Professional Documents
Culture Documents
2006-1441
MACROVISION CORPORATION,
Plaintiff-Appellee
v.
_______________________________
Jonathan Band
Jonathan Band PLLC
21 Dupont Circle, NW, 8th Floor
Washington, D.C. 20036
(202) 296-5675
jband@policybandwidth.com
1
CERTIFICATE OF INTEREST
i
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ARGUMENT .............................................................................................4
CONCLUSION ........................................................................................17
ii
TABLE OF AUTHORITIES
CASES Page(s)
STATUTES
17 U.S.C. § 1201(a)................................................................. 4, 13
LEGISLATIVE MATERIALS
iii
144 Cong. Rec. S11890-91 (remarks of Sen. Leahy) ..................... 7
MISCELLANEOUS
iv
STATEMENT OF INTEREST
companies together employ nearly one million people and generate annual
quality information for improved health to the health care community and
the public.
1
Sima Products Corporation is a member of the Computer &
Communications Industry Association and the Consumer Electronics
Association. Ilana Diamond, President of Sima Products Corporation, is a
member of the CEA Board of Industry Leaders.
mission is to promote and enhance the value of law libraries to the legal and
communication and the public policies that affect research libraries and the
communities they serve. ARL pursues this mission by advancing the goals
2
The American Library Association (ALA) is the oldest and largest
library association in the world, with over 66,000 librarians, library trustees,
related services, which are sold through consumer channels. Its more than
2,100 corporate members contribute over $125 billion to the U.S. economy.2
group for consumers’ rights to use home electronics products for private,
balance that copyright law strikes between the interests of copyright owners
and the interests of the public. Founded in 1990, EFF represents more than
2
See note 1, supra.
3
11,000 contributing members, including consumers, hobbyists, computer
Amici are creators and users of digital products. The District Court’s
Section 1201(b). Amici seek leave to file under Fed. R. App. P. 29(b).
ARGUMENT
This case is the latest chapter of the ongoing saga of efforts to use the
v. Skylink Technologies, Inc., 381 F.3d 1178 (Fed. Cir. 2004), and Storage
Inc., 421 F.3d 1307 (Fed. Cir. 2005), this Court was called upon to interpret
the proper scope of Section 1201(a) of the DMCA. This Court rejected the
4
expansive interpretations urged by the plaintiffs, and held instead that “a
infringing a right protected by the Copyright Act.” Id. at 1318 (citations and
quotations omitted).
advanced by Macrovision and the District Court would ban many products
functionality.
In neither opinion below did the District Court make the detailed
5
the practical effect of Macrovision’s Analog Copy Protection (ACP) was “to
unwatchable,” it did not explain how ACP produced this result. Similarly,
the District Court found that Sima sold products that “eliminate
Sima accomplished this. Macrovision v. Sima Prods. Corp., 2006 U.S. Dist.
LEXIS 22106, *2 (S.D.N.Y. 2006). Thus, the District Court overlooked the
two most important facts in this case: how the technological measure at issue
Fortunately, Sima has provided these facts in its papers filed in this
Court, and Macrovision has not contradicted them. See Sima Products
Versatile Discs (DVDs) with “trigger bits” that cause a DVD player to
analog output signal that viewers cannot discern on many televisions when
they view the analog signal directly, but that degrade the quality of a
6
recording made by most analog video cassette recorders (VCRs).
adversely to ACP, but Section 1201(k) prevents them from doing so.
However, since Section 1201(k) does not apply to digital recorders, they
The Sima product enhances the quality of the analog signals produced
occurs. The Sima product can also reconvert that digital signal into an
analog signal. In the normal operation of the product, ACP remains absent
when this conversion occurs. As a result, the signal does not interfere with
picture quality of those television models that ACP adversely affects.4 Nor
3
Section 1201(k)’s applicability only to analog recorders is evident from
its plain language. Additionally, Senator Hatch, then-Chairman of the
Judiciary Committee, stated: “It is also my understanding that the intent of
the conferees is that these provisions apply only to analog video recording
devices…. In addition, because innovation and technological development
thrive in unregulated environments, this section should not be misconstrued
as providing any impetus or precedent for regulating or otherwise dictating
to the computer software industry technological standards. I agree fully with
the assessment of the conferees that technology develops best and most
rapidly in response to marketplace forces. For these reasons, this section
applies to analog technologies only, and it is entirely without prejudice to
digital technologies.” 144 Cong. Rec. S11889-91 (1998) (remarks of Sen.
Hatch). See also 144 Cong. Rec. S11890-91 (remarks of Sen. Leahy); 144
Cong. Rec. H10620-21 (remarks of Rep. Goodlatte); 144 Cong. Rec.
H10618-19 (remarks of Rep. Stearn).
4
As Macrovision concedes, ACP does interfere with the picture quality on
some television sets in certain circumstances. Macrovision Opposition at
7
does it distort VCR recordings.
The District Court did not explain that ACP successfully degrades the
degrade the copies. The District Court also did not explain that ACP only
personal computers. Finally, the District Court did not explain that Sima
digitizing that signal. Properly understood, these facts leave no room for the
protects a right of a copyright owner under this title’ if the measure, in the
8
exercise of a right of a copyright owner under this title.” ACP does not meet
copyright owner. ACP does not prevent a VCR from making a copy of the
content stored on a DVD; rather, it prevents the VCR from making a good
of the copyright in that content would argue that the low quality copy still
infringes the reproduction right in the content, unless the copy is permitted
Second, the ACP does not, “in the ordinary course of its operation,”
prevent or limit the exercise of a copyright owner’s right. ACP does not
distort analog recordings on its own; it only distorts the analog recordings by
could, and many did, ignore ACP. As Sima correctly explains, ACP is a
9
Sima’s detailed analysis of Section 1201’s plain language and legislative
The fact is that, in the context of digital devices, ACP operates only as
does not itself affect the ordinary operation of the device. Recognition of
5
“[T]he so-called no mandate provision[] marks an important distinction
between circumvention and the normal operation of devices that handle
copyrighted materials. […] [C]ircumvention is not the same thing as
nonresponse. This provision is particularly relevant to nonaccess control
marking technologies where the content is in the clear (like an audio
compact disk or an over-the-air television broadcast) and the technology
only works if a device reads and responds to the mark. The provision was
included because of manufacturers’ concern that their products not be
obligated to respond to every possible mark that any copyright owner might
choose to use. Those marks might not only be unknowable, but the marks
could be inconsistent…. Even absent any direct conflicts, and even if it were
possible to build devices to respond to every conceivable [mark], the cost
would be prohibitively expensive for consumers.” Bruce Joseph & Scott
Bain, Copyright in the Digital World: Basics, Law, and Policy 22-23 (2005).
10
manufacturers of receivers of over-the-air digital television signals to
2006, S. 2686, 109th Cong. § 452 (2006). Under the plan, receivers would
permit users to retransmit unflagged content, but not flagged content. If the
broadcast flag, then Section 452, and the entire FCC proceeding on which it
U.S. copyright policy that it has been enshrined in no less than seven
6
See, e.g., Central America-Dominican Republic-United States Free Trade
Agreement art. 15.5(7)(b), May 28, 2004, 43 I.L.M. 514, United States-
Chile Free Trade Agreement n.19, June 6, 2003, 42 I.L.M. 1026, United
States-Australia Free Trade Agreement art. 17.4(7)(c), May 18, 2004, 43
I.L.M. 1248, United States-Morocco Free Trade Agreement, art.
15.5(8)(b), June 15, 2004, 44 I.L.M. 544, United States-Bahrain Free Trade
Agreement art. 14.4(7)(c), Sept. 14, 2004, 44 I.L.M. 544, United States-
11
obligating Sima’s product to provide for a response to the ACP signal would
thus not only violate Section 1201(c)(3) but would be flatly inconsistent
agreements.
because it does not prevent digital copying. The Sixth Circuit in Lexmark
International, Inc. v. Static Control Components, Inc., 387 F.3d 522 (6th
concluded that it did not, because there were other ways of accessing the
PEP: “anyone who purchases a Lexmark printer may read the literal code of
the [PEP] directly from the printer memory, with or without the benefit of
the authentication sequence “may well block one form of access […] [b]ut it
does not block another relevant form of access….” Id. The court then
Just as one would not say that a lock on the back door of a
house ‘controls access’ to a house whose front door does not
Peru Trade Promotion Agreement art. 16.7(4)(c), Apr. 12, 2006, available
at http://ustr.gov/Trade_Agreements/Bilateral/Peru_TPA/Final_Texts/,
Proposed United States-Colombia Trade Promotion Agreement art.
16.7(4)(c), available at
http://ustr.gov/Trade_Agreements/Bilateral/Colombia_FTA/Draft_Text/.
12
contain a lock…, it does not make sense to say that this
provision of the DMCA applies to otherwise readily accessible
copyrighted works.
Id. The court stressed that “the fact that the DMCA not only requires the
restricts one form of access but leaves another route wide open.” Id.
the same content by the same consumer with products purchased at the same
store. While the ACP may discourage the making of analog copies by
degrading their quality, ACP does nothing whatsoever to prevent the making
prevents one form of access to a work, but permits another, does not
“effectively control access” to the work under Section 1201(a). This Court
13
could conceivably adopt a different interpretation with respect to the
“effectively protects” the work with respect to one form of copying. But
even if the Court were to adopt this different interpretation for Section
1201(b), Sima’s products still would not “circumvent” ACP. Consider the
analogy used by the Lexmark court. Although the lock on the back door
may effectively protect the back door, a person who enters the house through
the unlocked front door obviously does not “circumvent” the lock on the
back door; he would circumvent the lock only if he picked it. Similarly,
reinstall ACP into an analog signal made from the digital copy. This is like
requiring the person in the Lexmark analogy to install a lock on the unlocked
front door. In short, the District Court got Section 1201 exactly backwards.
14
certainly does not obligate the manufacturer to fill those gaps.
copies by triggering the degradation of their quality and that has no impact
digitizing analog signals and thereby erasing ACP, then Section 1201(b)
uses.
least two effective technological measures. First, the analog format prevents
While a digital copy can be disseminated globally with the press of a button,
the analog copy would first have to be scanned into a digital file.
Second, the binding prevents the book from being fed into a
book did not want to destroy the binding, he would have to photocopy one
15
page at a time, and the binding would further distort the quality of the image
near the binding’s crease. For many years, the cost of photocopying
projects by libraries.
imaging that can produce high quality digital copies. Because they can
produce high quality digital copies of books at low cost, these copiers have
embark upon massive digitization projects. Yet, under the District Court’s
They are designed, produced, marketed, and used for the purpose of
Just as in Skylink and Custom Hardware, this Court must interpret the
7
See, e.g., http://www.kirtas-tech.com/uploads/other/1200.pdf.
16
CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, this Court should reverse the District
Respectfully submitted,
17
CERTIFICATE OF COMPLIANCE WITH RULE 32(a)
I hereby certify that on August 14, 2006, I caused two (2) copies of
the foregoing BRIEF AMICI CURIAE OF COMPUTER &
COMMUNICATIONS INDUSTRY ASSOCIATION, AMERICAN
LIBRARY ASSOCIATION, ASSOCIATION OF RESEARCH
LIBRARIES, AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF LAW LIBRARIES,
MEDICAL LIBRARY ASSOCIATION, SPECIAL LIBRARIES
ASSOCIATION, CONSUMER ELECTRONICS ASSOCIATION, AND
HOME RECORDING RIGHTS COALITION, AND ELECTRONIC
FRONTIER FOUNDATION IN SUPPORT OF SIMA PRODUCTS
CORPORATION AND URGING REVERSAL to be served via the
overnight service of Federal Express on:
JAMES M. CARLSON
ROSS E. KIMBAROVSKY
UNGARETTI & HARRIS
3500 Three First National Plaza
Chicago, IL 60602
(312) 977-4400 - Tel
(312) 977-4405 - Fax