LINEAR DIFFERENTIAL

EQUATIONS
OF ORDER ONE
Chapter 3

Prepared by Maria Cristina R. Tabuloc

1

First Order First Degree ODEs

An ordinary differential equation of first
order and first degree may be expressed
in any of the following forms:

dy
f (x , y)
Derivative form:
dx
Differential form: M ( x , y )dx N ( x , y )dy 0

where

M(x , y)
f (x , y)
N(x , y)
2

Examples of first order first degree ODE

Derivative Form
y 3 y 3 x 2 e 3 x
dy 3 x xy 2 y 6

dx 4 x xy 2 y 8

dT
k(T Tm )
dt
dT
q kA
dx
y tan( x y )dy

Differential Form
2
x2
x ydx e dy 0
(te u sin t )du (e u u cos t )dt 0
w 2v 2 3dw v 4 w 2 dv 0

(r 2 1)d r tan dr

dQ
kdt
Q
3

Two principal goals of studying DE

The study of differential equations has two
principal goals:
To discover the differential equation
model that describes a specified
physical situation
To find the appropriate solution of that
differential equation, that is, to obtain a
function defined either explicitly or
implicitly free from derivatives and that
satisfies the differential equation.
4

Types of First Order First Degree ODEs

Variables Separable DE
DE with Homogeneous Coefficients
Exact DE
Non-exact DE
DE with Integrable Combinations
Linear DE of Order One
Bernoullis DE
DE Solvable by Simple Substitution
DE with Coefficients Linear in Two Variables

VARIABLE SEPARABLE
DIFFERENTIAL
EQUATIONS
Chapter 2
Section 1
6

Variables Separable DEs

The simplest type of first order first degree
ordinary differential equations is the
variables separable differential equation.
This type of a differential equation can be
solved by direct integration of terms of the
same variable type.

Definition 2.1: A variables separable

DE is one with all nonzero terms
expressible with one type of variable
only.

Variables Separable DEs

Consider a differential equation of the form

M ( x , y )dx N ( x , y )dy 0
If it is possible to collect all x terms with dx and all
y terms with dy, then by algebraic manipulation,
the above equation may be written as

A1 ( x ) B2 ( y )dx A2 ( x ) B1 ( y )dy 0
so that, by dividing both sides by , it becomes

A2 ( x ) B2 ( y )
8

Variables Separable DEs

If we put and , then we get
B1 ( y )
A1 ( x )
dx
dy 0
A2 ( x )
B2 ( y )

B1 ( y )
A1 ( x )
If we let A( x )
and B( y )
B2 ( y )
A2 ( x )
it becomes

A( x )dx B( y )dy 0

From which the general solution can be

obtained as follows.

A( x )dx + B(y)dy C

Examples
Find the general solution of
2

1) x sin ydx cot ydy 0

y1
2 ) ( y 2 y ) sin x dx
dy 0
x
2
3
x
3) xy dx e dy 0
2

10

Exercises
Find the general solution of the ff DEs
4

1) y 2 x y
dy
2
2)
1y
dx
2
ydx ( y 4)dy
3)

0
2
x1
x 2x
2

4) ln xdx 4 xy dy

11

Exercises
Find the general solution of ff DEs
2

5) sin x cos ydx sec xdy 0

2

6) t 1 r dt 4 t dr 0
2

dy ( y 4) ln x
7) x

y
2
dx ln( y 4)
2 xy

8) xdx y e

dy 0
12

Examples: Initial-Value Problems

Determine the particular solution
dr
2
1) r 1 r tan
, r (/4) = 1
d
2 ) csc 2 y dx sec 3 x dy 0 , y(/2) / 3

3)

dy 3 x xy 2 y 6

,
dx 4 x xy 2 y 8

y( 3 ) 2

4) ( 1 cos )dx x sin d , x 2 when 0

5) e

yx2

dy
dx
0 , y(
x

ln 2 ) ln 4
13

Assignment
Solve Exercises from the text book for
your review
See attached Exercises
Exercise 2.1

14

HOMOGENEOUS
LINEAR
DIFFERENTIAL
EQUATIONS
Chapter 2
Section 2

15

Homogeneity of a Function
Definition
A function f(x, y) is said to be
homogeneous if and only if
n

f (kx , ky ) k f ( x , y )

k>0

for some real number n where n is the

degree of homogeneity of f.
For a polynomial function, the
degree of homogeneity is determined by
the polynomial degree of each term.

16

Homogeneity of a Function
If all the terms of a polynomial function have
the same degree, it is homogeneous. For
instance, the polynomial
3

2 2

x y 5x 3x y

is homogeneous of degree 4.

17

Example
Decide if the function defined in each of the
following is homogeneous or not. Give its degree
If it is a homogeneous function.

1)

f ( x , y ) 4 x 7 xy y

f (kx , ky ) 4(kx )4 7(kx )(ky )3 (ky )4

4k 4 x 4 7(kx )(k 3 y 3 ) k 4 y 4

k 4 4 x 4 7 xy 3 y 4

f (kx , ky ) k 4 f ( x , y )
4
3
4
f
(
x
,
y
)

4
x

7
xy

y
Therefore

is homogeneous of degree 4

18

Example
2)

f (x , y) x

1 / 2

x
y
1 / 2
tan y
ln
x
y
1

kx
ky
1 / 2

f (kx , ky ) (kx )
tan
ln
(ky )
kx
ky
x
1 / 2 1 / 2
1 y
1 / 2 1 / 2
k
x
tan k
y
ln
x
y
1 / 2

1/ 2

1
/
2
y
x

1
/
2
y
k
tan
ln y
x
x

f (kx , ky ) k 1 / 2 f ( x , y )
Therefore,

f (x , y) x

1 / 2

x
y
1 / 2
tan y
ln
x
y
1

is a homogeneous function of degree 1/2.

19

Example
3)

f (x , y) 4 x 7 y

4)

f ( x , y ) y(ln x y ln x )
2

20

Exercise
Test the given function for homogeneity.
Determine its degree if the function is
homogeneous

21

Homogeneous DE
Definition:
If the functions M and N are both
homogeneous functions of the same
degree in x and y, then

M( x, y)dx N ( x, y)dy 0
is said to be a homogeneous DE (DE
with homogeneous coefficients)
22

Solution of Homogeneous DE
An ordinary differential equation
with homogeneous coefficients can
be reduced to a separable DE by
using the appropriate set of
substitutions.

23

Solution of Homogeneous DE
Rules:
i)

if N is simpler or y / x stands out,

let y = vx ; dy = vdx + xdv

ii)

if M is simpler or

x / y stands out,

let x = uy ; dx = udy + ydu

24

Example 1
4

Solve

x 2y
y'
3
xy

Solution: Write the equation in Mdx + Ndy = 0 form

N is simpler,
x 4 2 y 4 dx xy 3dy 0 Since
let y = vx, and dy = vdx + xdv
4
4 4
3 3
x 2v x dx x v x (vdx xdv) 0

x 4 dx 2 v 4 x 4 dx v 4 x 4 dx x 5v 3 dv 0
4

5 3

x dx v x dx x v dv 0

Variable separable

5 3

x ( 1 v )dx x v dv 0

25

Example 1
x 4 ( 1 v 4 )dx x 5v 3 dv 0
( 1 v 4 )x 5
3

dx
v
dv

4
x (1 v )

1
ln x ln( 1 v 4 ) ln c
4
x
ln
ln c
4 1/4
(1 v )
x
c
4 1/4
(1 v )

x c 1

1/4
y 4
Since
x

x c 1 1

v = y/x

y 4
x

4
4

x 4 c 1
4

x8
x4 y4
c1

y 4 c2 x 8 x 4

y c2 x x

4 1/4
26

Example 2

Solve the initial-value problem

2
2
x y dx 2 xydy 0

Let y = vx ; dy = vdx + xdv so that the DE becomes

[ x 2 (vx )2 ]dx 2 x(vx )dy 0

( x 2 v 2 x 2 )dx 2 x 2 v(vdx xdv) 0

Factoring out x2 from the first term of the latter equation gives
2

x (1 v )dx 2 x v(vdx xdv) 0

(1 v 2 )dx 2v(vdx xdv) 0

2

(1 v 2v )dx 2vxdv 0

27

Example 2
By separation of variables, we get

dx
2vdv

0
2
x 1 3v
dx 2vdv C

1
x 1 3v 2
1 6vdv
ln| x |
C1
2
3 1 3v
1
ln| x | ln( 1 3v 2 ) C 1
3

3 ln| x | ln( 1 3v 2 ) 3C 1
ln x 3 ( 1 3v 2 ) 3C 1

28

Example 2
Solve the initial-value problem

y
y

x 1 sin dx cos ( ydx xdy )

x
x

29

EXACT
DIFFERENTIAL
EQUATIONS
Chapter 2
Section 3

Definition: Exact Differential

Equation
DE M(x, y) dx + N(x, y) dy = 0 is said to
be exact if and only if there exists a
function f such that
f
f
N
M and
y
x
throughout some region.

Exact Differential Equation

Test for Exactness of a DE
A necessary and sufficient condition
that
M(x, y) dx + N(x, y) dy = 0
be an exact DE is
M
N

y
x

Example 1: Test the DE for exactness

.

1) ( y 1)dx ( 2 xy sin y )dy 0

Solution: First, identify M(x, y) and N(x, y)

M( x , y ) y 2 1
Since

M
2y
y

N ( x , y ) 2 xy sin y
N
2y
x

M
N

y
x

Therefore,
( y 2 1)dx ( 2 xy sin y )dy 0

is an exact DE.

Example 2: Test the DE for exactness

.

2 ) (sin y y sin xy )dx ( x cos y x sin xy )dy 0

M( x , y ) sin y y sin xy
M
cos y xy cos xy sin xy
y
Since

N ( x , y ) x cos y x sin xy
N
cos y xy cos xy sin xy
x

M
N

y
x

Therefore, (sin y y sin xy )dx ( x cos y x sin xy )dy 0

is an exact DE.

Example 3: Test the DE for

exactness

tan w

w
1 p 2

1
1
2
dp 2 tan w tan p p sec w dw

35

Solve the following

1. Find the value of k so that the DE
3
2
2
( x 2 y y sin x )dx (6 xy ky cos x )dy
becomes exact.

2. Find the most general function M(x, y)

so that
y
3
M( x , y )dx ( x xe 2 y )dy 0
is exact.

36

Exercise
Test for exactness
(3 pr 4 pe r cos 2 r )dp ( p sin 2 r 21 p 2 e r 6 p 2 r 3 )dr

x
x 1
2
2
tan x ( x 2 y 2 ) 2 sin 1 y dx

xe

(
4
y

1
)
ln(
x

y
) dy 0
y
2

1 y2

o Find the value of the constant k so that each

of the following DE becomes exact.
(kr 3 t 15r 2 t 3 )dr (r 4 3t 2 r 2 )dt 0
(y ln x kx y 4 x )dx [2 xy(ln x 1) x 3 ye
2

(2 y sin x cos x y 2 y

2 xy 2

)dx [ x sin

y2

x kxye

]dy 0

xy 2

]dy 0

37

Method of Solving Exact DE

Test the DE M(x,
exactness
f
M
Let
x

and

y) dx + N(x, y) dy = 0 for
f
N
y

Integrate M or N

f ( x , y)
M( x , y ) dx holding y constant
x
F ( x , y ) Q( x ) T ( y ) where T ( y ) is constant

f
f ( x , y)
N ( x , y ) dy holding x constant
y
F ( x , y ) Q( x ) T ( y ) where Q( x ) is constant

Alternative Method of Solving Exact DE:

The DIRECT METHOD
Test the DE M(x, y) dx + N(x, y) dy = 0 for
exactness
Find f(x, y) which is the solution of the DE

f ( x , y ) M( x , y )dx N 1 ( y )dy C

where N 1 has terms of N ( x , y ) in y alone

f ( x , y ) M 1 ( x )dx N ( x , y )dy C

where M 1 has terms of M( x , y ) in x alone

Example
Solve the DE using the direct formula
2

(3 y 2 y sin x )dx x 2 xy y sin 2 x )dy 0

2

(y sin y 4 xye

x2y

2 x2y

)dx ( x 2 x sin y cos y 2 x e

)dy 0

40

NONEXACT
DIFFERENTIAL
EQUATION
Chapter 3
Section 4
41

Nonexact DE

42

INTEGRATING
FACTORS
FOUND BY
INSPECTION

43

Integrating Factors Found by Inspection

In the previous section, the

discussion is about the
determination of the Integrating
Factor I(x) or I(y). This section is
concern with DE that are simple
enough to enable us to find the
integrating factor by inspection.
The following are some exact
differentials that occurs frequently.
44

Integrating Factors Found by Inspection

(Exact Differential Equations)
d xy xdy ydx

ydx xdy
d ln xy
xy

x ydy xdx
d
2
y
y

ydx xdy
x

d ln y

xy

y xdy ydx
d
2
x
x

xdy ydx
y

d ln x

xy
45

Integrating Factors Found by Inspection

More Exact differentials

x ydx xdy
d Arc tan 2
2
y
x

y xdy ydx

d Arc tan
x
x2 y2

2
2 xdx ydy

d x y

x2 y2

d xy
n

nxdy ydx

xy 1 n

x
x
d n
y
y

d ln x y

n 1

ydx xdy

2 xdx 2 ydy
2

x y

2
46

Example
Form an integrable combination for each differential
4.

1) d( x y )

5) d( x arctan y )

x2
2 ) d 3
y

6) d( xe )
2

3) d[ln( x y )]

4) d( x sin y )

47

Example
Evaluate each of the following integrals,
omitting the constant of integration.
3.

3
1) ( xy ) ( xdy ydx )

x2
3) 4 xdy ydx
y

3
2 ) ( x dy 3 x 2 ydx )

xdx ydy
4) 2
2
x

48

Example
Solve each of the following differential equations
applying the integrating factors by inspection.
2
3

1) ( xy y )dx (y x )dy 0
3

2 ) ydx (y x )dy 0
2

3) 3 x y dx ( x y 1)dy 0
2

4) y(y 2 x )dx x(y x )dy 0

2

5) y(1 y x y )dx x(y 1)dy 0

49

Example
Solve each of the following differential equations
applying the integrating factors by inspection.

6) y ( x x y )dx x( x 1)dy 0
2 2

2 2

7 ) y(3 x y 1)dx x( x y 1)dy 0

2 2

8) y(1 x y )dx xdy 0

3

9) x(y x )dx y(y x )dy 0

10) (2 x 3 2 xy 2 xy )dx ( x 2 x 2 y y 3 )dy 0
50

Solution for #1
2
3
1) ( xy y )dx (y x )dy 0
2
3
xy dx ydx y dy xdy 0
2
3
ydx xdy xy dx y dy 0
ydx xdy

xdx

ydy

0
2
y
2
2

x
x

y
2

x x2 y2

C 2 x x 2 y y 3 C1
y
2

51

Solution for #2
3

2 ) ydx (y x )dy 0
3

ydx y dy xdy 0
3
xdy ydx y dy 0

d y C

d( xy ) d

1
4

1 4
d( xy )
4

1 4
xy 4 y C

52

Solution for #3
2

3) 3 x y dx ( x y 1)dy 0
3

3 x y dx x y dy dy 0
3x y
y

dx

x y
y

dy

dy
y

3 x ydx x dy y dy 0

d x y y dy 0
53

Solution for # 4
2
2
4) y(y 2 x )dx x(y x )dy 0
3
2
2
y dx 2 xydx xy dy x dy 0
3
2
2
y dx xy dy 2 xydx x dy 0
2

y (ydx xdy ) (2 xydx x dy ) 0

2

y (ydx xdy )
y

(2 xydx x dy )
y
1

(ydx xdy ) (2 xy dx x y dy ) 0
54

Alternative Solution for # 4

2
2
4) y(y 2 x )dx x(y x )dy 0
3
2
2
y dx 2 xydx xy dy x dy 0
3
2
2
y dx xy dy 2 xydx x dy 0
Multiply the equation by xm yn
( x m y n 3 dx x m 1 y n 2 dy ) (2 x m 1 y n 1 dx x m 2 y n dy ) 0

d( x

(m 1)x

m 1 n 3

m n3

) d( x m 2 y n 1 ) 0

dx (n 3)x m 2 y n 2 dy (m 2)x m 1 y n 1 dx (n 1)x m 2 y n dy 0

m1 n3

1
1
mn 2

m2 n1

2
1
m 2 n 4

m 2 2n 2

m 0 ; n 2

55

Solutions
2

5) y(1 y x y )dx x(y 1)dy 0

3

3 2

ydx y dx x y dx xy dy xdy 0
2
3 2
ydx xdy y (ydx xdy ) x y dx 0
2
3 2
ydx xdy y (ydx xdy ) x y dx

0
2 2
2 2
2 2
x y
x y
x y

ydx xdy
xy (ydx xdy )
xdx 0
2
x

y
1
1 2
d ( xy )
d d 2 x 0
x
2

56

FIRST ORDER FIRST

DEGREE ODE
Chapter 3
Section 1

57

First Order First Degree ODEs

A special class of first-order ordinary DEs which
is generally a nonexact DE with special
integrating factor is a linear differential
equation.
A linear DE of order one takes the form .

dy
yP( x ) Q( x )
dx
dy yP( x )dx Q( x )dx
Whose integrating
factor is

Derivative form
Differential form

v( x )

p( x )dx
e

58

The General Solution

The general solution of

dy
yP( x ) Q( x )
dx
Is found by multiplying the integrating
factor, v(x) to each term and then solving
for the exact DE formed.
P( x )dx
P( x )dx

dy yP( x )dx Q( x )dx e

e
59

The General Solution

Continuation
P( x )dx
P( x )dx
P( x )dx

e
dy ye
P( x )dx e
Q( x )dx

Thus, by the Derivative of a Product:

P ( x )dx
P( x )dx

d ye
Q( x )dx
e

60

The General Solution

Simplify the equation using

v( x )

p( x )dx
e

d yv( x ) v( x )Q( x )dx

Integrating both sides will result to

d yv( x ) v( x )Q( x )dx

yv( x ) v( x )Q( x )dx C

61

The General Solution

Thus, the general solution is

1
y
v( x )Q( x )dx C

v( x )
1

y v( x ) v( x )Q( x )dx C

62

The General Solution

It is also possible that the given DE is not
linear in y but instead linear in other
variable.

dy
yP( x ) Q( x )
Linear DE in y:
dx
1

y v( x ) v( x )Q( x )dx C

dx
xP ( y ) Q ( y )
Linear DE in x:
dy
1
x v( y ) v( y )Q( y )dy C

63

The General Solution

It is also possible that the given DE is not
linear in y but instead linear in other
variable.

dw
Linear in w:
wP(t ) Q(t )
dt
1

w v(t ) v(t )Q(t )dt C

64

Example: Find the general solution

1)

y y cot x 2 cos x
3

2 ) dx (sec y x tan y )dy 0

dy
3)
2 y cos x 4 cos x
dx
y
4) y
( x 1) 2
x1

dw
5)
w tan y sec y 0
dy
dx
6)
e y sin y x
dy

65

Example I:
Find the general solution
1)

y y cot x 2 cos x
dy y cot xdx 2 cos xdx
P( x ) cot x ;

Q( x ) 2 cos x

P ( x )dx
cot xdx

v( x ) e
e

ln sin x

sin x

Solving for the general solution:

y sin x sin x 2 cos x dx

2
y sin x C csc x
y sin x sin x C

66

Example I:
Find the general solution
3

2 ) dx (sec y x tan y )dy 0

3
dx x tan y dy sec y dy w/c is linear in x
P( y ) tan y ; Q( y ) sec 3 y
tan y dy

v( y ) e
e ln cos y

cos y 1

1
cos y

sec y

Solving for the gen solution:

x sec y sec y sec 3 y dy

67

Exercise I: Find the particular solution

Show how P(x) & Q(x) were derived.
2

1) x y 1 2 xy
P( x )

when x = 1, y = 2

2
1
; Q( x ) 2
x
x

Gen solution: x y x C

2 ) dx ( x 4e sin y )dy

if y(10) = 0

P( y ) 1 ; Q( y ) 4e y sin 2 y Gen soln: xe

dx
x
3)

dy 3 6 x 3 4 xy
4
3 6x3
P( x ) ; Q( x )
x
x2

2 y sin 2 y C

when x = 1, y = 2

5
3
x
y

3
x
3 Cx
Gen soln:

68

Exercise I: Find the particular solution

dx
4)
e y sin y x
dy
P( y ) 1 ; Q( y ) e y sin y

if x(0) = 2
Gen solution:
5 x e y (sin y cos y ) Ce y

dT
5)
k(T Tm ) if T(0) = T0
dt
where k, Tm & T0 are constants
P(t ) k ; Q(t ) kTm

kt
T

Ce
Gen solution:
m

69

Exercise: Find the particular solution

2

1) x y 1 2 xy when x = 1, y = 2
y

2 ) dx ( x 4e sin y )dyif y(10) = 0

3)

dx
x
when x = 1, y = 2

3
dy 3 6 x 4 xy

70

THE BERNOULLIS
EQUATION
Chapter 3
Section 3
71

Definition
A differential equation that can
be expressed in the form

dy
n
yP( x ) y Q( x )
dx
is called a Bernoullis equation
(BE) in y.
72

Definition
The BE dy yP( x ) y nQ( x )
dx
may be made linear upon
multiplication of
n
( n 1)y
and substitution of

zy

n1

dz
n dy
;
( n 1)y
dx
dx
73

The General Solution of BE

Thus, the BE becomes

( n 1)y

dy n 1
y
( n 1)P( x ) ( n 1)Q( x )
dx

dz
z( n 1)P( x ) ( n 1)Q( x )
dx
The general solution of this linear DE in z
may be accomplished by the method of
linear DE of order one.
74

Example: Solve the following BE

3 x2

1) y xy xy e
Solution: n = 3
Let

zy

dz
3 dy
;
2 y
dx
dx

Thus, the given DE becomes

dz
x2
( 3 1)zx ( 3 1)xe
dx
dz
x2
z( 2 x ) 2 xe
which is linear in z
dx

75

Example: Solve the following BE

Continuation of Solution of Ex. 1
So that the integrating factor is

( 2 xdx )
e

x2

Thus,

ze

x2

ze

ze

x2
x2

( 2 xe )(e )dx C

x2

x2

2 x 2

y e

( 2 x )dx C

zy

x C

x C
2

1 y (C x )e

x2
76

Exercise: Solve the given BEs

1)

dy
3
3
y tan x y sec x
dx
7.

2 ) xy y y

4 /3 1/3

ln x
3

3) 7 xy y 7 xy ( 4 x 2 x 1)
4)

dx
1
3 5
xy x ( y 1)
dy
77

Exercise: Solve the given BEs

5)

6)

dy
y
y
x
2x
dx
e e 9

7.

dx
4
4 4
3
xy 5 x y
dy
2

7 ) 2 wdw (w csc v tan v)dv 0

7 3

8) xy y x y

78

Exercise: Solve the given BEs

9)

dx
4
x cot y x
dy
7.

dy
4
10) x
2 xy 3 y ; y( 1)
dx
2

1
2

79

DIFFERENTIAL
EQUATIONS
SOLVABLE BY SIMPLE
SUBSTITUTION
Chapter 3
Section4

80

DEs Solvable by Simple Substitution

Sometimes the DE
M ( x , y )dx N ( x , y )dy 0
may not be reducible at once
to any of the forms discussed
previously. This means that the
previous methods even how
effective they were would not
work.
81

DEs Solvable by Simple Substitution

But if a wise change of

variable would be done, the
equation could be
transformed into an equation
that could be well handled by
one of the previous methods.
82

DEs Solvable by Simple Substitution

Solve the following

dy
x y
1 2 xe
0
dx
dy
dy
dw
dw
Let w = x y
1

1
dx
dx
dx
Substituting these to the given DE, we get

dw
w
1
1 2 xe 0
dx
dw
dw
w
w

2 xe 0
2 xe 0
dx
dx

dx

83

DEs Solvable by Simple Substitution

Continuation of solution

Variable Separable DE
dw
2 xe w 0
dx

dw 2 xdx 0

w
e dw

e
e

2 xdx

x C But w = x y

( x y )

x C

x C e

y x

84

Exercise: Solve the following

1) ( x y 4 )dx ( 3 x 3 y 7 )dy 0
7.

dy
2
2)
(4 x y 7) 0
dx
2

3 ) (tan x 3 y ) sec xdx (3 tan x y )dy 0

4 ) 3 x cos y 5 x dx 2 x tan ydy 0
2

85

Exercise Solve the following

dx
6) y
x (ln y 1 ) x ln x
dy
7.

7)

dy

1
e
1 2x 0
dx

8 ) x (tan y y )[ 1 (tan y y ) ]e
2

tan

x2

dx

ydy 0
86

DES WITH
COEFFICIENTS LINEAR
IN TWO VARIABLES
i
87

DE w/ Coefficient Linear in Two

Variables
Consider the DE whose form is

(a1 x b1 y c 1 )dx (a2 x b2 y c 2 )dy 0

(1)

It is noted that the coefficients of dx

and dy are both linear in the variables
x and y. If these coefficients are each
equated to zero, we obtain two
equations of the lines of the forms
a1 x b1 y c 1 0 and a 2 x b2 y c 2 0

88

DE w/ Coefficient Linear in Two Variables

For these associated equations of the lines,
we consider the following three cases:
a 2 x b2 y c 2 0
a 1 x b1 y c 1 0

a 1 b1 c1

Case 1: If
a 2 b2 c 2
then the graph of the associated
equations of the lines are coincident and
the DE is reducible to

k is a constant

kdx + dy = 0 ,
89

DE w/ Coefficient Linear in Two

Variables
Case 2: If

a 1 b1 c1

a 2 b2 c 2

then the graph of the associated

equations of the lines are parallel and the
DE is reducible to

k (a 2 x b2 y ) c 1 dx (a 2 x b2 y c 2 )dy

which can be handled by simple

substitution.
90

DE w/ Coefficient Linear in Two

Variables
Case 3: If a 1
a2

b1
b2
then the associated lines are intersecting
and the DE is reducible to homogeneous
DE using the substitution
x = u + h ; dx = du
y = w + k ; dy = dw
where (h, k) is the point of intersection of
the linear system a 1 h b1 k c1 0

91
a 2 h b2 k c 2 0

DE w/ Coefficient Linear in
Two Variables
In case the DE falls under case 3, try
also to check if it is an exact DE. If so,
it is suggested to use the method for
exact DE since it is much easier to
perform.

92

Example
1) Find the general solution of

(x + 2y + 6)dx (2x + y )dy = 0

Solution
For the associated system of linear equations, we
have
h 2k 6 0

2h k 0

The solution point of this is (h, k) = (2, 4)

If we let

x = u + h = u + 2 ; dx = du

and

y = w + k = w 4 ; dy = dw

then, upon substitution we obtain

(u + 2w)du (2u +w)dy = 0.

93

Example
Continuation:

This is a homogeneous DE with

u = zw ; du = zdw + wdz
Then, by substitution, we get

(zw +2w) (zdw + wdz) (2zw + w)dw = 0

(z + 2) (zdw + wdz) (2z + 1)dw = 0
(z2 + 2z 2z 1)dw + w(z + 2)dz = 0

(z2 1)dw + w(z + 2)dz = 0

dw
z 2

dz 0
2
w
z 1
94

Example
dw 1 2 3 2 dz 0

z 1 z 1
w

ln | w | 12 ln | z 1 | 32 ln | z 1 | ln C
w 2 ( z 1) 3
ln
ln C
z 1
2

w ( z 1)
C
z 1
(y

4 ) 2 xy 24

1 C xy 24 1

( x y 6 )3 C ( x y 2 )

95

Exercise
Solve the following differential
equations.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

(3x + y 8)dx + (x 2y + 2)dy = 0

(16x + 5y 6)dx + (3x + y 1)dy= 0
(x y 2)dx + (3x + y 10)dy = 0
(2x + 3y + 3)dx + (3x 4y + 13)dy= 0
(3x + y 9)dx + (x 4)dy = 0
96

Exercise
Solve the following differential
equations.

6. (x + y + 1)dx + (x y 5)dy = 0
7. (6x + y 9)dx + (x 2y + 5)dy = 0
8. (y 1)dx 2(x + y + 1)dy = 0
9. (3x + y 10)dx + (x + 3y + 2)dy = 0
10.(7x + y 8)dx + (x 2y + 5)dy = 0
97

References
Differential Equations by D. Zill
Differential Equations by Bedient

Differential Equations by R. Marquez

98