0.0002
0.0008
0.0002
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3.8
18,000
48,000
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11.0
40,000
2,305
796.4
3,000
2,305
796.4
4,000
2,305
11.0
796.4
3.8
2,305
5,000
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Both SAIDI and CAIDI represent average interruption duration; nevertheless, their graphs exhibit different
patterns. On one hand, CAIDI is the ratio of the total
interruption duration over the total number of interruption. A decrease of the availability results in an increase
of interruption duration and may cause an increase of
the number of interruptions. As a consequence, the
graph is bound between 15 and 19 h/customer interruption. On the other hand, SAIDI is the ratio of the
total interruption duration over the total number of
customers served. The denominator is constant resulting
in a high dependability of this index to system availability. Figure 14 represents properties of the four load
nodes. A slight decrease of their respective network
availability (from L1 to L4) is to be noticed, along with
an increase of failure frequency and cost of load point
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Conclusion
In this paper we can conclude the possibility of the
investigation for the reliability expression and indices of
different substation configurations on the use of the disjoint
paths algorithm, because it reduces the order of the execution time to 22P-2 (P is the number of paths). While a
direct approach or state space approach would result in an
NP-hard problem. Since this approach is based on Boolean
algebra (and probability theory), multiple state systems are
unpractical. Only two state components are considered.
Power distribution systems and, more specifically,
power distribution substations are built from two state
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References
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Fig. 14 Property tab for the four load point (L1, L2, L3 and L4)
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